Antibiotic- Resistant Pattern of Staphylococcus Aureus amongst Pregnant Women Attending Antenatal Clinic at Paauth, Anyigba, Kogi State, Nigeria
Abstract
Antimicrobials are drugs or medicines, including antibiotics, antivirals, antifungals, and antiparasitics, used to prevent and treat infectious diseases in humans, animals, and plants. This study is aimed at determining the Antibiotic – Resistant Pattern of Staphylococcus aureus among Pregnant Women Attending Prince Abubakar Audu University Teaching Hospital, Anyigba, Kogi State, Nigeria. One hundred and eighty-two (182) ‘catch clean’ midstream urine samples were aseptically collected and analyzed using standard bacteriological and biochemical Techniques. Of the 182 urine samples analyzed, 65 showed significant mix microbial growth indicating 35.7%[65/182]. 44 samples were confirmed to be Staphylococcus aureus (24.2%[44/182). 13 antibiotics commonly prescribed for patients in the hospital were tested on the forty-four (44) S. aureus isolates. Ampicillin (29.5%) 13/44, Cotrimoxazole (38.6%) 17/44, Erythromycin (47.7%)21/44, Tetracycline (43.2%) 19/44, Cefotaxime (29.5%) 13/44, Ciprofloxacin (31.8%) 14/44, Ofloxacin (40.9%) 18/44, Streptomycin (43.2%) 19/44, Roxithromycin (31.8) 14/44, Cloxacillin (36.4%) 16/44, Gentamycin (31.8%) 14/44, Levofloxacin (27.3%) 12/44 and Cefoxitine (56.8%) 25/44. MARI = 215/ (13× 44) = 215/ 572 = 0.37.
Keywords: Antibiotic Resistant Pattern, Staphylococcus aureus, Pregnant Women
Keywords:
Antibiotic Resistant Pattern, Staphylococcus aureus, Pregnant WomenDOI
https://doi.org/10.22270/jddt.v16i6.7802References
1. World Health Organization, UNEP United Nations Environment Programme, & World Health Organization for Animal Health. Implementing the global action plan on antimicrobial resistance: first quadripartite biennial report. World Health Organization, 2023.
2. Li Z, Zhuang H, Wang G, Wang H, Dong Y. Prevalence, predictors, and mortality of bloodstream infections due to methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in patients with malignancy: systemic review and meta-analysis. BMC infectious diseases. 2021 Jan 14;21(1):74. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12879-021-05763-y PMid:33446122 PMCid:PMC7809798
3. Azzam A, Khaled H, Fayed HM, Mansour Y, Eldalil M, Elshennawy E, Salem H, Elkatan HA. Prevalence, antibiogram, and risk factors of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) asymptomatic carriage in Africa: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Infectious Diseases. 2025 Apr 11;25(1):505. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12879-025-10819-4 PMid:40217166 PMCid:PMC11987463
4. van Kassel MN, Janssen SW, Kofman S, Brouwer MC, van de Beek D, Bijlsma MW. Prevalence of group B streptococcal colonization in the healthy non-pregnant population: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Clinical Microbiology and Infection. 2021 Jul 1;27(7):968-80. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cmi.2021.03.024 PMid:33813109
5. Belay WY, Getachew M, Tegegne BA, Teffera ZH, Dagne A, Zeleke TK, Abebe RB, Gedif AA, Fenta A, Yirdaw G, Tilahun A. Mechanism of antibacterial resistance, strategies and next-generation antimicrobials to contain antimicrobial resistance: A review. Frontiers in pharmacology. 2024 Aug 16;15:1444781. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2024.1444781 PMid:39221153 PMCid:PMC11362070
6. Sharma DK, Soni I, Rajpurohit YS. Surviving the storm: exploring the role of natural transformation in nutrition and DNA repair of stressed Deinococcus radiodurans. Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 2025 Jan 31;91(1):e01371-24. https://doi.org/10.1128/aem.01371-24 PMid:39651863 PMCid:PMC11784314
7. Haas W, Singh N, Lainhart W, Mingle L, Nazarian E, Mitchell K, Nattanmai G, Kohlerschmidt D, Dickinson MC, Kacica M, Dumas N. Genomic analysis of vancomycin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolates from the 3rd case identified in the United States reveals chromosomal integration of the vanA locus. Microbiology Spectrum. 2023 Apr 13;11(2):e04317-22. https://doi.org/10.1128/spectrum.04317-22 PMid:36975781 PMCid:PMC10100801
8. Umoh NO, Udonkang M, Akpan S, Bebia G, Usanga V, Igwebuike N. Antibiotic Resistance Indices of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolates at a Tertiary Healthcare Facility in Calabar, Nigeria. Sokoto Journal of Medical Laboratory Science. 2024 Mar 23;9(1). https://doi.org/10.4314/sokjmls.v9i1.17
9. Nadiya S, Kolla HB, Reddy PN. Optimization and evaluation of a multiplex PCR assay for detection of Staphylococcus aureus and its major virulence genes for assessing food safety. Brazilian Journal of Microbiology. 2023 Mar;54(1):311-21. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42770-023-00906-6 PMid:36690906 PMCid:PMC9944222
10. Cassim J, Essack SY, Chetty S. Building an antimicrobial stewardship model for a public-sector hospital: a pre-implementation study. Journal of Medical Microbiology. 2024 Jul 17;73(7):001853. https://doi.org/10.1093/jacamr/dlae219 PMid:39927310 PMCid:PMC11806261
11. Madrid AM. Prevalence and Characterization of Antimicrobial Resistant Microorganisms in Ohio Agricultural Crops. The Ohio State University; 2021.
12. Orata DO, Ngigi DG, Kariuki DK. Improved Faradaic Quality of Betamethasone-clotrimazole Redox Profile on A Bentonite Modified Carbon Graphite Working Electrode. Asian Journal of Pure and Applied Mathematics. 2022 Mar 31;4(1):243-55.
13. Dabour R, Meirson T, Samson AO. Global antibiotic resistance is mostly periodic. Journal of Global Antimicrobial Resistance. 2016 Oct 11;7:132-4. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jgar.2016.09.003 PMid:27788414
14. Hopkins B. Better use of vaccines could reduce antibiotic use by 2.5 billion doses annually, says WHO. Neonatology Today. 2024 Oct 1;19(10).
15. Saha M, Sarkar A. Review on multiple facets of drug resistance: a rising challenge in the 21st century. Journal of xenobiotics. 2021 Dec 13;11(4):197-214. https://doi.org/10.3390/jox11040013 PMid:34940513 PMCid:PMC8708150
16. Carlin K, Löfmark S, Blad L. Swedish work on containment of antibiotic resistance: tools, methods and experiences. Public Health Agency of Sweden; 2014.
17. Assefa M, Tigabie M, Amare A, Girmay G, Geteneh A, Ayalew G, Biset S, Almagharbeh WT. Emergence of extensively and pan-drug resistance in clinical bacterial isolates: A systematic scoping review from Ethiopian public health perspective. PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases. 2025 Aug 28;19(8):e0013363. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0013363 PMid:40875623 PMCid:PMC12393774
18. World Health Organization. WHO bacterial priority pathogens list, 2024: bacterial pathogens of public health importance, to guide research, development and strategies to prevent and control antimicrobial resistance. 2024.
19. Chanel R, Doherty B. Superbugs' a far greater risk than Covid in Pacific, scientist warns. The Guardian. 2020.
20. Li W, Yang X, Liu C, Liu X, Shi L, Zeng Y, Xia H, Li J, Zhao M, Yang S, Li X. Multiple impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic and antimicrobial stewardship on antimicrobial resistance in nosocomial infections: an interrupted time series analysis. Frontiers in Public Health. 2024 Jul 17;12:1419344. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2024.1419344 PMid:39086796 PMCid:PMC11288819
21. Nche GC. 'We need rain to survive, but it shouldn't be too much': a tale of flood victims in Kogi State, Nigeria. Cogent social sciences. 2024 Dec 31;10(1):2350140. https://doi.org/10.1080/23311886.2024.2350140
22. Onyeakagbu A. See how all the 36 Nigerian states got their names. Pulse. ng. 2021 Dec.
23. Bale MI, Babatunde SK, Awe S. Prevalence of methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus bacteriuria among pregnant women attending secondary health hospitals in Ilorin, Nigeria. Journal of Advanced Microbiology. 2021 Sep 17;21(9):2456-7116. https://doi.org/10.9734/jamb/2021/v21i930383
24. Kibuacha F. How to determine sample size for a research study. Available in: https://www. geopo ll. com/blog/sample-size-research. 2021.
25. Bakthavatchalam YD, Manoharan Y, Shankar A, Gunasekaran K, Walia K, Veeraraghavan B. Understanding the rationale and clinical impact of the revised CLSI 2024 minocycline susceptibility breakpoints against Stenotrophomonas maltophilia. European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases. 2024 Dec;43(12):2453-7. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10096-024-04932-6 PMid:39297907
26. Adegoke AA, Komolafe AO. Multi-drug resistant Staphylococcus aureus in clinical cases in Ile-Ife, Southwest Nigeria. International Journal of Medicine and Medical Sciences. 2009 Mar;1(3):068-72.
Published
Abstract Display: 0 
PDF Downloads: 0 PDF Downloads: 0 How to Cite
Issue
Section
Copyright (c) 2026 Stephen Omanawo Anawo, Simon Peterside Onuche Akogu , Anthony Oladele Nayo , Christian Ebere Nwachukwu , Godwin Ojonimi Agamah , Sanni Okino Umar, Timothy Ojonimi Omede
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:
- Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0). that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgment of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgment of its initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work (See The Effect of Open Access).
How to Cite
.