Journal of Drug Delivery and Therapeutics
Journal of Drug Delivery and Therapeutics (JDDT) is a double-blind peer-reviewed International Journal dedicated to the publication of research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, Short communications and case studies. This publication is aimed at a broad, interdisciplinary audience of academic and industrial researchers actively engaged in basic and applied laboratory practice, related to Pharmaceutical Science and Therapeutics.
Vinita Nagar, Society of Pharmaceutical Technocrats, 1/7756, Street no. 1, East Gorakh Park, Shahdara, Delhi, India 110032
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Antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and reproductive effects of the anti-diabetic polyherbal formulation, “Insulinevégétale”: Evidence from a case series from Cameroon
Diabetes mellitus associated with oxidative stress, systemic inflammation, and male reproductive function impairment requires a holistic approach. This study investigated the effects of a polyherbal formulation, “Insulinevégétale” on biomarkers of oxidative stress, inflammation, and reproductive hormones in diabetes mellitus patients. This prospective case series conducted at the ‘Union des Tradi-praticiens en Plantes Médicinales du Cameroon’ headquarters in Foumbot (Cameroon) involved participants monitored at three time points. Serum biomarkers of inflammation, including high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP), C-reactive protein (CRP), and interleukin-6 (IL-6), were measured. Oxidative stress status was evaluated using reduced glutathione (GSH) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity. Reproductive function was assessed through serum testosterone and luteinizing hormone (LH) levels. Inflammatory biomarkers reduced during treatment with hsCRP, CRP and IL-6 declining (p < 0.001) from 5.62 mg/L, 20.26 mg/L and 153.27 pg/mL at baseline to 2.97 mg/L, 7.32 mg/L and 20.91 pg/mL at endpoint, respectively. Conversely, antioxidant biomarkers were significantly improved, with the levels of GSH and SOD activity increasing (p < 0.001) from 2.57 µmol/L to 5.36 µmol/L and 83.16 U/mL to 112.32 U/mL, respectively. Likewise, reproductive hormonal parameters also showed improvement, as testosterone and LH levels increased (p < 0.001) from 1.73 nmol/L and 24.64 IU/L to 3.73 and 33.26 IU/L nmol/L, respectively. In summary, “Insulinevégétale” therapy attenuates inflammation and oxidative stress while restoring hormonal balance in individuals with diabetes, thereby helping to preserve male reproductive function. These findings suggest that this polyherbal formulation exerts beneficial effects against metabolic and endocrine disturbances, likely through its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. Keywords: Diabetes mellitus; Inflammation; Insulinevégétale; Oxidative stress; Polyherbal formulation; Reproductive hormones.
Copyright (c) 2026 Mariama Mbouh , Junior Tegha Kum Muankang , Antoine Kada Sanda, Brainda Anais Mbou Foudji , Jude Funwie Nforben , Raphael Ndam Teboh , Bertilla Kisevi , Gisele Longnjinou Zoum , Edouard Nantia Akono https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Caffeine Consumption Patterns and Awareness Among Pharmacy Undergraduate Students: A Case Study from IMT Pharmacy College, Odisha
Background: Caffeine is a socially sanctioned stimulant of the central nervous system and is frequently employed by students to increase alertness and focus and to deal with academic pressures. An over-use of it can have negative consequences and lead to insomnia, palpitations, anxiety, etc. Objective: This case study aimed to assess the prevalence, consumption patterns, and awareness regarding caffeine use among pharmacy undergraduate students of IMT Pharmacy College, Gopalpur, Puri, Odisha. Methods: The study was a cross-sectional survey using a semi-structured pre validated questionnaire. Information was obtained on demographic characteristics, types of caffeinated products used, daily amount of caffeine used, use during examinations, and knowledge of possible side effects. Results: Most participants reported daily caffeine consumption, averaging 165mg of caffeine per day among males and 138mg among females. Importantly, 37.8% of respondents also reported consuming over the recommended 300 mg/day during exam periods. Participants were more aware of the side effects of caffeine than the possibility of foods containing chocolate and medications for migraine being other sources. Conclusion: Such a high prevalence of caffeine use, particularly among grad students in times of academic stress, indicates the importance of awareness programs. Providing education on safe caffeine use, as well as promoting other stress-reducers such as yoga and meditation, could aim to establish better lifestyle options for students. Keywords: Caffeine consumption, Academic stress, Awareness, Side effects, Cross-sectional study, Daily intake, Yoga, and meditation
Copyright (c) 2026 Bishnupriya Jyotish , Prasad Kumar Mohapatra , Sujit Harichandan, Abhimanyu Muduli https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Formulation and Evaluation of Polyherbal Hand Sanitizer
Background: Hand hygiene plays a crucial role in preventing the transmission of infectious diseases, especially during pandemics such as COVID-19. Although alcohol-based hand sanitizers are effective, their frequent use is associated with skin dryness, irritation, and other adverse effects. Herbal formulations containing bioactive phytoconstituents offer a safer and skin-friendly alternative with broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity. Objective: The present study was aimed at formulating and evaluating a polyherbal hand sanitizer using selected medicinal plants and to assess its antimicrobial efficacy, physicochemical properties, and safety for regular use. Materials and Methods: Polyherbal extracts were prepared from Azadirachta indica leaves, Ocimum tenuiflorum leaves, Rubia cordifolia roots, Eclipta alba roots, and Pongamia pinnata oil using Soxhlet extraction and maceration techniques with ethanol as the solvent. Preliminary phytochemical screening was carried out to identify active constituents. The hand sanitizer gel was formulated using Carbopol as a gelling agent along with aloe vera gel, ethanol, herbal extracts, and natural fragrance. The formulation was evaluated for organoleptic properties, pH, viscosity, spreadability, and skin irritancy. In vitro antimicrobial activity was assessed by agar well diffusion method against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Results: Phytochemical analysis confirmed the presence of flavonoids, tannins, alkaloids, saponins, terpenoids, and glycosides. The formulated polyherbal hand sanitizer showed acceptable physicochemical properties with suitable pH, good spreadability, and non-irritant nature. Significant zones of inhibition were observed against all tested microorganisms, indicating effective antimicrobial activity comparable to the standard drug. Conclusion: The developed polyherbal hand sanitizer demonstrated effective antimicrobial activity along with good stability and skin compatibility. Hence, it can be considered a safe, economical, and natural alternative to conventional chemical-based hand sanitizers for routine hand hygiene. Keywords: Polyherbal hand sanitizer, Antimicrobial activity, Medicinal plants, Phytochemical screening, Hand hygiene.
Copyright (c) 2026 D Venkateshwari, K. B. Ilango , V Alageshwari , N Dhanush Kumar , Irfan M Mohammed , G. Nithish , Praveen Sekar https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Medicinal Plants in the Management of Urolithiasis: Phytochemical Constituents and Pharmacological Evidence
Objective: To systematically review the role of medicinal plants in the management of urolithiasis, with a focus on their phytochemical constituents, pharmacological activities, and underlying mechanisms of action. Data Sources: A comprehensive literature search was conducted using electronic databases including PubMed, Scopus, Google Scholar, and ScienceDirect for relevant studies published on medicinal plants and urolithiasis. Study Selection: Relevant preclinical, clinical, and review studies published in English were selected based on their relevance to antiurolithiatic activity, phytochemistry, and mechanisms of action. Studies lacking scientific validation or insufficient data were excluded. Summary of Content: Urolithiasis is a recurrent disorder characterized by the formation of urinary calculi due to supersaturation of lithogenic substances. Medicinal plants such as Phyllanthus niruri, Tribulus terrestris, and Bergenia ligulata have demonstrated significant anti-urolithiatic activity. These plants contain bioactive phytoconstituents including flavonoids, saponins, alkaloids, and phenolic compounds, which contribute to their therapeutic effects. The mechanisms involved include inhibition of crystal nucleation, growth and aggregation, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory actions, diuretic effects, and modulation of urinary biochemical parameters. Experimental and limited clinical studies have reported promising outcomes in reducing stone formation and promoting stone expulsion. Conclusion: Medicinal plants offer a promising complementary approach for the management of urolithiasis. However, further well-designed clinical trials and standardization of herbal formulations are required to establish their safety, efficacy, and clinical applicability. Keywords: Urolithiasis, medicinal plants, antiurolithiatic activity, phytochemistry, kidney stones
Copyright (c) 2026 Pooja Bagdi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
A Physicochemical and Chromatographic Fingerprint Study on Tilvak Ghrita: A Polyherbal Formulation
Background: Tilvak Ghrita is a classical Ayurvedic polyherbal formulation described in the Ayurvedic literature Ashtang Hridaya indicated in Vata Vyadhi Chikitsa. In view of its therapeutic utility and increasing clinical relevance, establishment of physiochemical analysis is essential. Objective: To evaluate the physicochemical parameters and develop a chromatographic fingerprint of Tilvak Ghrita for quality standardization, as per Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India (API) guidelines. Materials and Methods: Tilvak Ghrita was prepared in accordance with classical references following Good Manufacturing Practices (GMP). Tilvak Ghrita formulations was evaluated for the physio-chemical parameters like rancidity, moisture, iodine value, refractive index, saponification value, specific gravity etc and finger printing by thin layer chromatography (TLC). Results: Physicochemical analysis showed no rancidity, 226.90 saponification value, 37.87 iodine value, 1.4611 refractive index, 1.55 acid value and 0.16% moisture content. TLC analysis demonstrated distinct The Rf values for these spots were observed at 0.25, 0.31 and 0.80 at 365nm, indicating the presence of multiple phyto-constituents. Conclusion: The physicochemical parameters may serve as reference quality control benchmarks for ensuring the identity, purity and consistency of the formulation, in accordance with API requirements. The chromatographic fingerprinting showed multiple phyto-constituents which validate this herbal formulation in today perspective. Keywords: Tilvak Ghrita, Vata Vyadhi, Organoleptic Properties, Physicochemical Parameters, Thin-Layer Chromatography.
Copyright (c) 2026 Rushikesh Shivtare , Harish Kumar Singhal https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Role of Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids in Human Health: Chemistry, Mechanisms, and Clinical Evidence
Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) are a structurally distinct class of lipids characterized by a cis double bond at the third carbon from the methyl (ω) terminus. Major nutritionally relevant forms include α-linolenic acid (ALA), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), docosapentaenoic acid (DPA), and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). This review synthesizes recent advances in the chemistry, metabolism, and clinical significance of omega-3 PUFAs. Emphasis is placed on their structural features, susceptibility to oxidation, conversion into specialised pro-resolving mediators, and incorporation into biological membranes. These chemical properties are linked to their mechanistic roles in cardiovascular, metabolic, neurological, inflammatory, and developmental health. Emerging aspects such as sustainable omega-3 sources, bioavailability, and the omega-3 index as a biomarker are also discussed. Current clinical evidence highlights that omega-3 PUFAs exert their effects through membrane modulation, receptor signalling, and lipid-mediator pathways. Future research should integrate lipidomics and personalised nutrition approaches to optimise therapeutic applications. Keywords: Omega-3 fatty acids; EPA; DHA; PUFA; lipid metabolism; clinical health
Copyright (c) 2026 Dipak Patil https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Formulation and Evaluation of Indomethacin-Loaded Bigel for Enhanced Topical Drug Delivery
Indomethacin, a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, is associated with gastrointestinal side effects upon oral administration. This study aimed to formulate and evaluate an indomethacin-loaded bigel for improved topical delivery and sustained drug release. Bigels were prepared by combining Carbopol 934-based hydrogel and lecithin–isopropyl palmitate organogel in varying ratios (B1-B5). The formulations were evaluated for physicochemical properties, drug content, in vitro drug release, and stability. All formulations showed acceptable pH (5.8–6.4), good homogeneity, and suitable viscosity (5600-6900 cps). Drug content ranged from 93.10% to 99.00%. In vitro release studies demonstrated sustained drug release over 8 hours, with formulation B3 showing optimal performance (99.90% release). Release kinetics of B3 followed the Higuchi model (R² = 0.9727), indicating diffusion-controlled release. Stability studies confirmed no significant changes in pH, viscosity, or drug content under storage conditions. In conclusion, the optimized bigel formulation (B3) offers effective topical delivery of indomethacin with improved stability and sustained release characteristics, making it a promising alternative to conventional formulations. Keywords: Indomethacin, Bigel, Topical drug delivery, Biphasic system, Drug release kinetics
Copyright (c) 2026 Umaymah Ahmareen , Yasmine Abdul Aziz, Wasifa Tabassum, Bramhotri Rout, S K Shaik Humayun https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Lipid-Based Nanocarriers for Targeted Drug and Nutraceutical Delivery: Development, Characterization, Applications, and Industrial Challenges
Background: Traditional drug delivery systems often face problems like low permeability, quick metabolism, poor targeting, and lower effectiveness. Lipid-based carriers, due to their unique chemical structure, ability to break down over time, and compatibility with the body, provide a helpful way to improve drug absorption, protect active molecules from breaking down, and reduce toxicity through controlled distribution and targeted delivery. Aim: This article aims to give a clear overview of lipid-based systems for delivering drugs and nutraceuticals, focusing on their development, how they are characterized, their applications, and the challenges faced in industry. Objectives: The objectives include discussing different types of lipid-based carriers, methods for characterization, the delivery of plant-derived bioactive using lipid-based systems, their applications in managing metabolic disorders, how targeted and controlled release works, and the role of artificial intelligence in improving formulations. Conclusion: Lipid-based delivery systems are a flexible and effective way to improve the delivery of drugs and nutraceuticals by enhancing bioavailability, enabling targeted release, and reducing toxicity. Despite the progress made, issues related to stability, scalability, regulatory approval, and industrial manufacturing still exist. This underscores the need for better lipid engineering and AI-driven formulation methods for future advancements. Keywords: Lipid-based carriers, Liposomes, Targeted drug delivery, Nanotechnology, Controlled drug release, Functional foods
Copyright (c) 2026 Anjali Mishra , Apoorva Kumari , Pranjal Kumar , Arya Kumari , Manas Ranjan Nayak , Rupam Vishwannaath https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Xanthine Oxidase Inhibition and Anti-Lung Cancer Effects of the Lonicera japonica Thunb–Paris polyphylla var. chinensis Herbal Pair
In Vietnamese folk medicine Lonicera japonica Thunb. flowers (LTF) had recognized significantly attentions for gout treatment therapies, and LTF is frequently combined with the rhizomes of Paris polyphylla var. chinensis (PPR) for lung cancer remedy. This study evaluated in vitro therapeutic potential of this herbal pair. Their chemical structures were explicated by extensive spectroscopic analyses, covering MS and NMR spectra. The xanthine oxidase preventive effects of the isolated compounds and their extract mixtures, as well as their effects on A549 cell repressive capacity, were researched. Ferulic acid was identified for the first time from LTF together with chlorogenic acid, while quercetin and β-sitosterol-3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside were isolated from PPR. Mixture of PPR-MeOH and E50B (at ratio 1:1) restricted growth of A549 cancer cells with IC50 of 4.11±0.16 µg/mL. The LTF–PPR mixture also activated the apoptotic factors comprising caspase-3, caspase-9, and p53. The findings demonstrated for the first time the XO inhibitory capactity of PPR-MeOH and E50B are 42.12 ± 0.34 and 33.89±1.36, respectively. The present results recommended that applying LTF and PPR in gout and lung cancer treatment needs to insightly more research in the future. Keywords: Lonicera Japonica Thunb, Paris polyphylla, enzyme xanthine oxidase, anti-lung cancer.
Copyright (c) 2026 Quang-Ung Le , Thi-Lan Dinh https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Approaches for Predicting Storage-Induced Reactive Impurities in Pharmaceutical Drugs
Goal: To create a predictive system for the formation of storage-induced impurities in drug formulations through the integration of mechanism-based and risk-based methodologies. Purpose: The objective of this paper is to explore less-researched aspects of impurity formation, including microenvironment variability, interplay between the drug substance, excipients, and packaging material, as well as the development of new prediction tools based on artificial intelligence, hybrid methods, and digital twinning. Finding: It can be seen that routine stability testing does not take into account local changes within the microenvironment of the drugs, e.g., pH fluctuations and water content gradients, or conditions during transport that significantly increase impurity generation. Several new factors such as leachates, fluctuating temperatures, and mechanical forces were found to be highly effective in inducing chemical changes. Predictive models have proven to be highly accurate in predicting impurity profiles and pathways of degradation. Results: The application of predictive analytics in conjunction with QbD and risk assessment techniques such as FMEA ensures that critical risks are identified early and robust control strategies are developed. Real-time monitoring solutions using smart packaging and sensor technology provide additional ways to manage impurity risks during the entire lifetime of the product. Conclusion: A multi-pronged solution combining knowledge of mechanisms, predictive models, and risk-based controls presents a paradigm shift in the reduction of storage-driven reactive impurities. Using this kind of approach will not only benefit products in terms of stability but also promote regulatory advances towards the adoption of predictive stability guidelines. Keywords: Predictive stability modeling; Reactive impurities; Heterogeneity of microenvironments; Digital twin; Risk-based control strategies.
Copyright (c) 2026 Harshali Shende , Nishita Nagpure , Janhvi Kuware , Shubham Gupta , Veerendra Dhoke , Tirupati Rasala https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Development of a High-Retention Ocular Gel for Prolonged Intraocular Pressure Control using Timolol Maleate
The objective of this study was to develop and evaluate a sustained-release gel system for Timolol Maleate to overcome the limitations of conventional eye drops, such as rapid nasolacrimal drainage and poor ocular bioavailability in the management of glaucoma. Formulations were prepared using various concentrations of mucoadhesive polymers and evaluated for critical parameters including clarity, pH, drug content, and rheological behavior. The gels exhibited a physiological pH and pseudoplastic flow, ensuring both ocular compatibility and ease of administration. In-vitro release studies in simulated tear fluid (pH 7.4) demonstrated that the optimized formulation provided a controlled drug delivery profile over a period of several hours, significantly extending the residence time compared to standard aqueous solutions. Kinetic modeling indicated that the drug release followed a diffusion-controlled mechanism, suggesting that this gel system could successfully reduce dosing frequency, minimize systemic side effects, and improve patient compliance in the long-term treatment of intraocular hypertension. Keywords: Timolol Maleate, Glaucoma, Ocular Drug Delivery, Sustained Release
Copyright (c) 2026 Himanshi Verma, Shashank Waghe, Navdeep Jaiswal https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Bicontinuous Cubic Phase Lipid Nanoparticles Cubosomes: Formulation, Characterization, and Therapeutic Applications
Cubosomes, also known as bicontinuous cubic phase lipid nanoparticles, have attracted significant attention as advanced drug delivery systems due to their unique structural and functional properties. Conventional drug delivery systems often face challenges such as poor solubility, low bioavailability, instability, and non-specific distribution, which limit therapeutic efficacy. Cubosomes overcome these limitations through their distinctive bicontinuous cubic architecture composed of lipid bilayers and interconnected aqueous channels, enabling the encapsulation of hydrophilic, lipophilic, and amphiphilic drugs within a single carrier system. This review provides a comprehensive overview of cubosomes, including their structure, composition, preparation techniques, characterization methods, and drug loading and release mechanisms. Preparation approaches such as top-down and bottom-up methods are discussed, along with key characterization parameters like particle size, zeta potential, morphology, and internal structure analysis. The controlled and sustained drug release from cubosomes, governed by diffusion and partition mechanisms, enhances therapeutic outcomes and reduces dosing frequency. Additionally, cubosomes demonstrate broad applications across various routes of administration, including oral, topical, ocular, transdermal, and parenteral delivery. Their emerging roles in gene delivery, vaccine delivery, and combination therapies further highlight their versatility. Despite certain challenges related to stability, scale-up, and production costs, ongoing advancements in formulation strategies and manufacturing technologies are expected to address these limitations. Overall, cubosomes represent a promising platform for next-generation drug delivery systems and personalized medicine. Keywords: Cubosomes, bicontinuous cubic phase, lipid nanoparticles, drug delivery systems, controlled release, bioavailability.
Copyright (c) 2026 Ranjith M, Shruti A. Khandke , R. Niha , Sahil Ansari , S. Tamilnila https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Analysing the Release Parameters and Characterisation of Mucoadhesive Non-Selective Beta Blocker Sustained-Release Buccal Films
Timolol Maleate is a non-selective beta-adrenergic blocker, widely used in the treatment of hypertension, however it suffers from limitations such as the need for frequent dosing and extensive first-pass metabolism. This study aims to formulate and evaluate a sustained-release mucoadhesive buccal film containing Timolol Maleate intends to address the existing issues associated with oral administration of this drug. The films were prepared by solvent casting method involving multiple mucoadhesive polymers. These films were evaluated for their physicochemical and mechanical properties to ensure the integrity of the films during handling and drug release profile was examined using in vitro drug release and ex vivo drug permeation studies. The findings confirmed that the formulation followed Hixson-Crowell release kinetics and achieved a cumulative drug release of approximately 74% over 8 hours. The drug-excipient compatibility was confirmed by FTIR analysis and the thermal behaviour of the drug-loaded films was characterised using DSC, demonstrating a broad endothermic transition with a reduced peak at 211.64°C (onset at 181.42°C); these tests were performed in conjugation with SEM analysis for visualization of surface morphology of the film. Stability studies conducted in accordance with ICH Q1A(R2) guidelines for a period of three months confirmed that there were no significant changes in the physicochemical properties and drug content of the films. Hence, the data supports the potential development of timolol maleate buccal films as a replacement for oral therapy as the films may offer better patient compliance and bioavailability. Keywords: Timolol Maleate, Buccal Films, Mucoadhesive Polymers, Hypertension
Copyright (c) 2026 Shubhangi Yashwant Aher https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Advanced Drug Delivery Approaches for Antidiabetic Agents: Strategies to Enhance Bioavailability, Efficacy, and Patient Compliance
Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by persistent hyperglycemia due to impaired insulin secretion, insulin action, or both. The global burden of diabetes is increasing rapidly, posing significant challenges to healthcare systems worldwide. Although several antidiabetic agents are available, their clinical effectiveness is often limited by poor bioavailability, rapid degradation, frequent dosing requirements, and low patient adherence. Advanced drug delivery systems have emerged as a promising strategy to overcome these limitations by improving pharmacokinetics, enhancing drug stability, and enabling controlled or targeted release. Various novel systems such as nanoparticles, lipid-based carriers, polymeric systems, transdermal systems, and glucose-responsive drug delivery systems have shown significant improvements in therapeutic outcomes. This review provides a comprehensive discussion on advanced drug delivery approaches for antidiabetic agents, focusing on strategies to enhance bioavailability, therapeutic efficacy, and patient compliance, along with challenges and future perspectives in clinical translation. Keywords: Antidiabetic delivery, Drug delivery, Bioavailability enhancement, Controlled release, Glucose-responsive, Patient compliance
Copyright (c) 2026 H G Srusti, Darshini K, K V Poorvika, Bramhotri Rout https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Excipients Used in Pediatric Oral Dosage Forms: Challenges and Perspectives for Safe Hospital Practice
The pharmacological management of pediatric patients remains a major challenge, particularly in low-resource settings. Oral dosage forms, widely used in children, require appropriate excipients; however, some of these excipients may induce adverse effects. The aim of this study was to identify the excipients used in pediatric oral formulations available in community pharmacies in order to guide the development of safer hospital formulations. A descriptive study was conducted in a community pharmacy located in the suburbs of Dakar over a three-month period. Pediatric oral pharmaceutical products were surveyed, and for each product, the international nonproprietary name (INN), dosage form, packaging volume, therapeutic indication, and list of excipients were collected. Data were entered and analyzed using Microsoft Excel 2016. A total of 200 pharmaceutical products corresponding to 96 international nonproprietary names were identified. Solutions were the most frequent dosage forms (46.5%), followed by powders (31.8%) and suspensions (21.7%). The most common packaging volumes ranged from 51 to 100 mL, and antibiotics were the most frequently encountered therapeutic class. The most commonly used excipients were sucrose, sodium benzoate, and citric acid. Sucrose served as the main sweetener to mask the bitter taste of active ingredients, sodium benzoate acted as a preservative, and citric acid was used as a pH regulator. Flavoring agents and preservatives were the most represented categories. The findings highlight the widespread use of sweeteners and preservatives, which are essential for the acceptability and stability of liquid formulations, although several of these excipients may pose potential risks for infants. A better understanding of these substances is therefore necessary to optimize pediatric hospital formulations. The development of locally adapted formulations using safe and available excipients appears essential to improve the safety and efficacy of pediatric treatments in Senegal. Overall, excipients play a crucial role in pediatric drug formulation by influencing stability, preservation, and palatability, and this study underscores the need for increased vigilance regarding excipients with known effects while supporting the development of hospital preparations tailored to local needs. Keywords: Pediatric oral dosage forms; Excipients; Pharmaceutical formulation; Hospital preparations; Drug safety
Copyright (c) 2026 Saliou Khouma , Moussa Diop, Mor Fall , Djiby Faye , Souleymane Aidara , Mamadou Soumboundou https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Integrative Determinants of Chronic Kidney Disease: Psychodynamic Stress, Nutritional Dysregulation, and Environmental Toxicity as Emerging Pharmacological Targets
Even if hemodynamic and metabolic treatments for Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) have been shown to work, there is still a significant risk of progression to End-Stage Kidney Disease. This paper asserts that the ongoing deterioration is influenced by a "integrative toxic milieu" defined by three neglected factors: psychodynamic stress, dietary dysregulation, and environmental toxicity. By combining data from important recent trials like TACT2, VALOR-CKD, and AYAME, we look at the molecular pathways that link these factors to renal fibrosis. We focus on the Psycho-Neuro-Endocrine-Immune (PNEI) and gut-kidney axes. The review also looks at how well new drugs like aldosterone synthase inhibitors, Nrf2 activators, and chelation therapies work. It makes the case for a shift in thinking toward a more comprehensive, multi-target pharmacological approach that goes beyond just the glomeruli to include the patient's overall responses to stress from their environment and their own body. Keywords: Chronic Kidney Disease, Renal Fibrosis, Gut-Kidney Axis, PNEI Axis (Psycho-Neuro-Endocrine-Immune), Nrf2 Pathway, Environmental Nephrotoxicity
PNEI Axis (Psycho-Neuro-Endocrine-Immune)
Copyright (c) 2026 Ranjna Devi, Nikhil Singh, Bhawana Rawat, Koena Saini https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Evaluation of organic acids, cytotoxicity, oral acute toxicity and diuretic effect of Phaseolus vulgaris crops ethyl acetate extract for cardiovascular health improvement
Diuretics play an important role in managing high blood pressure. The aim of this study was to determine the organic acids, toxicity, and diuretic properties of the ethyl acetate fraction of Phaseolus vulgaris (EPV) in Wistar rats. High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) analysis has been used to detect and quantify the organic acids in the EPV fraction. Cytotoxicity tests of Artemia salina larvae and acute oral toxicity tests are carried out to determine the lethal concentrations and doses of EPV. The diuretic properties of EPV were evaluated in Wistar rats for 24 hours by measuring diuresis parameters and urinary electrolyte concentrations. Results: The HPLC analysis report showed the presence of various organic acids in EPV, including malic acid (117.79±0.01 mg/g), oxalic acid (52.47±0.00 mg/g), and citric acid (42.85±0.00 mg/g). EPV seems almost non-toxic, as demonstrated by the larvicidal death lethal concentration (LC50) and the estimated 50% lethal dose of 5000 mg/kg body weight. Measuring diuresis parameters reports that EPV may increase urine volume at the test doses. In addition, the report states that EPV affects electrolyte balance by increasing the excretion of Na+, K+, Cl+, and pH. The intensity of the diuretic effect was significantly higher than that of the negative control. These effects are less pronounced than those caused by pharmacological references but are largely similar to those caused by furosemide. A high concentration of oxalic acids, citric acids and ascorbic acids, combined with the proven urine effects of EPV, strengthens the antihypertension, antioxidant and vasorelaxant properties previously reported. These drug properties demonstrate not only the traditional use of EPV but also its use as a database for the development of innovative therapeutic tools to reduce the risk of cardiovascular diseases. Keywords: Diuretic effect; Organic acids; Phaseolus vulgaris ethyl acetate fraction
Phaseolus vulgaris ethy acetate fraction
Windingoudi Rimwagna Christian OUEDRAOGO
Copyright (c) 2026 Windingoudi Rimwagna Christian OUEDRAOGO, Lazare BELEMNABA , Felix Bondo KINI , Fifamin Judith AHOUNOU AÏKPE , Ramona SUHAROSCHI , Floricuta RANGA , Moumouni KOALA , Souleymane COMPAORE , Boukaré KABORE , Mathieu NITIEMA , Sylvin OUEDRAOGO https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Advancement in Green nano-formulation for management of Gynaecological disorders: Emerging trends and Therapeutic insights
Objective: Considering environmentally friendly methods of synthesis, greater efficacy, and lower systemic toxicity compared to conventional therapies, this paper provides a critical review of recent advances in green nano-formulation approaches in treating gynaecological disorders. Sources of Data: Comprehensive narrative literature as well as reliable pharmaceutical and biomedical resources was searched using PubMed, Scopus, Google Scholar and Science Direct. Studies related to green nanotechnology and gynaecological therapies, dated from 2010 to 2026, were prioritized. Summary of Contents: Low drug solubility, potential for systemic side effects, and limited ability for target-specific administration have provided challenges to the successful therapeutic intervention of nano-formulations in gynaecological conditions such as PCOS, endometriosis, cervical cancer, and vaginal infections. Green nano-formulations that are produced through the use of biopolymers, plant extracts, and environmentally friendly techniques have emerged as alternative nanocarrier candidates. They consist of lipid-based systems, nano-emulsions, and nanoparticles created using environmentally friendly processes. The review demonstrates how the creation of nanoparticles by phytochemicals can positively influence drug delivery and drug efficacy. The clinical performance of the discussed systems is addressed based on certain parameters, including particle size, surface charge, encapsulation efficiency, and biocompatibility. Conclusion: The integration of green chemistry and nanotechnology can be considered as an innovative strategy for treating diseases associated with gynaecology. The usage of nano-formulations is promising in terms of safety, efficiency, and patients' compliance, although additional studies are needed to ensure its successful implementation in medical practice. Keywords: Green nanotechnology, nano-formulation, gynaecological disorders, drug delivery, bioavailability, sustainability
Copyright (c) 2026 Pyari Payal Beura , Sulagna Dash Mohapatra , Adyasha Dash , Rashmirekha Satpathy , Sanjay Kumar Raul https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
In Vitro and in Silico Assessment of The Anti-Inflammatory Potential of Ethanolic Leaf Extract of Pithecellobium Dulce
Pithecellobium dulce is a medicinal plant conventionally used for the treatment of various inflammatory and painful conditions. The current study was undertaken to evaluate the anti-inflammatory potential of the ethanolic leaf extract of Pithecellobium dulce (ELEPD) using in vitro and in silico approaches. In vitro anti-inflammatory activity was assessed using inhibition of egg albumin denaturation and human red blood cell (HRBC) membrane stabilisation assays, with Diclofenac sodium as the reference standard. Molecular docking studies were executed against Cyclooxygenase-2 to identify potential interactions between the major phytoconstituents and inflammatory targets. ELEPD exhibited significant concentration-dependent inhibition of egg albumin denaturation at concentrations ranging from 37.5 to 600 µg/mL, with a maximum inhibition of 68.26±6.66% and an IC₅₀ value of 198.5±2 µg/mL. In the HRBC membrane stabilisation assay, the extract demonstrated marked protection against heat-induced hemolysis, producing 84.28% inhibition at 600 µg/mL. Although the standard drug showed comparatively higher activity, the extract displayed substantial anti-inflammatory effects in both models. Docking investigation revealed strong binding affinities of phytoconstituents toward Cyclooxygenase-2, with Kaempferol showing the highest docking score (−9.2 kcal/mol), followed by Kaempferol-3-O-rhamnoside (−8.4 kcal/mol), Alpha-spinasterol (−7.7 kcal/mol), and Dulcitol (−6.3 kcal/mol). These compounds exhibited favourable molecular interactions with active-site residues, suggesting possible COX-2 inhibitory action. The findings indicate that ELEPD possesses significant anti-inflammatory activity, which may be mediated through inhibition of protein denaturation, stabilisation of biological membranes, and suppression of COX-2 activity. This study supports the traditional use of Pithecellobium dulce and highlights its potential as a source of novel anti-inflammatory agents. Keywords: Anti-Inflammatory activity, Egg albumin denaturation, Membrane stabilisation, Autodocking
Copyright (c) 2026 Srinivasu Matta, Chekuri Ajay Varma, Chapala Sudheer , Chapisetti Sesha Dhanalakshmi, Dhabal Kumar Satapathy, V Bhaskararaju https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Global Trends and Burden of Diabetes Mellitus (DM): A Comprehensive Review of Epidemiology, Risk Factors, Health Disparities, and Future Projections
Background: Diabetes mellitus (DM) represents one of the most pressing global public health challenges, with rapidly increasing prevalence, substantial morbidity and mortality, and profound socioeconomic consequences. The rising burden of diabetes is driven by demographic transitions, lifestyle changes, urbanization, and persistent health inequities, particularly in low- and middle-income countries. Objective: The worldwide health problem known as diabetes mellitus (DM) affects people through its growing prevalence which leads to severe health problems and death while creating major economic difficulties for society. The increasing diabetes burden results from demographic shifts and changes in physical activity patterns and the development of cities and the ongoing existence of health disparities which mainly affect people in low- and middle-income nations. Methodology: The review aims to create a complete summary of existing research which examines diabetes mellitus (DM) global patterns and its impact on different regions and identifies primary risk factors and assesses the disease impact and current clinical trials and patent research and future preventive methods and treatment strategies. The researchers performed a narrative literature review by utilizing major scientific databases together with official global health reports from the World Health Organization and International Diabetes Federation and Global Burden of Disease study. The researchers examined and combined peer-reviewed articles together with epidemiological studies and clinical trial data and pertinent patent documents which had been published in the last few years. Results: Diabetes affects people in all parts of the world but shows different patterns of occurrence and death rates and life years lost to disability. People in low-resource areas experience higher disease burden because they face two main problems: they receive medical treatment too late and they cannot afford healthcare services and they lack economic resources. People who develop this condition face key risk factors which include obesity and lack of physical activity and bad eating habits and their increasing age and their genetic risk factors. Conclusion: DM poses a substantial and escalating global health burden. Addressing its impact requires coordinated public health policies, equitable healthcare delivery, continued clinical innovation, and sustained research efforts to improve outcomes and reduce disparities worldwide.
Copyright (c) 2026 Rashmi Khanijau , Mona Rajiv Kukkar , Ena Trehan , Priya Singh https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Formulation and Evaluation of Dark Chocolate-Based Healthy Bar Using Amla Powder
Dark chocolate, made from Theobroma cacao and containing 70-85% cocoa solids, is celebrated for its high content of flavanols (such as catechins and procyanidins), which provide strong antioxidant, heart-protective, and anti-inflammatory effects by neutralizing free radicals, enhancing endothelial function, and regulating lipid levels. Nevertheless, the loss of nutrients during processing warrants the addition of natural superfoods like amla powder (Emblica officinalis Gaertn.), an Ayurvedic ingredient packed with 193-720 mg of vitamin C per 100 g, along with gallic acid, ellagitannins (emblicanins A/B), quercetin, and tannins, which together improve oxidative stability and boost nutritional value. This research details the formulation of a high-protein, antioxidant-rich health bar. The process involved blending 5–15% fine-milled amla powder into dark chocolate, using jaggery to balance flavor and cocoa butter to ensure textural quality. Quality control testing yielded consistent results in weight variation ($<2\%$) and pH levels, while proximate and phytochemical analyses confirmed elevated fiber, protein (10–12 g/serving), and potent antioxidant activity via DPPH assays. Optimized formulations (F2 and F3) showed a glossy brown appearance, smooth texture, and high scores on the 9-point hedonic scale. They remained stable for 15 days at 2–8°C. The amla–cocoa combination enhanced antioxidant activity, showing better DPPH scavenging than plain chocolate, while improving RBC glutathione levels and reducing lipid peroxidation, with effects comparable to 150–200 μg/mL extracts. This clean-label functional chocolate bar meets the demand for plant-based snacks supporting metabolic health and shows potential for large-scale production, though further clinical studies are needed. Keywords: Dark Chocolate, Amla Powder, Heart Disease, Protein Bar
Copyright (c) 2026 Sanjivani Mahale , Prajkta A. Kate https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Integrative Potential of Majoon Suranjan in the Management of Varicose Veins: A Review of Unani Humoral Theory and Contemporary Molecular Mechanisms
Background: Chronic Venous Disease (CVD), traditionally known as Dawali, involves complex vascular remodelling. While the Unani System of Medicine (USM) has long utilised Majoon Suranjan (MS) for its resolvent (Muhallil) properties, its molecular interactions with modern vascular science remain underexplored. Objectives: This review aims to synthesise classical Unani humoral theories of venous stasis with modern molecular mechanisms, with a specific focus on the regulation of Matrix Metalloproteinases (MMPs) by the bioactive constituents of Majoon Suranjan. Methods: A comprehensive analysis of classical Unani texts (e.g., Al-Qanun Fi’l Tibb) was integrated with contemporary pharmacological data and bibliographic trends (2014–2024) regarding Majoon Suranjan (MS) and chief ingredient Colchicum luteum and its primary alkaloid, colchicine. Results: The study identifies a significant conceptual convergence between the Unani "atrabilious matter" (Sauda) and modern hemorheological stasis. Mechanistically, the Muhallil action of Majoon Suranjan aligns with the inhibition of MMP-9 and the NLRP3 inflammasome, which prevents the degradation of the extracellular matrix (ECM) and stabilises the venous wall. Furthermore, the polyherbal synergism of ingredients like Zingiber officinale and Piper longum enhances microcirculation and mitigates tropolone alkaloid toxicity. Conclusion: Majoon Suranjan serves as a scientifically plausible integrative therapy for varicose veins. Future clinical research utilising Doppler-derived hemodynamic and proteomic profiling is recommended to establish its role in standard vascular care. Keywords: Majoon Suranjan, Varicose Veins, Dawali, Colchicum luteum, Matrix Metalloproteinases (MMP-9), Unani Medicine, Colchicine.
Copyright (c) 2026 Mahboob us Salam, Vijay Bhan Singh , Faiyaz Ahmad , Bushra Sabir , Badruddeen, Minhajul Haque Ansari, Kaynat Fatima https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Prospects for the Evolution of the Pharmaceutical Code of Deontology in Côte d’Ivoire
The pharmaceutical code of deontology governs the obligations and rights of pharmacists, thus ensures ethical and professional standards respect in the exercise of their profession. In Côte d’Ivoire, the first code of deontology, comes from Law No. 62-249 of July 31, 1962. And it has been revised in 2015 with the adoption of Law No. 2015-534 of July 20, 2015. The objective of this study was to assess the prospects for pharmaceutical code of deontology revision in Côte d’Ivoire. We analyzed the code of deontology currently in application in Côte d'Ivoire and compared it to the previous code of 1962, and then to the French code of deontology, from which Côte d'Ivoire inherited pharmaceutical sector legislative framework. The results of this study show that the Ivorian pharmaceutical ethics code was restructured in 2015 to include not only community pharmacists, as in 1962, but also pharmacists working in other types of pharmaceutical establishments, as well as pharmacy students providing temporary coverage. The fundamental pharmaceutical law principles were maintained while introducing new obligations for pharmacists, for instance the promotion of medicines derived from traditional pharmacopoeia. This obligation allows the Ivorian code to distinguish itself from other codes, such as that of France, whose 1995 code shared many similarities, with the exception of the pharmacist's new responsibilities. In 2026, the adoption of a new deontology code in France took into account aspects related to pharmacists' online communication that Côte d'Ivoire can draw upon for the revision of its code of deontology. Keywords: Deontology code – Pharmacists – Côte d'Ivoire - France
Copyright (c) 2026 Paule Mireille ALLOUKOU-BOKA , Anne Cinthia AMONKOU-N’GUESSAN , mnaudeperine@gmail.com, Aziz Flores KAMELAN , Franck Habib GAUZE , Antoine Serge AMARI https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Formulation And Evaluation of Nanogel by Using Pergularia daemia for Anti-Inflammatory Property
Pergularia daemia is a medicinal plant that has long been used in traditional medicine to manage inflammation and related conditions. In this study, extracts of the plant were prepared and incorporated into a nanogel formulation using appropriate polymers to enhance its therapeutic efficacy. Commonly known as the “kiosk vine,” it is a perennial, hairy climber belonging to the family Asclepiadaceae. The plant is valued for its antibacterial and anti-inflammatory properties, which are attributed to the presence of various phytochemicals such as flavonoids, alkaloids, terpenoids, tannins, and steroids. The research focuses on extracting bioactive compounds using suitable solvents. These compounds are then incorporated into nanogels formed by chemically or physically crosslinked polymers. Such nanogels are three-dimensional hydrogel networks with nanoscale dimensions. They offer several advantages over conventional drug delivery systems, including tunable size, ease of preparation, swelling capacity, biocompatibility, hydrophilicity, and responsiveness to external stimuli such as temperature, pH, light, and biological signals. Keywords: Pergularia daemia, Nanogel, Anti-inflammatory, Alkaloids, Terpenoids
Copyright (c) 2026 Tahura J. Shaikh , Vishal S. Madankar , Sampat D. Navale https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Formulation and Evaluation of Rutin Trihydrate Topical Hydrogel
Rutin, a naturally occurring flavonoid, has powerful anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and vascular-protective effects, however it is poorly soluble in water and has low oral bioavailability. The current work sought to develop, optimise, and assess a topical hydrogel system containing rutin trihydrate to improve skin delivery and local therapeutic efficacy. Hydrogels were made with Carbopol 934 as a gelling agent and Transcutol-P as a cosolvent and permeation enhancer. UV calibration, solubility determination, and drug-excipient compatibility tests were all performed prior to formulation.Hydrogel batches were tested for physical appearance, spreadability, pH, viscosity, drug content, and in vitro release profile using Franz diffusion cells. The optimised hydrogel demonstrated desirable rheological qualities, good spreadability, pH within the skin-compatible range, high drug content, and improved release characteristics. In this study byusing Transcutol P and Carbopol 934, a topical hydrogel of rutin trihydrate will be created.Its viscosity, rheology, stability, and suitability for topical administration will all be assessed. By examining drug penetration through skin at various enhancer doses, it further explores Transcutol P's function as a skin-permeation enhancer. Keywords: Rutin trihydrate, hydrogel, Carbopol 934, Transcutol P, topical drug delivery, skin
Copyright (c) 2026 Amreen Mansuri , Dishant Gupta , Rajat Pawar , P. K. Dubey , Sunita Patidar https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Cardiorenal Effects of SGLT2 Inhibitors: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials
Type 2 diabetes (T2D) and hypertension are major causes of end-stage renal disease (ESRD) and cardiovascular complications. Sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors, also known as gliflozins, initially developed as antidiabetic agents, have demonstrated significant cardiorenal protective effects independent of glycemic control. This meta-analysis aimed to evaluate their impact on the prevention of ESRD and major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE). A systematic review and meta-analysis were conducted in accordance with PRISMA 2020 guidelines. PubMed/MEDLINE, Embase, Cochrane Library, and ClinicalTrials.gov databases were searched from 2008 to 2025. Randomized controlled trials comparing SGLT2 inhibitors with placebo were included. The primary outcomes were a composite renal endpoint (progression to ESRD, ≥50% decline in glomerular filtration rate, initiation of renal replacement therapy, or renal death) and MACE (cardiovascular death, non-fatal myocardial infarction, or non-fatal stroke). Statistical analyses were performed using RevMan 5.4, applying fixed- or random-effects models depending on heterogeneity (I²). Results were expressed as odds ratios (OR) with 95% confidence intervals (95% CI). A total of 13 randomized controlled trials including 90,413 participants were analyzed. SGLT2 inhibitors significantly reduced the risk of major renal events (OR = 0.68; 95% CI: 0.59–0.77; I² = 61%), major cardiovascular events (OR = 0.88; 95% CI: 0.83–0.93; I² = 44%), and all-cause mortality (OR = 0.89; 95% CI: 0.85–0.93). In conclusion, SGLT2 inhibitors confirm their major cardiorenal benefits, independent of glycemic control, significantly reducing progression to ESRD, major cardiovascular events, and overall mortality. These findings support their early use in patients at high cardiorenal risk, in line with recent international recommendations. Keywords : SGLT2 inhibitors; Gliflozins; End-stage renal disease; Type 2 diabetes; Hypertension; Cardiovascular outcomes; Meta-analysis; PRISMA
Copyright (c) 2026 Mor Fall , Maïmouna Touré , Souleymane Aidara , Barry Boubacar , Ndèye Absatou Diaw , Moussa Diop , Djiby Faye , Mactar Amadou https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0