Journal of Drug Delivery and Therapeutics
Journal of Drug Delivery and Therapeutics (JDDT) is a double-blind peer-reviewed International Journal dedicated to the publication of research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, Short communications and case studies. This publication is aimed at a broad, interdisciplinary audience of academic and industrial researchers actively engaged in basic and applied laboratory practice, related to Pharmaceutical Science and Therapeutics.
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Gingival Plasma Cell Granuloma Mimicking Malignancy in a Pediatric Patient with Poor Oral Hygiene and Malnutrition: A Case Report
Background: Plasma cell granuloma (PCG) is a rare benign inflammatory lesion characterized by infiltration of polyclonal plasma cells within connective tissue stroma. Although most cases are localized and indolent, oral involvement, particularly on the gingiva, is uncommon and may clinically mimic malignancy or reactive lesions. PCG usually occurs in adolescents and young adults, while in pediatric patients are rare and diagnostically challenging. Poor nutritional status and poor oral hygiene are systemic vulnerabilities that may worsen severity and complicate diagnosis. This report aims to present a case of gingival PCG mimicking malignancy in pediatric patient with poor oral hygiene and malnutrition, highlighting diagnostic challenges and management. Case Presentation: A 3-year-old boy was referred due to gingival swelling and bleeding two weeks after a traumatic fall. The patient had never cleaned his teeth and was diagnosed with malnutrition. Clinical examination showed poor oral hygiene and widespread gingival enlargement with bleeding. Incisional biopsy confirmed plasma cell granuloma, showing plasma cell infiltration within fibrous stroma without atypia. Management included oral hygiene instruction, antiseptic gargle, oral debridement, nutritional correction, and oral antibiotics, which improved gingival condition. Discussion and Conclusions: This case highlights the diagnostic difficulty of differentiating gingival PCG from malignancy and should be confirmed histopathologically. Although PCG is a reactive lesion, poor oral hygiene contributed to chronic inflammation, while malnutrition may compromise mucosal integrity and immune function. In pediatric patient with systemic vulnerabilities such as malnutrition and poor oral hygiene, gingival PCG may clinically mimic malignancy. Multidisciplinary approach, surgical excision, and histopathological confirmation are crucial for diagnostic accuracy and favorable outcomes. Keywords: Gingiva, Malnutrition, Oral Hygiene, Pediatric, Plasma Cell Granuloma
Copyright (c) 2026 Nadya Jeihan Riyani , Nuri Fitriasari , Nanan Nur’aeny https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Clinical Efficacy of the Unani Formulation Majoon‑e‑Ushba with a Polyherbal Sufoof in Early‑Stage Rheumatoid Arthritis: A Case Series Analysis
Background: Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic autoimmune disorder causing pain, stiffness, and disability. Conventional therapies are effective but limited by adverse effects. Unani medicine offers polyherbal formulations such as Majoon‑e‑Ushba (MU), traditionally prescribed for Waja ‘al Mafāṣil. Objectives: To assess the efficacy and safety of Majoon‑e‑Ushba (MU), with adjunct Unani powders in early RA, stratified by serological status. Methods: A prospective, open‑label case series at Ajmal Khan Tibbiya College & Hospital enrolled five patients (Stage 1–2 RA) based on ACR/EULAR 2020 criteria (three RF/ACPA positive, two seronegative). Majoon‑e‑Ushba (6 g twice daily) plus a powder blend (Colchicum luteum, Trigonella foenum graecum, Nigella sativa, Lepidium sativum) was administered for 8 weeks. Outcomes: It included VAS pain, stiffness, joint counts, and inflammatory markers. Results: Significant improvements were observed: VAS 7.4 ± 1.1 to 3.2 ± 0.8 (t=9.21, p<0.001); stiffness 45 ± 12 to 12 ± 5 min (t=8.74, p<0.001); joint counts 6.8 ± 2.3 to 2.0 ± 1.1 (t=7.95, p<0.001); ESR and CRP declined (p<0.01). One seronegative patient achieved remission. Conclusion: Majoon‑e‑Ushba with adjunct powders produced statistically significant clinical and laboratory improvements in both seropositive and seronegative RA, supporting traditional claims of immunomodulatory and bone‑protective effects. Larger controlled trials are warranted. Keywords: Rheumatoid arthritis (RA), Majoon‑e‑Ushba, Unani medicine, Polyherbal formulation.
Copyright (c) 2026 Humaira Bano , Md Hamza Ahmad , Abdullah Faizul Hasan , Badrudduja Khan https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Optimization and Evaluation of Trihexyphenidyl Hydrochloride Transdermal Patches Using Natural and Synthetic Polymers for Psychosis Management
Trihexyphenidyl hydrochloride (TPH) is an anticholinergic drug commonly used to manage psychosis-associated extrapyramidal symptoms and Parkinsonian disorders. However, its oral administration is associated with limitations such as first-pass metabolism, fluctuating plasma drug levels, and frequent dosing requirements, which may reduce patient compliance. The present study aimed to develop and optimize TPH-loaded transdermal patches using a combination of natural and synthetic polymers for sustained drug delivery. Patches were prepared by the solvent-casting method employing varying concentrations of hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC), chitosan, xanthan gum, and gum tragacanth. A factorial design was utilized to optimize formulation variables and evaluate their effects on physicochemical and drug-release characteristics. The prepared patches were assessed for thickness, weight variation, folding endurance, moisture content, moisture uptake, tensile strength, surface pH, drug content uniformity, and in vitro drug release. The optimized formulation exhibited satisfactory physicochemical properties, uniform drug distribution, good mechanical strength, and excellent flexibility. In vitro studies demonstrated sustained and controlled drug release over an extended period. The combination of natural and synthetic polymers significantly influenced the mechanical properties and release behavior, resulting in an optimized matrix system with improved performance. The developed transdermal patch represents a promising alternative to conventional oral therapy by providing sustained drug delivery, potentially enhancing therapeutic efficacy, patient compliance, and overall quality of life in long-term psychopharmacological management. Keywords: Trihexyphenidyl hydrochloride, Transdermal patch, Natural polymers, Synthetic polymers, Controlled drug delivery, Optimization, Psychosis management.
Copyright (c) 2026 Mayank Shukla , Rakesh Singh https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Phytochemistry and Neuroprotective Potential of Bombax costatum Pellegr. & Vuillet: Bridging Traditional West African Medicine and Modern
Background: Neuropsychiatric disorders, including epilepsy, anxiety, and depression, represent a major public health burden in West Africa, where traditional medicine remains the primary therapeutic option for many patients. Bombax costatum Pellegr. & Vuillet (Malvaceae), commonly known as the red kapok or false kapok tree, is widely used in traditional West African pharmacopoeia for these conditions. Objective: This narrative review aimed to synthesize the ethnobotanical, phytochemical, and preclinical pharmacological data on Bombax costatum and to evaluate its neuroprotective potential. Methods: A comprehensive literature search was conducted following PRISMA 2020 guidelines in PubMed, ScienceDirect, Google Scholar, AGORA, and Lotus Base, covering the period from 1964 to mai 2026. After removal of duplicates and application of inclusion/exclusion criteria, 86 distinct documents were selected and analyzed using thematic synthesis. Results: Bombax costatum is a multipurpose species with more than 86 documented traditional uses, mainly for epilepsy, anxiety, depression, and hepatic disorders. Major bioactive compounds identified include epicatechin (isolated from root bark), lupeol (stem bark), along with high levels of polyphenols and flavonoids. Preclinical studies demonstrated significant anticonvulsant effects (PTZ and MES models), antidepressant-like activity (chronic mild stress model), anxiolytic properties (elevated plus maze), and antioxidant activities, primarily through GABAergic modulation, monoaminergic enhancement, and reduction of oxidative stress. The plant also exhibited hepatoprotective effects with a good safety profile (LD₅₀ > 5,000 mg/kg). Conclusion: Bombax costatum shows promising neuroprotective potential that aligns with its traditional uses. However, current evidence is limited to preclinical studies. Future research should prioritize standardization of extracts, pharmacokinetic studies, and rigorous clinical trials to confirm efficacy and safety in humans. Keywords: Bombax costatum, neuroprotection, epilepsy, anxiety, depression, epicatechin, lupeol, traditional African medicine, oxidative stress, GABAergic
Copyright (c) 2026 Arthur Armand Arnaud Daboné , Samson Guenné , Modeste Traore , Ghislain T. Kobendé , Nabere Ouattara , Moussa Compaoré , Adama Hilou, Martin Kiendrebéogo https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Exploring the Therapeutic Potential of Marham Kharish Jadeed in Chronic Eczema: A Case Report
Copyright (c) 2026 Syed Isra Ali , Mohammad Naseem Khan, Atiya Anjum, Mehzabi, Sadaf https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Comparative In Vitro Release Study of Vitamin C from Spirulina-Based Matrix Tablets: Influence of Excipients on Dissolution Kinetics and Tablet Performance.
Objective (s): This study aimed to compare the in vitro release kinetics of vitamin C from spirulina-based matrix tablets and to evaluate the influence of selected excipients on dissolution behavior and tablet performance. Design: Four formulations were prepared by varying the proportions of vitamin C, spirulina, HPMC, starch, microcrystalline cellulose, and lactose. Tablets were manufactured by direct compression and evaluated according to pharmacopeial standards. Intervention (s): Dissolution testing was performed in 0.1 N HCl (pH 1.2) at 37 °C for 4 hours. Vitamin C quantification was carried out by HPLC DAD at 245 nm. Main outcome measure(s): Dissolution profiles, mechanical properties, and similarity/difference factors (f₂, f₁). Results: Spirulina significantly improved tablet hardness, while starch and microcrystalline cellulose accelerated vitamin C release. HPMC produced a sustained release matrix, whereas lactose exerted a neutral to slightly inhibitory effect. Spirulina containing tablets showed prolonged release but also partial vitamin C oxidation after 90 minutes, likely due to transition metal ions naturally present in spirulina. Dissolution comparison revealed non similarity between formulations (e.g., F2 vs F4: f₁ = 17.2; F3 vs F4: f₂ = 42.75). Conclusion: Excipient composition strongly modulates both mechanical strength and release kinetics of vitamin C matrix tablets. Spirulina enhances hardness and sustains release but may promote oxidative degradation. Optimizing excipient ratios is essential for achieving robust and stable nutraceutical formulations. In vivo studies are recommended. Keywords: Spirulina; Vitamin C; Matrix tablets; Dissolution; Excipients
Copyright (c) 2026 Assogba Gabin Assanhou , Paul Boucari , Parfait Doffon , Urbain Comlan Kassehin , Virgile Ahyi , Fernand A Gbaguidi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Phytoestrogenic Potential of Linum usitatissimum (Flaxseed): Pharmacological Mechanisms and Therapeutic Perspectives
Linum usitatissimum Linn. (flaxseed; Tukhm-e-Katan) is an important medicinal and nutraceutical plant widely described in both classical Unani literature and contemporary biomedical research. Classical Unani physicians, including Ibn Sina and Zakariya al-Razi, documented its therapeutic utility in inflammatory disorders, respiratory ailments, and female reproductive conditions. In Unani medicine, Tukhm-e-Katan is recognized for its nutritive, demulcent, anti-inflammatory, and restorative properties, contributing to the maintenance of humoral balance. Phytochemical investigations have identified flaxseed as a rich source of lignans, particularly secoisolariciresinol diglucoside (SDG), along with α-linolenic acid, dietary fibre, proteins, mucilage, vitamins, and minerals. These bioactive constituents exhibit significant phytoestrogenic, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, cardioprotective, hypolipidemic, antidiabetic, and anticancer activities. Experimental and clinical studies suggest beneficial effects of flaxseed in menopausal symptoms, hormone-dependent disorders, hyperlipidemia, polycystic ovarian syndrome, osteoporosis, and gastrointestinal dysfunctions. Emerging evidence also supports its role in women’s health through modulation of estrogenic pathways and oxidative stress. The present review highlights the pharmacological, nutraceutical, and phytoestrogenic potential of Linum usitatissimum while integrating evidence from modern scientific literature with traditional Unani perspectives, thereby emphasizing its therapeutic relevance in integrative and preventive medicine. Keywords: Flaxseed, Linum usitatissimum, Phytoestrogenic activity, Menopause, Atrophic Vaginitis; Phytochemicals.
Copyright (c) 2026 Yusra Qureshi , Mohd. Faizan, Ismath Shameem https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
History of Shea Butter and the Role of Miller and Marian in Cultural Preservation
Shea butter has played a vital role in the cultural, economic and everyday lives of people in Ghana and the West African area. But its contemporary significance for the world sometimes overshadows the deep historical institutions of knowledge that have underpinned its creation for decades. This research looks at the history of shea butter to its current position in the beauty industry. One of the major approach is the indigenous knowledge systems. Methods maintained and transmitted by northern Ghanaian women, have shown resilience in adjusting to changes in economic and social circumstances while sustaining core cultural practices. The study also investigates the role of current local corporations, such as Miller and Marian, in showing how ancient knowledge is retained and actively reinterpreted in modern production and branding. The research therefore views shea butter as a living cultural resource that links the past, present and future. Keywords: Miller and Marian, shea, butter, West Africa, Ghana
Copyright (c) 2026 Marian Esther Miller https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Pharmacognostic, Physicochemical, Phytochemical evaluation and Thin layer chromatography of Ocimum basilicum leaves
O. basilicum is a annual herb commonly referred to sweet basil and used in various traditional systems, is a member of the Lamiaceae family. The objective of this study is to gain comprehensive pharmacognostic, physicochemical characteristics, and phytochemical analysis of the leaves. The pharmacognostic criteria were assessed, including macroscopic and microscopic evaluations, transverse sections of the leaf, powder microscopy, fluorescence analysis, and physicochemical properties (Total Ash 14.60%, acid-insoluble ash 4.15%), water-soluble ash 3.27%; alcohol-soluble extractive value 2.4%; water-soluble extractive value 1.6%; moisture content 13%. Phytochemical screening of ethanolic leaf extracts indicates the presence of flavonoids, saponins, phenolic, tannins, and cardiac glycosides. The Rf values determined were 0.60, 0.68, and 0.72. The standardized parameters for pharmacognostics, physicochemical parameters, phytochemical properties, total phenolic content, total flavonoids content, and chromatographic analyses of O. basilicum leaves are revealed in this work. Keywords: Fluorescence analysis, Physicochemical, Thin layer chromatography, TPC, TFC
Copyright (c) 2026 Brij Raj Singh https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Clinical Characteristics of Oral Tuberculosis: A Scoping Review
Introduction: Oral tuberculosis (TB) is a rare manifestation of Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection, yet it may signal systemic disease. Because oral TB lesions often mimic traumatic ulcers, oral malignancy, or chronic infection, diagnosis is frequently delayed. Objective: To map the clinical characteristics of oral TB lesions, the oral sites most often involved, and the diagnostic approaches reported in recent literature. Methods: A scoping review was conducted in accordance with the PRISMA-ScR guidelines. PubMed and Scopus were searched for English- or Indonesian-language primary reports published between 2020 and 2025 that described oral manifestations of TB. Four reviewers independently screened records and extracted data; findings were synthesized narratively and mapped quantitatively by lesion pattern, anatomical site, and diagnostic pathway. Results: Of 58 records identified, 13 articles were included after deduplication and screening. Oral TB most often presented as chronic ulceration with poorly defined margins and erythematous or grayish-white surfaces, although nodules and tumor-like masses were also described. The tongue was the most frequent main site (5/13; 38.5%), followed by buccal and/or labial mucosa (4/13; 30.8%), palate (2/13; 15.4%), and, less commonly, gingiva or a post-extraction socket (1/13 each; 7.7%). Diagnosis typically combined clinical assessment, imaging when indicated, biopsy with histopathology, and, in several reports, molecular or culture confirmation. Clinical improvement after standard anti-TB therapy was described in the included cases. Conclusion: Across recent case-based reports, oral TB most commonly appears as chronic tongue or mucosal ulceration and requires multimodal confirmation. Greater familiarity with these patterns may help dentists recognize suspicious lesions earlier, particularly in TB-endemic settings. Keywords: Tuberculosis, Clinical characteristics, Oral manifestations, Oral lesions, Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Copyright (c) 2026 Nanan Nur’aeny, Anargya Alfa Fairuz , Tiffany Marsha Indrawati , Amira Zahida Raihana , Marsyanda Fitri , Dewi Zakiawati , Indah Suasani Wahyuni , Wahyu Hidayat https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Formulation Development, Process Optimization, and Quality Assessment of Amlodipine Besylate 5 Mg Tablets for Regulatory Submission
Amlodipine besylate is a long-acting calcium channel blocker widely used for hypertension and angina, for which 5 mg amlodipine base is a standard dose; however, moisture sensitivity and excipient-mediated degradation can complicate development of pharmaceutically equivalent generic tablets intended for regulatory submission. This work aimed to develop, optimize, and quality-characterize an Amlodipine Besylate 5 mg tablet aligned with technical dossier expectations, with explicit excipient justification and stability assurance. To deliver 5 mg amlodipine base, tablets were formulated with 6.93 mg amlodipine besylate and manufactured by direct compression to reduce moisture exposure. The active substance was identified by UV spectrophotometry and open-capillary melting point. A lactose-free formulation strategy was implemented to avoid lactose–magnesium stearate interaction pathways associated with glycosyl degradation products; microcrystalline cellulose and anhydrous dibasic calcium phosphate were used as diluents/binders, sodium starch glycolate as super-disintegrant, and magnesium stearate as lubricant. Process optimization included Co-mill speeds of 1700–1900 RPM (optimized at ~1800 RPM), controlled sifting (#60 for API and sodium starch glycolate; #40 for diluents/lubricant), blending for 15 min, lubrication for 3 min, and compression. Optimized pilot batches met pharmacopoeial quality targets, including weight uniformity within ±7.5%, hardness >3.0 kg/cm², friability <1.0%, disintegration <10 min, and dissolution >80% in 30 min (exceeding the ≥75% criterion). Assay by stability-indicating HPLC-UV (C18, 237 nm) showed 98.5–101.3% across three batches, within the 90–110% specification. Forced degradation under acid/alkali hydrolysis and oxidation supported formulation stability without emergence of glycosyl impurities, and process capability evaluations indicated robust, reproducible milling and blending. Overall, the lactose-free direct-compression product provides a compliant quality package suitable for Module 3 dossier compilation and supports stable, equivalent tablet manufacture for approval. Keywords: Amlodipine besylate, Direct compression, Stability-indicating, Process optimization, Regulatory submission, Dossier
Copyright (c) 2026 Mohd Naseeb , Anju Goyal https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Comparative Pathophysiology of Fawāq (Hiccups): A Review of Unani and Modern Medical Concepts
Aim: To comparatively analyze the pathophysiology of Fawāq (hiccups) by examining classical Unani concepts alongside contemporary biomedical understanding and identifying areas of conceptual convergence. Objectives: This review aimed to (i) evaluate the Unani concept of Fawāq with special reference to Sū’-i-Mizāj, gastric and diaphragmatic dysfunction; (ii) summarize the current biomedical understanding of hiccup pathophysiology; and (iii) compare both systems to identify similarities and complementary interpretations. Methods: A narrative comparative review was conducted using authoritative classical Unani texts, including Al-Qānūn fi’l-Ṭibb, Kitāb al-Ḥāwī, Firdaus al-Ḥikmat, Zakhīra Khwārazm Shāhī, Akseer-e-Aʿẓam, and Ṭibb-e-Akbar, together with contemporary peer-reviewed biomedical literature. Data were analyzed through a theme-based comparative framework focusing on anatomical involvement, etiological factors, pathophysiological mechanisms, clinical manifestations, classification, and diagnostic principles. Results: The comparative analysis demonstrated substantial conceptual concordance between the two medical systems. Unani medicine describes Fawāq as a consequence of Sū’-i-Mizāj affecting the stomach (Miʿda), diaphragm (Ḥijāb-e-Ḥājiz), and associated organs, resulting in abnormal activation of Quwwat Dāfiʿa. Modern medicine explains hiccups as a reflex-mediated neurophysiological disorder involving vagal and phrenic afferents, brainstem integration, and diaphragmatic contraction. The Unani classification of simple (Sāda) and material (Māddī) dystemperaments showed conceptual correspondence with gastrointestinal, neurological, metabolic, and pharmacological etiological factors recognized in modern medicine. Conclusion: The findings indicate that classical Unani descriptions of Fawāq exhibit meaningful conceptual agreement with contemporary neurogastroenterological mechanisms despite differences in theoretical frameworks. Integrating these perspectives provides a more comprehensive understanding of hiccups by combining individualized temperament-based assessment with modern pathophysiological principles. This comparative approach supports the scientific relevance of Unani medicine and highlights its potential contribution to integrative gastroenterology and future interdisciplinary research. Keywords: Fawāq, Hiccups, Sū’-i-Mizāj, Quwwat Dāfiʿa, Miʿda, Ḥijāb-e-Ḥājiz
Copyright (c) 2026 Sadaf Ambreen , Rooshi Fareed , Nida Sultana https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Consumption of aphrodisiac drugs without erectile dysfunction among men in the city of Dakar, Senegal: a cross-sectional study
Background: Sexual well-being is a key component of quality of life, yet the use of aphrodisiacs remains a largely understudied phenomenon in West Africa. Objective: This study aimed to explore the sociodemographic characteristics, usage patterns, perceived effects, and product preferences of 218 adult men residing in Dakar who have consumed aphrodisiacs without presenting erectile dysfunction. Methods: Data were collected via an anonymous, structured online questionnaire distributed through Google Forms. Results: The majority of users were young adults aged 18–29 years, predominantly single and students, mirroring demographic trends reported in similar regional studies. Natural products were the most frequently used (41.7%), followed by pharmaceutical agents (35.3%), with 23% reporting a combined use of both categories. The most frequently perceived positive effects were improved sexual performance (67.2%) and increased endurance (57%), while 43% reported enhanced self-confidence. The main motivations for use were personal curiosity (36%), the desire to improve sexual performance (22%), and partner influence (23%). The most reported side effects included headaches, cardiac palpitations, and dizziness. Conclusion: These findings highlight the cultural, behavioral, and psychological dimensions of aphrodisiac use and underscore the need for further research into its physiological, psychological, and public health implications. Keywords: Self-medication, Natural aphrodisiacs, sexual enhancers, sexual health, substance use.
Copyright (c) 2026 Ndèye Absatou Diaw, Ibrahima Diouf, Awa Ba Diop, Youssou Thiendella Fall, Mbaye Sene, Mamadou Sarr, Modou Oumy Kane https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Drug-Induced Nutrient Depletion in Palliative Care Patients: Clinical Implications and Management
Drug-Induced Nutrient Deficiencies are an important but often underappreciated adverse effect of long-term pharmacotherapies. A wide variety of medications are known to affect the absorption, metabolism, distribution, or excretion of key vitamins and minerals, including proton pump inhibitors, metformin, diuretics, anticonvulsants, antibiotics, corticosteroids, and oral contraceptives. Disturbances in vitamin B12, folate, vitamin D, calcium, magnesium, potassium, and fat-soluble vitamins are among nutrients that commonly result in clinically significant deficiencies. Although these nutrient deficiencies often develop slowly, they have the potential to cause significant disease. Patients at highest risk include the elderly, individuals with chronic diseases, those receiving multiple medications, and patients on prolonged therapy with agents known to induce nutrient losses. It is important to ensure early identification by targeted screening, education of the patient, and routine monitoring to prevent complications. Nutrient assessment as part of therapeutic planning enables clinicians to predict the likelihood of deficiencies even before symptoms become evident. This review synthesizes current evidence of medications most commonly associated with nutrient depletion, outlines key mechanistic pathways, and discusses clinical implications related to patient care. It also underlines strategies for monitoring and managing nutrient deficiencies, putting particular emphasis on the healthcare professional's role, especially clinical pharmacists in optimizing therapy and avoiding adverse outcomes. Greater awareness regarding drug-induced nutrient deficiencies will lead to improved medication safety and management that is holistic in its approach to patients. Identifying at-risk individuals, instituting preventative measures, and incorporating nutritional considerations into pharmacotherapy may yield significant improvements in overall treatment outcomes. These deficiencies are particularly significant in palliative care settings, where polypharmacy and chronic illness increase vulnerability, making early recognition essential for improving quality of life.
Copyright (c) 2026 Lahari Samudrala , Y. Sneha , Chitti Sathwika , Megavath Tharun, Uma Maheshwararao https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Physicochemical and microbiological characteristics of Calotropis procera Ait. root bark powders from 20 sites in Burkina Faso for standardization
Calotropis procera is a component of the phytomedicine FACA®, used to manage sickle cell disease in Burkina Faso. This work aimed to standardize plant powders by evaluating the physicochemical characteristics and microbial quality of Calotropis procera root bark powders from different sites, with properties similar to those of the reference harvest site, to optimize the production of the phytomedicine. The samples were collected from different geographical areas of Burkina Faso during the dry season. The population, physicochemical characteristics, and microbial quality of each powder were evaluated. Twenty (20) geolocated harvest sites were identified with various soil types (clay, silt, gravel, and sand). The availability of Calotropis procera was high in Ziniaré, Ouaga 1, and Boromo; average across 8 sites; and low across 9. Physicochemical analyses of the powders revealed general uniformity in pH and residual moisture content. However, differences were observed in color, bitterness, and hygroscopicity. Total phenolics could serve as tracers, given their content is comparable to that of the reference. All samples complied with the specifications of the European Pharmacopeia 11th edition for total aerobic bacteria, yeasts and molds, and E. coli. Pathogens such as Salmonella and Staphylococcus aureus have been found in some powders. This study identified the optimal sites for collecting Calotropis procera samples. Keywords: Sickle cell disease; Calotropis procera; root bark; geographical variability.
Copyright (c) 2026 Salfo Ouedraogo , Rokia Sanogo , Noufou Ouédraogo , Lazare Belemnaba , Moumouni Koala , Mathieu NITIEMA , Rene Dofini Magnini , Boukari Kabore, Axelle Astrid Lofo , Souleymane Compaore , Manegrebem Adele Ouedraogo , Tata Kadiatou Traore , Sylvin Ouédraogo https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
AI-Driven Predictive Models for Early Detection of Pediatric Sepsis: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Background Pediatric sepsis continues to pose a major challenge in healthcare, compounded by delayed diagnosis and treatment resulting in poor outcomes. Artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) continue to develop predictive models that can support the early identification of pediatric sepsis and assist with better patient outcomes. Objective This systematic review and meta-analysis evaluated AI-driven predictive models for identifying early pediatric sepsis and evaluated diagnostic accuracy, performance metrics, and clinical readiness. Methods Following PRISMA guidelines and registered in PROSPERO (CRD420251244587), we searched PubMed, Google Scholar, Cochrane, and Scopus for studies on AI models predicting pediatric sepsis. AUROC (Area Under the Receiver Operating Characteristic Curve) was the major performance metric, along with sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy. For statistical analysis, AUROC values were converted into Cohen’s d to measure effect size, and upper and lower confidence intervals were determined. A forest plot was then generated, confirming the AI models’ strong predictive performance with statistically significant results. Results This review contains 14 studies with a total of 96,764,476 pediatric patients. AI models improved the accuracy and the ease of detecting sepsis [average AUROC = 0.868 (86.8%)]. ML models were accurate for predicting and detecting sepsis, especially when real-time vital signs, laboratory tests and waveform data were analyzed together, which increased specificity and reliability of early detection. Conclusion AI models are superior to traditional clinical scoring systems in early detection of pediatric sepsis. Nevertheless, the field needs to overcome challenges with data heterogeneity, model interpretability, and clinical adoption. Future work should prioritize validation outside of the original data set, federated learning, and explanations of AI to improve their usability in clinical practice. Keywords: Pediatric sepsis, artificial intelligence, machine learning, predictive analytics
Copyright (c) 2026 Achsa Sharon Shibu, J. Aadhira , S. Mitra , Marzuq U A Muhammd , P. Nickson , K. Dhivya https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Natural Anti-Dandruff Pomade: Exploring the Antifungal Potential of Cananga odorata Flower Extract Against Candida albicans
Scalp disorders are frequently perceived as minor conditions, although dandruff may interfere with scalp comfort, hair appearance, and personal hygiene. Dandruff is a mild scalp disorder characterized by visible white flakes and pruritus. Pomade, as a hair-styling and hair-care product, can be developed with natural active ingredients, including Cananga odorata flowers (Cananga odorata (Lam.) Hook. F. & Thomson), which have been reported to possess antimicrobial and antifungal properties. This study aimed to formulate a pomade containing ethanol extract of Cananga odorata flowers and evaluate its antifungal activity against Candida albicans, one of the fungi associated with dandruff formation. This experimental study comprised simplicia preparation, extraction, pomade formulation, physical evaluation, and antifungal activity testing against Candida albicans. The ethanol extract of Cananga odorata flowers was successfully incorporated into pomade formulations at concentrations of 5%, 10%, and 15%. All formulations demonstrated acceptable physical characteristics, including organoleptic properties, homogeneity, pH, spreadability, hair-retention capacity, irritation safety, hedonic acceptability, and stability. The formulation containing 15% extract produced the largest inhibition zone, with a mean diameter of 20.5 mm, indicating strong antifungal activity. These findings suggest that ethanol extract of Cananga odorata flowers has potential as a natural active ingredient in anti-dandruff pomade preparations. Keywords: antifungal, Cananga odorata (Lam.) Hook. F. & Thomson, Candida albicans, dandruff, pomade.
Copyright (c) 2026 Leny, Khairani Fitri , Tetty Noverita Khairani , Sanya Natasya , Benni Iskandar https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS) and its management by the Unani System of Medicine: A Review
Background: Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS) is a functional gastrointestinal condition that is very common, relapses frequently, and severely lowers a patient's quality of life. IBS is still a treatment issue in contemporary gastroenterology. It is characterized by stomach pain, bloating, and changed bowel habits without any obvious anatomical or biochemical abnormalities. Conventional medicines are often focused primarily at symptomatic relief, frequently providing poor long-term outcomes and raising risks of negative side effects. The Unani system of medicine, an ancient and holistic therapeutic tradition, views functional gastrointestinal diseases from a broad perspective, emphasizing the restoration of Akhlaat (humoral balance). Objectives: This review aims to systematize and explore the management of IBS within the framework of Unani medicine. Methods: Classical Unani literature and contemporary PubMed/Scopus-indexed research on gastrointestinal disorders and Unani formulations were reviewed and synthesized. Results: Important classical conditions that parallel IBS mechanisms are Zalaqul Ama and Ishal-e-Dimaghi. A solid rational foundation for symptom treatment is provided by therapies that target Su-e-Mizaj (altered temperament) and restore Quwwat-e-Masika (retentive faculty). Conclusion: Unani medicine provides a safe, effective, and long-lasting therapeutic paradigm by addressing the disorder's physical and psychological aspects. To further validate these traditional therapies, clinical studies and scientific standards are advised. Keywords: Irritable Bowel Syndrome; Unani Medicine; Gut-Brain Axis, Su-e-Mizaj.
Copyright (c) 2026 Faiyaz Ahmad, Vijay Bhan Singh , Amreen Fatima , Noman Anwar , Mahboob us Salam, Najmus Sehar https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Development of Ketoconazole-Loaded Transferosomal Hydrogel: Formulation Optimization and Evaluation for Enhanced Topical Antifungal Delivery
The present study focuses on the development and evaluation of a novel ketoconazole-loaded transferosomal hydrogel designed to enhance transdermal delivery for effective treatment of fungal infections. Transferosomes, flexible vesicular carriers composed of phospholipids and edge activators, were employed to improve drug encapsulation and skin penetration. A 3² full factorial design was used to optimize critical formulation parameters. The optimized vesicles were thoroughly characterized for particle size, zeta potential, entrapment efficiency, and other physicochemical properties. To enable topical application, the transferosomes were incorporated into a hydrogel matrix, which was subsequently for drug content estimation, viscosity, in vitro diffusion, and antifungal activity. Drug release followed the Higuchi model, characterized as a diffusion-controlled process where the drug moves from a polymeric matrix into the surrounding medium. An excellent match is indicated by the high R² value (R2 value of 0.9941), which confirms that Fickian diffusion through the hydrogel matrix. The results demonstrated that the transferosomal hydrogel exhibited zone of inhibition of 46mm and conventional formulation exhibited zone of inhibition of 30mm, transferosomal hydrogel exhibited superior antifungal efficacy against Candida albicans and significantly enhanced epidermal penetration and retention in contrast to traditional formulations. 85.86±5.68% of Transferosomal hydrogel drug was diffused through the goat skin while the marketed cream was only 45.78±2.56 diffused through the goat skin within 8 hours. These findings underscore the potential of this system as a promising and effective topical antifungal therapy. Keywords: Ketoconazole, Phospholipid, Vitamin E, Transferosomes, Hydrogel, Ex Vivo Skin Permeation.
Copyright (c) 2026 Anushka A. Shah , Rachana B. Patil , Preeti G. Karade https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Majoon Jograj Guggul: Exploring Novel Scientific Horizons in Unani Therapeutics
Majoon Jograj Guggul is a renowned polyherbal preparation of the Unani system that has traditionally been prescribed for a variety of musculoskeletal disorders, neurological conditions, and long-standing inflammatory diseases. Classical Unani scholars have described the formulation as possessing Muhallil-e-Waram (anti-inflammatory), Musakkin-e-Alam (pain-relieving), Muqawwi-e-Asab (nervine strengthening), and Muqawwi-e-Mafasil (joint-supportive) properties The formulation is centered on Guggul (Commiphora mukul) and is supplemented with several medicinal plant ingredients that act collectively to enhance its therapeutic effectiveness. Scientific investigations conducted in recent years have provided evidence supporting many of its traditional claims. Research indicates that the bioactive compounds present in the formulation, particularly guggulsterones, flavonoids, terpenoids, and various phenolic constituents, contribute to a broad spectrum of pharmacological effects, including anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anti-arthritic, neuroprotective, immunomodulatory, and lipid-lowering activities. The present review explores the traditional therapeutic significance, phytochemical composition, and pharmacological potential of Majoon Jograj Guggul while examining the scientific evidence behind its emerging clinical applications. By bridging classical Unani principles with contemporary biomedical research, this review underscores the value of scientifically validating traditional formulations and highlights their potential role in modern healthcare and future therapeutic research. Keywords: Majoon Jograj Guggul, Unani Medicine, Commiphora mukul, Anti-inflammatory, Arthritis, Neuroprotective, Polyherbal formulation, Evidence-based medicine.
Copyright (c) 2026 Abid Nadeem Nomani , Birjis Fatma , Jamal Akhtar , Shah Alam https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Placental Histomorphological Alterations Associated with Excessive Gestational Weight Gain
Background: Excessive gestational weight gain has been associated with adverse pregnancy outcomes and placental dysfunction. However, the histopathological alterations occurring in placental tissue under these conditions have not been fully elucidated. This study aimed to evaluate placental histomorphological changes in women with excessive gestational weight gain. Methods: Placental tissues were obtained from healthy pregnant women and women with excessive gestational weight gain. Histopathological evaluation was performed using hematoxylin and eosin staining. Villous architecture, trophoblastic morphology, stromal organization, syncytial knot formation, and fibrinoid deposition were examined and compared between groups. Results: Control placentas demonstrated preserved villous architecture, regular syncytiotrophoblast morphology, well-organized stromal structures, and minimal fibrinoid deposition and syncytial knot formation. In contrast, placentas from women with excessive gestational weight gain exhibited disrupted villous architecture, trophoblastic thickening, stromal edema and vacuolization, increased syncytial knot formation, fibrinoid deposition, and degenerative villous changes. These alterations were accompanied by impaired cellular organization and reduced structural integrity of the villi. Conclusion: Excessive gestational weight gain is associated with significant placental histopathological alterations, including villous degeneration, stromal edema, trophoblastic thickening, increased syncytial knot formation, and fibrinoid deposition. These findings suggest that excessive maternal weight gain may adversely affect placental structure and potentially compromise placental function. Keywords: Placenta; excessive gestational weight gain; histopathology; villous degeneration; pregnancy.
Copyright (c) 2026 Ayşe Yıldız , Murat Akkuş , Fırat Aşır , Serhat Ege https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Neuroprotective Activity of Medicinal Plants: Comprehensive Review of Phytochemicals, Neuronal Survival Mechanisms, Pharmacological Evidence, Safety Evaluation, Clinical Potential
Neurodegenerative disorders and neuronal injuries resulting from oxidative stress, inflammation, excitotoxicity and mitochondrial dysfunction represent significant global health challenges. Medicinal plants possessing neuroprotective properties are increasingly investigated as potential therapeutic agents for prevention and management of neurological diseases. This systematic review evaluates phytochemicals responsible for neuroprotection, mechanisms underlying neuronal survival including antioxidant defense, modulation of neurotransmission, inhibition of apoptosis and regulation of neuroinflammatory pathways, along with pharmacological evidence and safety considerations. Flavonoids, alkaloids, terpenoids, phenolic acids and glycosides contribute to preservation of neuronal integrity and synaptic function. Experimental studies demonstrate improvement in cognitive performance and reduction in neuronal degeneration. Although clinical data remain limited, plant-derived neuroprotective compounds show promising therapeutic potential requiring further standardization and controlled clinical evaluation. Keywords: Neuroprotection; Medicinal plants; Neuronal survival; Oxidative stress; Phytochemicals.
Copyright (c) 2026 Kishan Lal Bharti , Ashish Kumar , Shiv Kumar Bhardwaj https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
ResArginTM, a conjugate of resveratrol and arginine, prevents memory impairment and oxidative stress in the Alzheimer’s disease rat model intoxicated with aluminum chloride
Background: Effective drugs for the prevention and treatment of Alzheimer's disease (AD) remain scarce. Antioxidant compounds are increasingly being explored for their anti-Alzheimer’s potential. This has led to the inclusion of up to three compounds in the 2023 Alzheimer's drug development pipeline for phase 3 trials targeting oxidative stress. This study presents the antioxidant effects of ResArginTM (a conjugate of resveratrol and the amino acid arginine) and its protective effects against memory loss in a rat model of AD induced by AlCl3. Method: Female rats were given AlCl3 (50mg/kg bw) by oral gavage, except for the normal control group. One hour later, they were given distilled water for the positive control, 300 and 500 mg/kg b.w ResArginTM for the test groups, or 1 mg/kg b.w Donepezil (reference 1) or 100mg/kg for vitamin E (reference 2) by daily gavage for 42 days. Neurobehavioral tests (Elevated Plus Maze and Morris Water Maze) were performed. Subsequently, the rats were sacrificed and the levels of MDA and GSH in rat brains were measured. The activity of antioxidant enzymes (SOD, CAT, GPx) and the level of reduced glutathione (GSH) were assessed in the rat brain. Histological sections of the regions of the hippocampus were made. Results: ResArginTM (300mg/kgbw and 500 mg/kgbw) treatments preserved the learning profile and reduced latency time to reach the target quadrant in the MWM. ResArginTM at 500mg/kg b.w (RSA500) significantly reduced (p < 0.05) the latency time to reach the target quadrant from 5.0 ± 1.01 seconds at week 2 to 2.3 ± 0.4 seconds at week 6. They protected the different areas of the brain (CA1, 3, and DG) from alterations induced by AlCl3 and prevented oxidative stress in the brain. Conclusion: ResArginTM prevents memory disorders, memory loss, altered hippocampus areas, and oxidative stress induced by AlCl3 in rats. Keywords: ResArginTM, oxidative stress, memory loss, Alzheimer's Disease, hippocampus, prevention
Copyright (c) 2026 Injoh Nicoline Agwe , Boris Gabin Kingue Azantsa , Nikanor Rudig Tadah Djikem , Dupon Akamba Ambamba , Julius Oben https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
An Overview of Mechanisms and Clinical Applications of Wet cupping therapy (Ḥijāma-bil-Sharṭ): A Comprehensive Review
Background: Wet cupping therapy (WCT), also known as Ḥijāma-bil-Sharṭ, is a traditional therapeutic modality widely practiced in complementary and alternative medicine. In recent years, increasing scientific interest has focused on elucidating its physiological mechanisms and evaluating its clinical efficacy across various health conditions. Objective: To provide a comprehensive review of the historical evolution, underlying mechanisms, and therapeutic applications of wet cupping therapy, integrating traditional concepts with contemporary biomedical evidence. Methods: A structured literature review was conducted using databases including PubMed, ScienceDirect, and Google Scholar. Relevant English-language publications, including original research articles, clinical trials, review papers, and classical medical texts, were identified using keywords such as “wet cupping,” “Ḥijāma-bil-Sharṭ,” and “mechanisms of action.” Studies addressing mechanisms, clinical outcomes, safety, and traditional perspectives were included, while duplicates and low-quality studies were excluded. Results: WCT appears to exert therapeutic effects through multiple mechanisms, including haemodynamic modulation, nitric oxide-mediated vasodilation, neurophysiological pain regulation via Diffuse Noxious Inhibitory Controls and Pain Gate Theory, and potential immunomodulatory and biochemical alterations. Evidence supports its effectiveness in pain management, particularly in musculoskeletal conditions such as low back pain and arthritis. Additional benefits have been reported in neurological disorders, sleep quality, cardiovascular health, and fertility, although evidence remains limited. Conclusion: Wet cupping therapy demonstrates promising therapeutic potential as a complementary intervention. However, current evidence is limited by methodological heterogeneity and lack of standardization. Further high-quality randomized controlled trials and mechanistic studies are required to establish its efficacy, safety, and integration into evidence-based clinical practice. Keywords: “Wet cupping”, “Ḥijāma-bil-Sharṭ”, “Cupping therapy”, and “Mechanisms of action”
Copyright (c) 2026 Sadaf Nawaz, Mohd Anwar, Fatima Khan https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Antifungal Activity of the Ethanol Extract of Terminalia laxiflora Engl. (Combretaceae) from the Eastern Logone Province of Chad
Introduction: Infections caused by pathogenic filamentous fungi are a real public health problem. These germs develop resistance to standard antifungals. Medicinal plants are an important source of secondary metabolites. To address these issues, this study was carried out to evaluate the antifungal activity of the ethanolic extract of Terminalia laxiflora Engl (Combretaceae) from the Eastern Logone province in Chad. Materials and methods: For this study, we used the bark and roots of Terminalia laxiflora Engl. The extract was obtained by maceration from these different parts of the plant. The antifungal activity was evaluated using the agar incorporation method to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and the minimum fungicidal concentration (MFC). Additionally, a phytochemical analysis was carried out to establish a correlation between the chemical structure of the compounds and their biological activities. Results: the extraction yield ranged from 9.89 to 18.37%. Phytochemical screening of the bark and roots of Terminalia laxiflora Engl. revealed the presence of flavonoids, gallic tannins, saponins, alkaloids, heterosides, free quinones, anthraquinones, sterols, terpenoids, and anthocyanins. These extracts inhibited the growth of Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus niger, Trichophyton rubrum, Trichophyton soudanense, and Microsporum canis, with minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) ranging from 1 mg/mL to 3 mg/mL. Conclusion: The extract from Terminalia laxiflora Engl. will be a potential source of secondary metabolites with antifungal activity. Keywords: activity, antifungal, Terminalia laxiflora Engl., Eastern Logone, Chad
Copyright (c) 2026 Bégoto Mbailassem, Issakou Bakarnga-Via, Roberto Alladoum, Mahamat Hadja Ibrahim , Nadlaou Bessimbaye https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Neuronal nitric oxide synthase enzyme activation and calcium channel-dependent relaxation of the internal anal sphincter by Tridax procumbens
Objective: To investigate the role of neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) enzyme activation and calcium channel-dependent mechanisms in mediating the relaxation of the internal anal sphincter (IAS), with specific reference to the pharmacological effects of Tridax procumbens. Data sources: Relevant literature was retrieved from PubMed/MEDLINE, and Google Scholar encompassing published review articles, pharmacological studies, phytochemical investigations, and clinical research related to T. procumbens. Study selection: Published literature describing the phytochemistry, pharmacological activities, therapeutic uses, and formulations of T. procumbens, along with studies on nNOS activation, calcium channel-dependent relaxation, and IAS physiology were included in this review. Only peer-reviewed, English-language articles were considered. Studies with insufficient data, duplicates, and non-peer-reviewed sources were excluded. Summary of contents of the article: Anal fissure results from internal anal sphincter hypertonicity causing ischaemia, spasm, and pain. T. procumbens shows consistent smooth muscle relaxant effects via calcium channel inhibition and nitric oxide release across preclinical studies. A recent randomized controlled trial confirmed its clinical efficacy, matching standard Lignocaine-Nifedipine cream in healing, spasm, and pain relief, with fewer side effects. Conclusion: T. procumbens, acting as a safe chemical sphincterotomy through nitric oxide and calcium-mediated sphincter relaxation, warrants consideration as a first-line treatment for anal fissure. Keywords: Calcium Channels L-Type, Fissure in ano, Internal Anal Sphincter, Neural Nitric Oxide Synthase, Tridax procumbens
Copyright (c) 2026 Shubham R. Bobade , Vaishnavi R. Bobade https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
An Observational and Comparative Study of Cardiovascular Drug: Chlorthalidone and Hydrochlorothiazide the First Line Drug Therapy of Hypertension
Background: Hypertension is when the pressure in blood pressure vessels is too high. The heart has to work harder to pump blood. Hypertension also known as silent killer. There are 2 types of hypertensions each has a different cause. It causes complications such as heart attack or stroke heart failure, kidney problems, metabolic syndrome, etc. The risk of hypertension increases with age. Smoking and alcohol consumption also raises blood pressure. Objective: The present investigation to observe and compare cardiovascular drug chlorthalidone versus hydrochlorothiazide the first line drug therapy of hypertension. Methodologies: - The present observational study was conducted on 133 hypertension patients. This study was evaluated for the comparative study of two prescribed drugs that is, hydrochlorothiazide and chlorthalidone on hypertension patient the data was collected using suitable design data collection form. Patients having comorbidities conditions were excluded. Results: Among 133 patients, 26% of total study population were females and 74% of total population were males. Majority of the patients were in the age group of 45-54 years accounting 33.83% of total study population and total 24.06% were alcoholic and chronic smoker. In this study we were included the patient on drug therapy of hydrochlorothiazide and chlorthalidone in which 61% were prescribed for hydrochlorothiazide treatment and 39% to a prescribed for chlorthalidone treatment and as per the data collected chlorthalidone lasts longer in the body than hydrochlorothiazide and it lasts up to 36 hours in the body. Chlorthalidone is 1 to 2 times as potent as hydrochlorothiazide but the quality of life of hydrochlorothiazide is better than chlorthalidone accounting with 61% Conclusion: The present study revealed that the hypertension patients have poor quality of life and it is very important to improve their quality of life so that the patients can enjoy their day-to-day life. Experts prefer chlorthalidone and hydrochlorothiazide both works well but hydrochlorothiazide prescribe more often. Keywords: Hypertension, blood pressure, chlorthalidone and hydrochlorothiazide
Copyright (c) 2026 Ishika Roy , Abhishek Prasad https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Polyherbal Mucoadhesive Gel: A Promising Approach for the Treatment of Oral Candidiasis
Oral candidiasis represents a prevalent opportunistic fungal infection in the mouth, primarily triggered by Candida albicans. It commonly impacts immunocompromised patients, denture users, individuals with diabetes, and those on extended antibiotic or corticosteroid treatments. Standard antifungal treatments like nystatin, clotrimazole, and fluconazole are commonly employed, yet their long-term application brings drawbacks such as antifungal resistance, systemic adverse effects, low adherence, and frequent relapses. These issues have sparked growing exploration of novel treatment options. Polyherbal mixtures featuring essential oils and plant-based active compounds deliver wide-ranging antifungal, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and tissue-repair benefits with minimal toxicity. Integrating these botanicals into mucoadhesive gel formulations boosts effectiveness by extending contact time at the infection site, enabling controlled release, and enhancing localized absorption. Gels formulated with polymers like Hydroxypropyl Methylcellulose (HPMC) and Carbopol offer superior mucosal adhesion and shield irritated tissues from additional harm. Essential oils such as lemongrass, oregano, clove, and tea tree exhibit strong anti-Candida albicans effects via mechanisms like membrane disruption, biofilm prevention, and oxidative damage to fungi. This review covers the disease's pathophysiology, shortcomings of traditional therapies, the value of mucoadhesive delivery platforms, the promise of polyherbal strategies, and the role of essential oils in treating oral candidiasis. Ultimately, it posits that polyherbal mucoadhesive gels offer a safe, reliable, and potent option for targeted therapy of oral fungal infections. Keywords: Oral candidiasis, Mucoadhesive gel, Polyherbal formulation, Essential oils, Candida albicans, Antifungal therapy.
Copyright (c) 2026 Rachana Amit Salunkhe, Anushka A Shah https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
In vitro Anti-sickling Activity of Red Grape Juice (Vitis vinifera L. var. Crimson Seedless) on Human HbSS Erythrocytes
Introduction: Sickle cell disease is characterized by sickle hemoglobin (HbS) polymerization under deoxygenation conditions, causing erythrocyte sickling, hemolysis, and vaso-occlusive complications. Red grape polyphenols exhibit antioxidant properties that may contribute to erythrocyte protection. This study aimed to evaluate the in vitro anti-sickling activity of red grape juice (Vitis vinifera L. var. Crimson Seedless) on HbSS erythrocytes. Methods: An experimental in vitro study was conducted using blood samples from SS phenotype donors. Sickling was induced with 2% sodium metabisulfite according to the Emmel test. Erythrocytes were treated with three grape juice dilutions (1/10, 1/100, and 1/1000). Sickled erythrocytes were quantified by light microscopy, and sickling inhibition was calculated relative to the control. Results were obtained from six independent biological experiments. Results: Red grape juice reduced erythrocyte sickling in a concentration-dependent manner. The highest inhibitory activity was observed at the 1/10 dilution, with 58.52% inhibition, while the 1/100 and 1/1000 dilutions showed lower inhibition rates of 16.03% and 8.24%, respectively. Microscopic analysis showed better preservation of erythrocyte morphology at the 1/10 dilution. Conclusion: Red grape juice (Vitis vinifera L. var. Crimson Seedless) exhibits in vitro anti-sickling activity on HbSS erythrocytes. These findings suggest a potential interest in grape-derived bioactive compounds as complementary candidates for sickle cell disease research. Further studies are needed to identify active compounds, assess safety, and confirm efficacy in preclinical and clinical models. Keywords: Sickle cell disease; SS erythrocytes; anti-sickling activity; Vitis vinifera; Crimson Seedless; polyphenols; Emmel test.
Copyright (c) 2026 Ndèye Absatou Diaw, Youssou Thiendella Fall , Ibrahima Diouf, Awa Ba Diop , Mbaye Sene, Mamadou Sarr , Modou Oumy Kane https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Assessment of Prescribing Pattern and Clinical Outcomes among Women with Risk Factor for Preeclampsia
Objective(s): Preeclampsia is a pregnancy-specific hypertensive disorder marked by new-onset hypertension and proteinuria after 20 weeks of gestation, and remains a leading cause of maternal and perinatal morbidity and mortality in developing countries. This study was undertaken to assess the clinical profile, drug prescribing pattern, and maternal-fetal outcomes among women with risk factors for preeclampsia attending a tertiary care teaching hospital. Design: A prospective observational study. Intervention(s): Case records of pregnant women with moderate-to-high risk factors for preeclampsia, attending the antenatal clinic of the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, MMIMSR, Mullana, were reviewed over a six-month period. Demographic data, obstetric history, clinical findings, laboratory parameters, and prescribed antihypertensive and supportive medication were recorded on structured case record forms after obtaining informed consent. Main outcome measure(s): Drug prescribing pattern assessed using WHO prescribing indicators, and maternal-foetal outcomes. Results: Of 100 antenatal records screened, 60 women met the risk criteria for preeclampsia. Most patients were 20-30 years of age, and 55% were stratified as high risk and 38.3% as moderate risk on the basis of clinical and laboratory parameters. Labetalol (75%) was the most frequently prescribed antihypertensive, followed by low-dose aspirin/Ecosprin (40%) and magnesium sulphate (15%) for seizure prophylaxis. Supportive therapy included calcium (98.3%), iron (95%), folic acid (16.6%), L-arginine (31.6%), and protein powder (31.6%). About one-third of the women received additional treatment for concomitant illnesses such as diabetes mellitus, hypertension, and thyroid disorders. Conclusion: The drug therapy prescribed to women at risk of preeclampsia at this centre was broadly consistent with WHO and ACOG recommendations, with labetalol as the antihypertensive of choice and low-dose aspirin used for prophylaxis. Standardised treatment protocols, early risk stratification, and continued monitoring are needed to further improve maternal and fetal outcomes. Keywords: Preeclampsia, Drug Utilization Pattern, Antihypertensive Therapy, Maternal and Fetal Outcomes, Magnesium Sulfate, Biomarkers, Observational Study.
Copyright (c) 2026 Shaivi Parashar , Sumeet Gupta , Vaishali Verma , Ankit Goel, Vikas Sharma , Renu Sharma, Rahul Kaushik , Krishan Kumar Verma https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Quality-by-Design-Based Development and Optimization of Emtricitabine-Loaded Solid Lipid Nanoparticles
Background: Emtricitabine (FTC) is a nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor widely used in combination antiretroviral therapy for HIV infection. Its pharmacokinetic characteristics and need for regular dosing may affect patient adherence. Solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) have been considered beneficial in terms of drug entrapment and drug delivery. The study was conducted using a Quality-by-Design (QbD) strategy along with Box–Behnken Design (BBD) in order to optimize FTC-loaded SLNs systematically. Methods: A three-variable, three-level Box-Behnken Design consisting of seventeen runs has been employed to investigate the effects of stearic acid concentration, Tween 80 concentration, and homogenization speed on the entrapment efficiency of FTC. Results: The optimized quadratic model exhibited exceptional predictive ability (R² =0.9989, adjusted R² = 0.9976, predicted R² = 0.9867), along with a non-significant lack of fit (p = 0.1047). It was found that stearic acid had the highest positive effect on EE%, while an increase in Tween 80 concentration and homogenization speed reduced the drug entrapment significantly. Results from the numerical optimization indicated that the optimized formulation had 164.68 mg of stearic acid, 2.09% of Tween 80 concentration, and a homogenization speed of 12,074.8 rpm, which yielded an EE% of 85.32%. Experimental validation indicated an EE% of 85.28%, which matched quite closely with the predicted value, yielding a prediction bias of 0.047%. Conclusion: The QbD-driven BBD method developed a reliable and statistically valid optimization method for SLNs loaded with FTC. The optimization study provided an effective formulation with high entrapment efficiency and corroborated the reliability of the approach employed, leading to promising possibilities for the physical and chemical characterization, controlled release assessment, and future reproduction of emtricitabine-loaded lipid formulations. Keywords – Emtricitabine[FTC]; Solid lipid Nanoparticles[SLNs]; Quality by Design[QbD]; Entrapment efficiency; Box-Behnken design [BBD]; Nanocarrier optimization.
Copyright (c) 2026 Shubhrat Maheshwari, Aditya Singh , Amita Verma https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0