Guava Leaf (Psidium guajava): A Potential Natural Remedy for Ulcer Treatment
Abstract
Mucosal injury triggered by disequilibrium between noxious factors like gastric acid and impaired mucosal defence mechanisms is a characteristic of peptic ulcers that are gastric, duodenal, and stress ulcers. Helicobacter pylori infection, chronic NSAID therapy, mental stress, cigarette smoking, and dietary habits are common etiologic causes. Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs), H2 receptor antagonists, and antibiotics are some of the conventional ulcer medications that have worked well but are frequently linked to problems of recurrence, expense of therapy, adverse side effects, and drug resistance. Owing to these drawbacks, natural medicines like guava (Psidium guajava) leaves have gained interest due to their multi-target activity, easy availability, and good safety profiles. Guava leaf has long been traditionally utilized for the control of gastrointestinal disorders in various cultures. Its gastro protective effect is attributed to a multifaceted mixture of bioactive constituents, including alkaloids, tannins, terpenoids, saponins, and flavonoids (quercetin, kaempferol). Through the neutralization of oxidative stress, suppression of inflammation, reinforcement and repair of the gastric mucosal barrier, inhibition of H. pylori, and possibly stomach acid secretion modulation, these compounds operate in various mechanisms. Guava leaf provides a natural, plant-based solution with fewer side effects reported and additional benefits to health over traditional medicine. The argument for guava leaf as a natural cure for ulcers is further supported in this review, together with the benefits of this over traditional medicine treatments in terms of cost, safety, and broad-spectrum activity.
Keywords: Guava leaf, anti-ulcer activity, Phytochemicals, Gastroprotective effect, Herbal remedy.
Keywords:
Guava leaf , Antiulcer activity , Phenolic compoundDOI
https://doi.org/10.22270/jddt.v15i12.7473References
1. Lazarus GS, Cooper DM, Knighton DR, Margolis DJ, Percoraro RE, Rodeheaver G, et al. Definitions and guidelines for assessment of wounds and evaluation of healing. Wound repair and regeneration. 1994;2(3):165-70. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1524-475X.1994.20305.x PMid:17156107
2. Hermans MH. Wounds and ulcers: back to the old nomenclature. Wounds. 2010;22(11):289-93.
3. Branicki FJ, Coleman S, Fok PJ, Pritchett CJ, Fan St, Lai EC, et al. Bleeding peptic ulcer: a prospective evaluation of risk factors for rebleeding and mortality. World journal of surgery. 1990;14(2):262-9. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01664889 PMid:2327100
4. Lin H-J, Perng C-L, Lee F-Y, Lee C-H, Lee S-D. Clinical courses and predictors for rebleeding in patients with peptic ulcers and non-bleeding visible vessels: a prospective study. Gut. 1994;35(10):1389-93. https://doi.org/10.1136/gut.35.10.1389 PMid:7959193 PMCid:PMC1375011
5. Elmunzer BJ, Young SD, Inadomi JM, Schoenfeld P, Laine L. Systematic review of the predictors of recurrent hemorrhage after endoscopic hemostatic therapy for bleeding peptic ulcers. Official journal of the American College of Gastroenterology| ACG. 2008;103(10):2625-32. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1572-0241.2008.02070.x
6. Blagojevic J, Piemonte G, Benelli L, Braschi F, Fiori G, Bartoli F, et al. Assessment, definition, and classification of lower limb ulcers in systemic sclerosis: a challenge for the rheumatologist. The Journal of rheumatology. 2016;43(3):592-8. https://doi.org/10.3899/jrheum.150035 PMid:26834223
7. Laine L, Jensen DM. Management of patients with ulcer bleeding. Official journal of the American College of Gastroenterology| ACG. 2012;107(3):345-60. https://doi.org/10.1038/ajg.2011.480
8. Swain CP, Storey DW, Bown SG, Heath J, Mills TN, Salmon PR, et al. Nature of the bleeding vessel in recurrently bleeding gastric ulcers. Gastroenterology. 1986;90(3):595-608. https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-5085(86)91113-3 PMid:3943691
9. Yeomans ND, Naesdal J. Systematic review: ulcer definition in NSAID ulcer prevention trials. Alimentary pharmacology & therapeutics. 2008;27(6):465-72. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2036.2008.03610.x PMid:18194499
10. Kottner J, Balzer K, Dassen T, Heinze S. Pressure ulcers: a critical review of definitions and classifications. Ostomy Wound Manage. 2009;55(9):22-9.
11. Suliman YA, Bruni C, Johnson SR, Praino E, Alemam M, Borazan N, et al. Defining skin ulcers in systemic sclerosis: systematic literature review and proposed World Scleroderma Foundation (WSF) definition. Journal of scleroderma and related disorders. 2017;2(2):115-20. https://doi.org/10.5301/jsrd.5000236 PMid:30569018 PMCid:PMC6296474
12. Sunderkötter C, Herrgott I, Brückner C, Moinzadeh P, Pfeiffer C, Gerss J, et al. Comparison of patients with and without digital ulcers in systemic sclerosis: detection of possible risk factors. British Journal of Dermatology. 2009;160(4):835-43. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2133.2008.09004.x PMid:19183180
13. Borges EL, Caliri MHL, Haas VJ. Systematic review of topic treatment for venous ulcers. Revista latino-americana de enfermagem. 2007;15:1163-70. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0104-11692007000600017 PMid:18235960
14. Örneholm H, Apelqvist J, Larsson J, Eneroth M. Recurrent and other new foot ulcers after healed plantar forefoot diabetic ulcer. Wound repair and regeneration. 2017;25(2):309-15. https://doi.org/10.1111/wrr.12522 PMid:28370839
15. Tytgat G. Etiopathogenetic principles and peptic ulcer disease classification. Digestive diseases. 2011;29(5):454-8. https://doi.org/10.1159/000331520 PMid:22095009
16. Go M, Graham D. How does Helicobacter pylori cause duodenal ulcer disease: the bug, the host, or both? Journal of gastroenterology and hepatology. 1994;9(S1):S8-S12. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1440-1746.1994.tb01294.x PMid:7881025
17. Malaty H, Engstrand L, Pederson N, Graham D. Is there a genetic influence in Helicobacter pylori susceptibility and transmission: the twin study. Am J Gastroenterol. 1992;399:1342.
18. McConnell R. Peptic ulcer: early genetic evidence-families, twins, and markers. Academic Press New York; 1980. p. 31-41.
19. Jensen KG. Peptic ulcer: genetic and epidemiological aspects based on twin studies: Munksgaard; 1972.
20. Rauws E, Tytgat G. Cure of duodenal ulcer associated with eradication of Helicobacter pylori. The Lancet. 1990;335(8700):1233-5. https://doi.org/10.1016/0140-6736(90)91301-P PMid:1971318
21. Langman M. Epidemiology of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug damage to stomach and duodenum. Italian Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology. 1999;31:S2-5.
22. Langman MJ. Adverse effects of conventional non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs on the upper gastrointestinal tract. Fundamental & clinical pharmacology. 2003;17(4):393-403. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1472-8206.2003.00179.x PMid:12914541
23. Fujinami H, Kudo T, Hosokawsa A, Ogawa K, Miyazaki T, Nishikawa J, et al. A study of the changes in the cause of peptic ulcer bleeding. World Journal of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy. 2012;4(7):323. https://doi.org/10.4253/wjge.v4.i7.323 PMid:22816013 PMCid:PMC3399011
24. Jaiswal F, Rai A, Wal P, Wal A, Singh SP. Peptic ulcer: a review on etiology, pathogenesis and treatment. Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical Education and Research. 2021;10(4):1. https://doi.org/10.38164/AJPER/10.4.2021.1-17
25. Thomas DR. Does pressure cause pressure ulcers? An inquiry into the etiology of pressure ulcers. Journal of the American Medical Directors Association. 2010;11(6):397-405. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jamda.2010.03.007 PMid:20627180
26. Bliss M, Simini B. When are the seeds of postoperative pressure sores sown?: Often during surgery. British Medical Journal Publishing Group; 1999. p. 863-4. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.319.7214.863 PMid:10506020 PMCid:PMC1116702
27. Ricci V, Zarrilli R, Romano M. Voyage of Helicobacter pylori in human stomach: odyssey of a bacterium. Digestive and Liver Disease. 2002;34(1):2-8. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1590-8658(02)80051-2 PMid:11926570
28. Vakil N. Helicobacter pylori treatment: a practical approach. LWW; 2006. p. 497-9. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1572-0241.2006.00454.x PMid:16542285
29. Campo S, Zullo A, Hassan C, Morini S. Antibiotic treatment strategies for Helicobacter pylori infection. Recent patents on anti-infective drug discovery. 2007;2(1):11-7. https://doi.org/10.2174/157489107779561706 PMid:18221161
30. Kwok CS, Arthur AK, Anibueze CI, Singh S, Cavallazzi R, Loke YK. Risk ofClostridium difficileInfection with acid suppressing drugs and antibiotics: Meta-analysis. Official journal of the American College of Gastroenterology| ACG. 2012;107(7):1011-9. https://doi.org/10.1038/ajg.2012.108
31. Abdallah E. Medicinal plants with antibacterial properties against helicobacter pylori: A brief review. Curr Trends Nutraceuticals. 2016;1(3).
32. Kuna L, Jakab J, Smolic R, Raguz-Lucic N, Vcev A, Smolic M. Peptic ulcer disease: a brief review of conventional therapy and herbal treatment options. Journal of clinical medicine. 2019;8(2):179. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm8020179 PMid:30717467 PMCid:PMC6406303
33. Braun LR, Fisk WA, Lev-Tov H, Kirsner RS, Isseroff RR. Diabetic foot ulcer: an evidence-based treatment update. American journal of clinical dermatology. 2014;15(3):267-81. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40257-014-0081-9 PMid:24902659
34. Game F, Hinchliffe R, Apelqvist J, Armstrong D, Bakker K, Hartemann A, et al. A systematic review of interventions to enhance the healing of chronic ulcers of the foot in diabetes. Diabetes/metabolism research and reviews. 2012;28:119-41. https://doi.org/10.1002/dmrr.2246 PMid:22271737
35. Heyer K, Augustin M, Protz K, Herberger K, Spehr C, Rustenbach S. Effectiveness of advanced versus conventional wound dressings on healing of chronic wounds: systematic review and meta-analysis. Dermatology. 2013;226(2):172-84. https://doi.org/10.1159/000348331 PMid:23711429
36. Laily N, Kusumaningtyas RW, Sukarti I, Rini MRDK. The potency of guava Psidium guajava (L.) leaves as a functional immunostimulatory ingredient. Procedia chemistry. 2015;14:301-7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proche.2015.03.042
37. Bulugahapitiya VP, Kokilananthan S, Manawadu H, Gangabadage CS. Phytochemistry and medicinal properties of Psidium guajava L. leaves: A review. Plant Science Today. 2021;8(4):963-71. https://doi.org/10.14719/pst.2021.8.4.1334
38. Rahman Z, Siddiqui MN, Khatun M, Kamruzzaman M. Effect of guava (Psidium guajava) leaf meal on production performances and antimicrobial sensitivity in commercial broiler. Journal of Natural Products. 2013;6(2013):177-87.
39. Naseer S, Hussain S, Naeem N, Pervaiz M, Rahman M. The phytochemistry and medicinal value of Psidium guajava (guava). Clinical phytoscience. 2018;4(1):1-8. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40816-018-0093-8
40. Grover I, Bala S. Studies on antimutagenic effects of guava (Psidium guajava) in Salmonella typhimurium. Mutation Research/Genetic Toxicology. 1993;300(1):1-3. https://doi.org/10.1016/0165-1218(93)90133-X PMid:7683763
41. Begum S, Hassan SI, Ali SN, Siddiqui BS. Chemical constituents from the leaves of Psidium guajava. Natural Product Research. 2004;18(2):135-40. https://doi.org/10.1080/14786410310001608019 PMid:14984086
42. Barbalho SM, Farinazzi-Machado FM, de Alvares Goulart R, Brunnati ACS, Otoboni A, Ottoboni B. Psidium guajava (Guava): A plant of multipurpose medicinal applications. Med Aromat Plants. 2012;1(4):1-6.
43. Chen K-C, Chuang C-M, Lin L-Y, Chiu W-T, Wang H-E, Hsieh C-L, et al. The polyphenolics in the aqueous extract of Psidium guajava kinetically reveal an inhibition model on LDL glycation. Pharmaceutical Biology. 2010;48(1):23-31. https://doi.org/10.3109/13880200903029365 PMid:20645752
44. Vijaya Anand VA, Manikandan M, Vijaya Kumar VK, Sampath Kumar SK, Pushpa P, Agaath Hedina AH. Phytopharmacological overview of Psidium guajava Linn. 2016. https://doi.org/10.5530/pj.2016.4.3
45. Jang M, Jeong S-W, Cho SK, Ahn KS, Lee JH, Yang DC, et al. Anti-inflammatory effects of an ethanolic extract of guava (Psidium guajava L.) leaves in vitro and in vivo. Journal of medicinal food. 2014;17(6):678-85. https://doi.org/10.1089/jmf.2013.2936 PMid:24738717
46. Joseph B, Priya R. Phytochemical and biopharmaceutical aspects of Psidium guajava (L.) essential oil: a review. Research Journal of Medicinal Plants. 2011;5(4):432-42. https://doi.org/10.3923/rjmp.2011.432.442
47. Limsong J, Benjavongkulchai E, Kuvatanasuchati J. Inhibitory effect of some herbal extracts on adherence of Streptococcus mutans. Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 2004;92(2-3):281-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2004.03.008 PMid:15138013
48. Yang J, Han Y, Sun H, Chen C, He D, Guo J, et al. (−)-Epigallocatechin gallate suppresses proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells induced by high glucose by inhibition of PKC and ERK1/2 signalings. Journal of agricultural and food chemistry. 2011;59(21):11483-90. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf2024819 PMid:21973165
49. Park J, Jin J, Baek W, Park S, Sung H, Kim Y, et al. Ambivalent role of gallated catechins in glucose tolerance in humans: a novel insight into non-absorbable gallated catechin-derived inhibitors of glucose absorption. 2009.
50. Jaiarj P, Khoohaswan P, Wongkrajang Y, Peungvicha P, Suriyawong P, Saraya MS, et al. Anticough and antimicrobial activities of Psidium guajava Linn. leaf extract. Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 1999;67(2):203-12. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-8741(99)00022-7 PMid:10619385
51. Biswas B, Rogers K, McLaughlin F, Daniels D, Yadav A. Antimicrobial activities of leaf extracts of guava (Psidium guajava L.) on two gram‐negative and gram‐positive bacteria. International journal of microbiology. 2013;2013(1):746165. https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/746165 PMid:24223039 PMCid:PMC3817707
52. Koland M, Charyulu RN, Vijayanarayana K, Prabhu P. In vitro and in vivo evaluation of chitosan buccal films of ondansetron hydrochloride. International journal of pharmaceutical investigation. 2011;1(3):164. https://doi.org/10.4103/2230-973X.85967 PMid:23071939 PMCid:PMC3465139
53. Shaikh S, Shete A, Doijad R. Formulation and evaluation pharmaceutical aqueous gel of powdered guava leaves for mouth ulcer treatment. PharmaTutor. 2018;6(4):32-8. https://doi.org/10.29161/PT.v6.i4.2018.32
54. Patil V, Shivsharan U, Patil R. Formulation and evaluation of guava leaf extract gel for mouth ulcer management. Indian J Pharm Pharmacol. 2022;9(4):247-51. https://doi.org/10.18231/j.ijpp.2022.045
55. Fernandes KPS, Bussadori SK, Marques MM, Wadt NSY, Bach E, Martins MD. Healing and cytotoxic effects of Psidium guajava (Myrtaceae) leaf extracts. Brazilian Journal of Oral Sciences. 2010;9(4):449-54.
56. Raja N, Sundar K. Psidium guajava Linn confers gastro protective effects on rats. European Review for Medical & Pharmacological Sciences. 2012;16(2).
57. Beil W, Birkholz C, Sewing K-F. Effects of flavonoids on parietal cell acid secretion, gastric mucosal prostaglandin production and Helicobacter pylori growth. Arzneimittel-forschung. 1995;45(6):697-700.
58. Uduak EU, Timbuak J, Musa S, Ikyembe D, Abdurrashid S, Hamman W. Ulceroprotective effect of methanol extract of Psidium guajava leaves on ethanol induced gastric ulcer in adult wistar rats. Asian Journal of Medical Sciences. 2012;4(2):75-8.
59. Lee WC, Mahmud R, Pillai S, Perumal S, Ismail S. Antioxidant activities of essential oil of Psidium guajava L. leaves. APCBEE Procedia. 2012;2:86-91. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apcbee.2012.06.016
60. Chen H-Y, Yen G-C. Antioxidant activity and free radical-scavenging capacity of extracts from guava (Psidium guajava L.) leaves. Food chemistry. 2007;101(2):686-94. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2006.02.047
61. Sacchetti G, Maietti S, Muzzoli M, Scaglianti M, Manfredini S, Radice M, et al. Comparative evaluation of 11 essential oils of different origin as functional antioxidants, antiradicals and antimicrobials in foods. Food chemistry. 2005;91(4):621-32. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2004.06.031
62. Smith R, Oliveros-Belardo L. The composition of leaf essential oils of Psidium guajava L. from Manila, Philippines. Asian J Pharm. 1977;3(3):5-9.
63. Khadhri A, El Mokni R, Almeida C, Nogueira J, Araújo MEM. Chemical composition of essential oil of Psidium guajava L. growing in Tunisia. Industrial Crops and Products. 2014;52:29-31. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2013.10.018
64. Soliman FM, Fathy MM, Salama MM, Saber FR. Comparative study of the volatile oil content and antimicrobial activity of Psidium guajava L. and Psidium cattleianum Sabine leaves. Bulletin of Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University. 2016;54(2):219-25. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bfopcu.2016.06.003
65. El-Ahmady SH, Ashour ML, Wink M. Chemical composition and anti-inflammatory activity of the essential oils of Psidium guajava fruits and leaves. Journal of Essential Oil Research. 2013;25(6):475-81. https://doi.org/10.1080/10412905.2013.796498
66. Jassal K, Kaushal S. Phytochemical and antioxidant screening of guava (Psidium guajava) leaf essential oil. Agric Res J. 2019;56(3):528. https://doi.org/10.5958/2395-146X.2019.00082.6
67. Díaz-de-Cerio E, Gómez-Caravaca AM, Verardo V, Fernández-Gutiérrez A, Segura-Carretero A. Determination of guava (Psidium guajava L.) leaf phenolic compounds using HPLC-DAD-QTOF-MS. Journal of Functional Foods. 2016;22:376-88. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jff.2016.01.040
68. Matsuzaki K, Ishii R, Kobiyama K, Kitanaka S. New benzophenone and quercetin galloyl glycosides from Psidium guajava L. Journal of natural medicines. 2010;64(3):252-6. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11418-010-0400-2 PMid:20354804 PMCid:PMC2877814
69. Jiang L, Lu J, Qin Y, Jiang W, Wang Y. Antitumor effect of guava leaves on lung cancer: A network pharmacology study. Arabian Journal of Chemistry. 2020;13(11):7773-97. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arabjc.2020.09.010
70. Shao M, Wang Y, Huang X-J, Fan C-L, Zhang Q-W, Zhang X-Q, et al. Four new triterpenoids from the leaves of Psidium guajava. Journal of Asian natural products research. 2012;14(4):348-54. https://doi.org/10.1080/10286020.2011.653964 PMid:22375873
71. Jain S, Trivedi M, Raikwar M, Lodhi M, Ali MY, Purohit A, Nema P, A review on herbal cosmetics and cosmeceuticals, Asian J. Dent. Health Sci 2022;2(4):9-16 https://doi.org/10.22270/ajdhs.v2i4.19
72. Srujana S, Anjamma M, Alimuddin, Singh B, Dhakar RC, Natarajan S, Hechhu R. A Comprehensive Study on the Synthesis and Characterization of TiO2 Nanoparticles Using Aloe vera Plant Extract and Their Photocatalytic Activity against MB Dye. Adsorption Science & Technology. 2022;2022 https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/7244006
73. Rasouli H, Farzaei MH, Khodarahmi R. Polyphenols and their benefits: A review. International journal of food properties. 2017;20(sup2):1700-41.
74. Luca SV, Macovei I, Bujor A, Miron A, Skalicka-Woźniak K, Aprotosoaie AC, et al. Bioactivity of dietary polyphenols: The role of metabolites. Critical reviews in food science and nutrition. 2020;60(4):626-59. https://doi.org/10.1080/10408398.2018.1546669 PMid:30614249
75. Wang H, Du Y-J, Song H-C. α-Glucosidase and α-amylase inhibitory activities of guava leaves. Food chemistry. 2010;123(1):6-13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2010.03.088
76. Liu C-W, Wang Y-C, Lu H-C, Chiang W-D. Optimization of ultrasound-assisted extraction conditions for total phenols with anti-hyperglycemic activity from Psidium guajava leaves. Process Biochemistry. 2014;49(10):1601-5. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procbio.2014.06.009
77. Tachakittirungrod S, Okonogi S, Chowwanapoonpohn S. Study on antioxidant activity of certain plants in Thailand: Mechanism of antioxidant action of guava leaf extract. Food chemistry. 2007;103(2):381-8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2006.07.034
78. Wang L, Wu Y, Bei Q, Shi K, Wu Z. Fingerprint profiles of flavonoid compounds from different Psidium guajava leaves and their antioxidant activities. Journal of Separation Science. 2017;40(19):3817-29. https://doi.org/10.1002/jssc.201700477 PMid:28857481
79. Wang L, Bei Q, Wu Y, Liao W, Wu Z. Characterization of soluble and insoluble-bound polyphenols from Psidium guajava L. leaves co-fermented with Monascus anka and Bacillus sp. and their bio-activities. Journal of Functional Foods. 2017;32:149-59. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jff.2017.02.029
80. Diaz-de-Cerio E, Pasini F, Verardo V, Fernandez-Gutierrez A, Segura-Carretero A, Caboni MF. Psidium guajava L. leaves as source of proanthocyanidins: Optimization of the extraction method by RSM and study of the degree of polymerization by NP-HPLC-FLD-ESI-MS. Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis. 2017;133:1-7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpba.2016.10.011 PMid:27780121
81. Dorenkott MR, Griffin LE, Goodrich KM, Thompson-Witrick KA, Fundaro G, Ye L, et al. Oligomeric cocoa procyanidins possess enhanced bioactivity compared to monomeric and polymeric cocoa procyanidins for preventing the development of obesity, insulin resistance, and impaired glucose tolerance during high-fat feeding. Journal of agricultural and food chemistry. 2014;62(10):2216-27. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf500333y PMid:24559282
82. Kumar M, Tomar M, Amarowicz R, Saurabh V, Nair MS, Maheshwari C, et al. Guava (Psidium guajava L.) leaves: Nutritional composition, phytochemical profile, and health-promoting bioactivities. Foods. 2021;10(4):752. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods10040752 PMid:33916183 PMCid:PMC8066327
83. He Q, Venant N. Antioxidant power of phytochemicals from Psidium guajava leaf. Journal of Zhejiang University-Science A. 2004;5(6):676-83. https://doi.org/10.1631/BF02840979
84. Jayakumari S, Anbu J, Ravichandiran V, Anjana A, Siva Kumar G, Maharaj S. Antiulcerogenic and free radical scavenging activity of flavonoid fraction of Psidium guajava Linn leaves. Int J Pharm Pharm Sci. 2012;4:170-4.
85. Oktavia S. Potential anti-inflammatory effects of Psidium guajava L.: A review. Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical Research and Development. 2021;9(2):47-52. https://doi.org/10.22270/ajprd.v9i2.941
86. Kim A-R, Lee M-S, Shin T-S, Hua H, Jang B-C, Choi J-S, et al. Phlorofucofuroeckol A inhibits the LPS-stimulated iNOS and COX-2 expressions in macrophages via inhibition of NF-κB, Akt, and p38 MAPK. Toxicology in Vitro. 2011;25(8):1789-95. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tiv.2011.09.012 PMid:21963823
87. Zhang J, Wang X, Vikash V, Ye Q, Wu D, Liu Y, et al. ROS and ROS‐mediated cellular signaling. Oxidative medicine and cellular longevity. 2016;2016(1):4350965. https://doi.org/10.1155/2016/4350965 PMid:26998193 PMCid:PMC4779832
88. Son Y, Kim S, Chung H-T, Pae H-O. Reactive oxygen species in the activation of MAP kinases. Methods in enzymology. 2013;528:27-48. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-405881-1.00002-1 PMid:23849857
89. Phromnoi K, Sinchaiyakij P, Khanaree C, Nuntaboon P, Chanwikrai Y, Chaiwangsri T, et al. Anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities of medicinal plants used by traditional healers for antiulcer treatment. Scientia Pharmaceutica. 2019;87(3):22. https://doi.org/10.3390/scipharm87030022
90. Díaz-de-Cerio E, Verardo V, Gómez-Caravaca AM, Fernández-Gutiérrez A, Segura-Carretero A. Health effects of Psidium guajava L. leaves: an overview of the last decade. International journal of molecular sciences. 2017;18(4):897. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms18040897 PMid:28441777 PMCid:PMC5412476
91. Divyapraba M, Chitra P, Rameshwari KS. Antiulcer activity of Psidium guajava on pylorus ligation induced gastric ulcer in albino rats. Int J Pharm Sci Res. 2021;12(1):443-9.
92. Mailoa MN, Mahendradatta M, Laga A, Djide N. Antimicrobial activities of tannins extract from guava leaves (Psidium guajava L.) on pathogens microbial. International journal of scientific & technology research. 2014;3(1):236-41.
93. Ratnakaran P, Barve AA, Patnekar KA, Patil NC, Udmale NM, Ramchandran S, et al. Phytochemical and antimicrobial activities of leaf extract of Guava (Psidium guajava L.). International Journal of Applied Research. 2020;6:106-10.
94. Ezeamaku UL, Eze OI, Nzebude CP, Umeuzuegbu CJ, Onukwuli OD. Examining the Unique Properties of Guava Leaf Extract as A Corrosion Inhibitor. Int J Eng Sci Invent. 2020;9(1):08-18.
95. Abdullah MF, Othman NF. Physicochemical and adsorption properties of guava leaves-activated carbon by hydrochloric acid on adsorption of methylene blue. Scientific Research Journal. 2023;20(1):33-49. https://doi.org/10.24191/srj.v20i1.20669
96. Mathpal D, Rathore G. An analysis of health benefits of guava. Int J Innov Res Eng Manag. 2022;9(1):239-42. https://doi.org/10.55524/ijirem.2022.9.1.46
97. Chah K, Eze C, Emuelosi C, Esimone C. Antibacterial and wound healing properties of methanolic extracts of some Nigerian medicinal plants. Journal of ethnopharmacology. 2006;104(1-2):164-7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2005.08.070 PMid:16226414
98. Ojewole J. Antiinflammatory and analgesic effects of Psidium guajava Linn.(Myrtaceae) leaf aqueous extract in rats and mice. Methods and findings in experimental and clinical pharmacology. 2006;28(7):441-6. https://doi.org/10.1358/mf.2006.28.7.1003578 PMid:17003849
99. Nishad SR, Narwade SS, Naik PR, Patil VP. Nature's Shield for Oral Ulcer Management: A Comprehensive Review. Research Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry. 2025;17(1):49-55. https://doi.org/10.52711/0975-4385.2025.00009
100. Yadav VR, Prasad S, Sung B, Kannappan R, Aggarwal BB. Targeting inflammatory pathways by triterpenoids for prevention and treatment of cancer. Toxins. 2010;2(10):2428-66. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins2102428 PMid:22069560 PMCid:PMC3153165
101. Kafle A, Mohapatra SS, Reddy I, Chapagain M. A review on medicinal properties of Psidium guajava. J Med Plants Stud. 2018;6(4):44-7.
102. Thombre KP, Sharma D, Lanjewar AM. Formulation and evaluation pharmaceutical aqueous gel of powdered Cordia dichotoma leaves with guava leaves. Am J PharmTech Res. 2018;8:268-77. https://doi.org/10.46624/ajptr.2018.v8.i2.022
103. Kadam TA, Kamble P, Kalasakar V, Kadam M, Navghare V. Formulation And Evaluation Of Mucoadhesive Buccal Patch By Using Guava Leaves Extract. International Journal of Pharma and Biosciences. 2025:41-7.
Published
Abstract Display: 751 
PDF Downloads: 84 PDF Downloads: 15 How to Cite
Issue
Section
Copyright (c) 2025 Kirti vijay patil , Vishal Madankar, Sanjivani Dhansing Mahale , Mansi Suvarnsing Jadhav
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:
- Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0). that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgment of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgment of its initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work (See The Effect of Open Access).
How to Cite
.