Hormonal and Histological Changes in the Ovaries of Wistar Rats Treated with Oxycodone Hydrochloride

Authors

  • Archange Michel Emmanuel MBOUNGOU MALONGA Wu Tang Science Life, Community, Brazzaville, Congo https://orcid.org/0009-0000-8707-080X
  • Donatien MOUKASSA Pathological Anatomy and Cytology Laboratory, University Hospital, Brazzaville, Congo
  • Etienne MOKONDJIMOBE Faculty of Health Sciences, Marien Ngouabi University, Brazzaville, Congo
  • Elamette GNYASSIBA BALEBOU Faculty of Health Sciences, Marien Ngouabi University, Brazzaville, Congo
  • Christ Arnauld ITOUA OPIMBA Pathological Anatomy and Cytology Laboratory, University Hospital, Brazzaville, Congo
  • Lizen Oldanyh MOZOMA Pathological Anatomy and Cytology Laboratory, University Hospital, Brazzaville, Congo
  • Herman AKASSA Faculty of Health Sciences, Marien Ngouabi University, Brazzaville, Congo
  • Syrlie Marina OSSEKE Pathological Anatomy and Cytology Laboratory, University Hospital, Brazzaville, Congo
  • Marianne Nipsia ZEGUEL Faculty of Science and Technology, Marien Ngouabi University, Brazzaville, Congo
  • Alice NZAMBI PASSI spouse MATETE MOUNOI Faculty of Health Sciences, Marien Ngouabi University, Brazzaville, Congo
  • Landry Martial MIGUEL Faculty of Health Sciences, Marien Ngouabi University, Brazzaville, Congo
  • Ange Antoine ABENA Denis SASSOU NGUESSO University, Kintélé, Congo

Abstract

Introduction: Oxycodone hydrochloride can affect the nervous system, as well as other systems such as the endocrine and reproductive systems. Exposure to oxycodone hydrochloride is not without adverse effects. These adverse effects can lead to infertility. Objective: The aim of the study was to evaluate the effects of oxycodone hydrochloride on reproductive functions in adult female Wistar rats. Materials and methods: Fifteen adult female Wistar rats, weighing between 100 and 300 g, were used. Treatment was administered orally for thirty days. Three batches, each containing five adult female Wistar rats, were formed and treated as follows: (1) a control batch given distilled water at 10 ml/kg; (2) and (3) batches treated with oxycodone hydrochloride at doses of 5 and 10 mg/kg respectively. The variables studied included physiological measurements, hormone assays and histological analysis of the ovaries. Results: Exposure of adult female Wistar rats to oxycodone hydrochloride at doses of 5 mg/kg and 10 mg/kg induced severe morphological alterations such as palpable adnexal masses plus a significant (p<0.05) increase in ovarian weight. A significant decrease (p<0.05) in FSH, LH and progesterone was also observed. Microscopic alterations such as cortical granuloma nodules were observed. Conclusion: Prolonged administration of oxycodone hydrochloride led to a significant increase in ovarian weight, associated with severe morphological alterations, hormone depletion and the appearance of microscopic ovarian alterations. All these disturbances are potentially linked to infertility.

Keywords: oxycodone hydrochloride, infertility, hormone, ovary, histology, rats

Keywords:

oxycodone hydrochloride, infertility, hormone, ovary, histology, rats

DOI

https://doi.org/10.22270/jddt.v15i11.7397

Author Biographies

Archange Michel Emmanuel MBOUNGOU MALONGA, Wu Tang Science Life, Community, Brazzaville, Congo

Faculty of Health Sciences, Marien Ngouabi University, Brazzaville, Congo

 

 

Donatien MOUKASSA, Pathological Anatomy and Cytology Laboratory, University Hospital, Brazzaville, Congo

Faculty of Health Sciences, Marien Ngouabi University, Brazzaville, Congo

 

Etienne MOKONDJIMOBE, Faculty of Health Sciences, Marien Ngouabi University, Brazzaville, Congo

Faculty of Health Sciences, Marien Ngouabi University, Brazzaville, Congo

Elamette GNYASSIBA BALEBOU, Faculty of Health Sciences, Marien Ngouabi University, Brazzaville, Congo

Faculty of Health Sciences, Marien Ngouabi University, Brazzaville, Congo

Christ Arnauld ITOUA OPIMBA, Pathological Anatomy and Cytology Laboratory, University Hospital, Brazzaville, Congo

Pathological Anatomy and Cytology Laboratory, University Hospital, Brazzaville, Congo

Lizen Oldanyh MOZOMA, Pathological Anatomy and Cytology Laboratory, University Hospital, Brazzaville, Congo

Faculty of Health Sciences, Marien Ngouabi University, Brazzaville, Congo

 

Herman AKASSA, Faculty of Health Sciences, Marien Ngouabi University, Brazzaville, Congo

Faculty of Health Sciences, Marien Ngouabi University, Brazzaville, Congo

Syrlie Marina OSSEKE, Pathological Anatomy and Cytology Laboratory, University Hospital, Brazzaville, Congo

Faculty of Health Sciences, Marien Ngouabi University, Brazzaville, Congo

Marianne Nipsia ZEGUEL, Faculty of Science and Technology, Marien Ngouabi University, Brazzaville, Congo

Faculty of Science and Technology, Marien Ngouabi University, Brazzaville, Congo

Alice NZAMBI PASSI spouse MATETE MOUNOI, Faculty of Health Sciences, Marien Ngouabi University, Brazzaville, Congo

Faculty of Health Sciences, Marien Ngouabi University, Brazzaville, Congo

Landry Martial MIGUEL, Faculty of Health Sciences, Marien Ngouabi University, Brazzaville, Congo

Faculty of Health Sciences, Marien Ngouabi University, Brazzaville, Congo

Ange Antoine ABENA, Denis SASSOU NGUESSO University, Kintélé, Congo

Faculty of Health Sciences, Marien Ngouabi University, Brazzaville, Congo

 

References

1. Jafarova Demirkapu M, Raci Yananli H. Opium Alkaloids. Bioactive Compounds in Nutraceutical and Functional Food for Good Human Health. IntechOpen;2021. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.91326

2. MBOUNGOU MALONGA, A.; MIGUEL, L. Hormonal and spermatic changes in rats treated with oxycodone hydrochloride, in Proceedings of the 1st International Electronic Conference on Toxic Substances, March 20-22, 2024, MDPI: Basel, Switzerland,

3. Vadhel A, Bashir S, Mir AH, Girdhar M, Kumar D, Kumar A, Mohan A, Malik T, Mohan A. Opium alkaloids, biosynthesis, pharmacology and association with cancer occurrence. Open Biol. 2023;13(5):220355. doi: https://doi.org/10.1098/rsob.220355 .

4. Miguel LM, Akassa H, Mboungou Malonga AE, Nkanga Samba AL, Bahamboula DM, Dobhat-Doukakini CR, Njilo Tchatchouang DG, Lekana C, Moukassa D, Abena AA. Effects of oxycodone hydrochloride on reproductive fonctions in male wistar rats, Journal of Drug Delivery and Therapeutics. 2024;14(8):5-9. https://doi.org/10.22270/jddt.v14i8.6643

5. Almeida Szczesny L, Nunes Dos Santos R, de Oliveira Silveira J, de Almeida S, Pasqualini Genro J, Fiegenbaum M. Opioids in the Brazilian Healthcare Landscape: Crucial Analysis through Anvisa VigiMed Data and Pharmacogenetic Aspects. ACS Omega. 2025;10(21):22158-22164. doi: https://doi.org/10.1021/acsomega.5c01527

6. Umukoro, E. K., Omoloye Elijah, V. O. Igben and Emuesiri Goodies Moke. “The pharmacological profile, therapeutic importance and limitations with the use of oxycodone: a review.” African Journal of Tropical Medicine and Biomedical Research 2025;7(1):86-99. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4314/ajtmbr.v7i1.5

7. Gros, D.F., Milanak, M.E., Brady, K.T., Back, S.E. Frequency and severity of comorbid mood and anxiety disorders in prescription opioid dependence. The American journal on addictions. 2013;22(3),261-265.

8. Schmidt-Hansen M, Bennett MI, Arnold S, Bromham N, Hilgart JS, Page AJ, Chi Y. Oxycodone for cancer-related pain. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2022;6(6):CD003870. doi: https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD003870.pub7 . PMID: 35679121; PMCID: PMC9180760.

9. Kokki, Hannu, Merja Kokki and Sari Sjövall. “Oxycodone for the treatment of postoperative pain.” Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy. 2012;13(7):1045-58. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1517/14656566.2012.677823

10. Bolser DC, Davenport PW. Codeine and cough: an ineffective gold standard. Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol. 2007;7(1):32-6. doi: https://doi.org/10.1097/ACI.0b013e3280115145 . PMID: 17218808; PMCID: PMC2921574.

11. Marques P, De Sousa Lages A, Skorupskaite K, et al. Physiology of GnRH and Gonadotrophin Secretion. [Updated 2024 Oct 15]. In: Feingold KR, Ahmed SF, Anawalt B, et al., editors. Endotext [Internet]. South Dartmouth (MA): MDText.com, Inc.; 2000-. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK279070/

12. Böttcher, Bettina, Beata Seeber, Gerhard Leyendecker and Ludwig Wildt. “Impact of the opioid system on the reproductive axis.” Fertility and sterility. 2017;108(2): 207-213.

13. Cassidy Vuong, Stan H. M. Van Uum, Laura E. O'Dell, Kabirullah Lutfy, Theodore C. Friedman, The Effects of Opioids and Opioid Analogs on Animal and Human Endocrine Systems, Endocrine Reviews. 2010;31(1):98–132, https://doi.org/10.1210/er.2009-0009

14. Katz, Nathaniel, and Norman A Mazer. The impact of opioids on the endocrine system. The Clinical journal of pain.2009 ;25(2):170-5. doi: https://doi.org/10.1097/AJP.0b013e3181850df6

15. Friso de Vries, Mees Bruin, Daniel J Lobatto, Olaf M Dekkers, Jan W Schoones, Wouter R van Furth, Alberto M Pereira, Niki Karavitaki, Nienke R Biermasz, Amir H Zamanipoor Najafabadi, Opioids and Their Endocrine Effects: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis, The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, 2020, 105(4):1020–1029, https://doi.org/10.1210/clinem/dgz022

16. National Academies of Sciences, Engineering and Medicine; Division of Health and Medicine; Health Sciences Policy Council; Committee on Pain Management and Regulatory Strategies to Address Prescription Opioid Abuse; Phillips J.K., Ford MA, Bonnie RJ, editors. Pain management and the opioid epidemic: Balancing societal and individual benefits and risks of prescription opioid use. Washington (DC): National Academies Press (USA); July 13, 2017. 5, Evidence on strategies to combat the opioid epidemic. Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK458653/

17. Sadiq NM, Dice TJ, Mead T. Oxycodone. [Updated 2024 Feb 20]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2025 Jan-. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK482226/

18. Jayawant SS, Balkrishnan R. The controversy surrounding OxyContin abuse: issues and solutions. Ther Clin Risk Manag. 2005;1(2):77-82. doi: https://doi.org/10.2147/tcrm.1.2.77.62911 . PMID: 18360547; PMCID: PMC1661612.

19. Kibaly C, Alderete JA, Liu SH, Nasef HS, Law PY, Evans CJ, Cahill CM. Oxycodone in the Opioid Epidemic: High 'Liking', 'Wanting', and Abuse Liability. Cell Mol Neurobiol. 2021;41(5):899-926. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10571-020-01013-y . Epub 2020 Nov 27. PMID: 33245509; PMCID: PMC8155122.

20. I. Berling, I.M. Whyte, G.K. Isbister, Oxycodone overdose causes naloxone responsive coma and QT prolongation, QJM: An International Journal of Medicine. 2013;106(1):35–41, https://doi.org/10.1093/qjmed/hcs176

21. Spencer MR, Warner M, Cisewski JA, Miniño A, Dodds D, Perera J, Ahmad FB. Estimates of drug overdose deaths involving fentanyl, methamphetamine, cocaine, heroin, and oxycodone: United States, 2021. Vital Statistics Rapid Release; no 27. Hyattsville, MD: National Center for Health Statistics. May 2023. DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.15620/cdc:125504 .

22. Cepeda, M. Soledad, Daniel Fife, Qianli Ma and Patrick B. Ryan. “Comparison of the risks of opioid abuse or dependence between tapentadol and oxycodone: results from a cohort study.” The journal of pain : official journal of the American Pain Society. 2013;14(10):1227-41.

23. Hyland SJ, Brockhaus KK, Vincent WR, Spence NZ, Lucki MM, Howkins MJ, Cleary RK. Perioperative Pain Management and Opioid Stewardship: A Practical Guide. Healthcare. 2021;9(3):333. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare9030333

24. National Center for Biotechnology Information. PubChem Compound Summary for CID 5284603, Oxycodone. https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Oxycodone . Accessed July 1, 2025.

25. Mboungou Malonga AME, Miguel LM, Akassa H, Mbemba Bahamboula D, Ngolo Letomo SMOE, Zeguel MN, Lekana C, Dobhat C, Malonga DA, Mokondjimobe E, Moukassa D, Abena AA, Effects of valproic acid on the reproductive functions of adult male Wistar rats and consequences for offspring, Journal of Drug Delivery and Therapeutics. 2025;15(5):1-10. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.22270/jddt.v15i5.7096 . https://jddtonline.info/index.php/jddt/article/view/7096

26. Landry Martial Miguel, Archange Emmanuel Mboungou Malonga, Didier Gesril Njilo Tchatchouang, Childérick Lékana, Choupette Ravelle Dobhat-Doukakini, Emmanuel Grace Nkounkou Matondo, Ruphin Bertrand Bolanga, Donatien Moukassa, Ange Antoine Abena. Early neurodevelopmental anomalies in young rats from adult female treated with valproic acid International Journal of Pharmacology and Toxicology, 2021;9(2),75-83. https://doi.org/10.14419/ijpt.v9i2.31605

27. Klein CE. The Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Gonadal Axis. In: Kufe DW, Pollock RE, Weichselbaum RR, et al., editors. Holland-Frei Cancer Medicine. 6th edition. Hamilton (ON): BC Decker; 2003. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK13386/

28. Plant, T.M. Hypothalamic Control of the Pituitary-Gonadal Axis in Higher Primates: Key Advances over the Last Two Decades. Journal of Neuroendocrinology. 2008;20:719-726. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2826.2008.01708.x

29. Acevedo-Rodriguez A, Kauffman AS, Cherrington BD, Borges CS, Roepke TA, Laconi M. Emerging insights into hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis regulation and interaction with stress signalling. J Neuroendocrinol. 2018 ;30(10):e12590. doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/jne.12590 . PMID: 29524268; PMCID: PMC6129417.

30. Carolyn M. Fronczak, Edward D. Kim, Al B. Barqawi. The insults of illicit drug use on male fertility. Journal of andrology. 2012 ; 33(4) : 515-28. doi: https://doi.org/10.2164/jandrol.110.011874

31. Flannagan KS, Mumford SL, Sjaarda LA, Radoc JG, Perkins NJ, Andriessen VC, Zolton JR, Silver RM, Schisterman EF. Is opioid use safe in women trying to conceive? Epidemiology. 2020;31(6):844-851. doi: https://doi.org/10.1097/EDE.0000000000001247 . PMID: 33311959; PMCID: PMC7725439.

32. Wardle MC, Fitzgerald DA, Angstadt M, Rabinak CA, de Wit H, Phan KL. Effects of oxycodone on brain responses to emotional images. Psychopharmacology (Berl). 2014;231(22):4403-15. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-014-3592-4 . PMID: 24800897; PMCID: PMC6720110.

33. Cherrier MM, Amory JK, Ersek M, Risler L, Shen DD. Comparative cognitive and subjective side effects of immediate-release oxycodone in healthy middle-aged and older adults. J Pain. 2009;10(10):1038-50. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpain.2009.03.017 . PMID: 19729346; PMCID: PMC2757528.

34. Glare PA, Walsh TC. Dose-ranging study of oxycodone for chronic pain in advanced cancer. J Clin Oncology 1993;11(5):973-8. https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.1993.11.5.973 PMid:8487060

35. Von Korff MR. Long-term use of opioids for complex chronic pain. Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol. 2013;27:663-72. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.berh.2013.09.011

36. Landry Martial MIGUEL, Archange Michel Emmanuel MBOUNGOU MALONGA, Didier Gesril NJILO TCHATCHOUANG et al. "Hormonal and histological changes in the ovaries of rats traited by valproic acid acid". International Journal of Current Research. 2022;14(04):21176-21180 .

37. Hartung T. Comparative analysis of the revised Directive 2010/6106 / EU for the protection of laboratory animals with its predecessor 86/609 / EEEEC - t4 report. ALTEX - Alternatives to animal experimentation, 2010;27(4):285-303 https://doi.org/10.14573/altex.2010.4.285 PMid:21240470

38. Casteel CO, Singh G. Physiology, Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone. [Updated 2023 May 1]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2025 Jan-. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK558992/

39. Roberto Maggi, Anna Maria Cariboni, Marina Montagnani Marelli, Roberta Manuela Moretti, Valentina Andrè, Monica Marzagalli, Patrizia Limonta, GnRH and GnRH receptors in the pathophysiology of the human female reproductive system, Human Reproduction Update, 2016;22(3):358–381, https://doi.org/10.1093/humupd/dmv059

40. Herman TF, Cascella M, Muzio MR. Mu Receptors. [Updated 2024 Jun 8]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2025 Jan-. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK551554/

41. P.J. Turek, R.R. Pera, Infertility. Encyclopedia of Genetics, Academic Press, 2001, Pages 1021-1026, ISBN 9780122270802, https://doi.org/10.1006/rwgn.2001.0450 .

42. Friederike Gethöffer, Christiane Pfarrer, Ursula Siebert, Histology confirms that macroscopic evaluation of ovaries is a valid method for the assessment of the reproductive status in wild boar, Theriogenology, 2018;113:192-196, ISSN 0093-691X, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.theriogenology.2018.02.019 .

43. Carvalho JP, Moretti-Marques R, Filho ALDS. Adnexal mass: diagnosis and management. Rev Bras Ginecol Obstet. 2020;42(7):438-443. doi: https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0040-1715547 .

44. Verma Kanupriya , Narula Aarti , Kaur Satinder Pal , Gupta Anju , Kaur Parneet , Gupta Saryu. A Case Series on Adnexal Masses in Women from Reproductive to Postmenopausal Age Group in One Year at a Tertiary Care Hospital. International Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research, 2024;16(3);604-614

45. Sheikh Maria, Sanja Kupesic Plavsic and Asim Kurjak. “Role of ultrasound in the evaluation of female infertility.” Donald School Journal of Ultrasound in Obstetrics & Gynecology, 2014;8:184-200.

46. Harry W. Daniell. Opioid Endocrinopathy in Women Consuming Prescribed Sustained-Action Opioids for Control of Nonmalignant Pain. The Journal of Pain, 2008;9(1):28-36. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpain.2007.08.005 .

47. Radswiki T, Walizai T, Rizk M, et al. Hemorrhagic ovarian cyst. Reference article, Radiopaedia.org. https://doi.org/10.53347/rID-13081.

48. Seyfried O, Hester J. Opioids and endocrine dysfunction. Br J Pain. 2012;6(1):17-24. doi: https://doi.org/10.1177/2049463712438299 . PMID: 26516462; PMCID: PMC4590093.

49. Katz, Nathaniel, Mazer, Norman A. The impact of opioids on the endocrine system. Clinical Journal of Pain, 2009;25(2):170-175. DOI : https://doi.org/10.1097/AJP.0b013e3181850df6

50. Orlowski M, Sarao MS. Physiology, Follicle Stimulating Hormone. [Updated 2023 May 1]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2025 Jan-. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK535442/

51. Marco Filicori, Graciela E. Cognigni, Arafat Samara, Silvia Melappioni, Tiziana Perri, Barbara Cantelli, Lodovico Parmegiani, Giuseppe Pelusi, Domenico DeAloysio, The use of LH activity to drive folliculogenesis: exploring uncharted territories in ovulation induction, Human Reproduction Update, 2002;8(6),1:543–557, https://doi.org/10.1093/humupd/8.6.543

52. Gary Eichenbaum, Karin Göhler, Mila Etropolski, Ilona Steigerwald, Joseph Pergolizzi, Myoung Kim, Gary Vorsanger. Does tapentadol affect sex hormone concentrations differently from morphine and oxycodone? An initial assessment and possible implications for opioid-induced androgen deficiency. J of Opioid Management. 2015;11(3):211-27. https://wmpllc.org/ojs/index.php/jom/article/view/160

53. Bosch E, Alviggi C, Lispi M, Conforti A, Hanyaloglu AC, Chuderland D, Simoni M, Raine-Fenning N, Crépieux P, Kol S, Rochira V, D'Hooghe T, Humaidan P. Reduced FSH and LH action: implications for medically assisted reproduction. Hum Reprod. 2021;17;36(6):1469-1480. doi: https://doi.org/10.1093/humrep/deab065 . PMID: 33792685; PMCID: PMC8129594.

54. Abs R, Verhelst, Maeyaert J, Van Buyten JP, Opsomer F, Adrianensen H, Van Acker K. Endocrine consequences of long-term intrathecal administration of opioids. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2000;85(6):2215-22. https://doi.org/10.1210/jcem.85.6.6615 .

55. Seidman, Jeffrey D, and Jayashree Krishnan. “Non-Neoplastic Conditions of the Ovaries in Grossly Normal Adnexa: A Clinicopathologic Study of 403 Completely Embedded Cases.” International journal of gynecological pathology: official journal of the International Society of Gynecological Pathologists.2016;35(6):544-548. doi: https://doi.org/10.1097/PGP.0000000000000281

56. Medvediev MV, Malvasi A, Gustapane S, Tinelli A. Hemorrhagic corpus luteum: Clinical management update. Turk J Obstet Gynecol. 2020 ;17(4):300-309. doi: https://doi.org/10.4274/tjod.galenos.2020.40359 . PMID: 33343977; PMCID: PMC7731611.

57. Pulappadi VP, Manchanda S, Sk P, Hari S. Identifying corpus luteum rupture as the culprit for haemoperitoneum. Br J Radiol. 2021;94(1117):20200383. doi: https://doi.org/10.1259/bjr.20200383 . PMID: 32822245; PMCID: PMC7774694.

58. Elramlawy M, Abdelmasih H, Botros K, Hussien K. From Iliac Fossa to Diaphragm: The Complex Presentation of a Ruptured Haemorrhagic Ovarian Cyst. Cureus. 2024;16(9):e70264. doi: https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.70264 . PMID: 39463497; PMCID: PMC11512597.

59. Jia, D., Nagaoka, Y., Katsumata, M. et al. Inflammation is a key contributor to ovarian cancer cell seeding. Sci Rep. 2018;8,12394. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-30261-8

60. David Suster, Robert Ta, Catherine Connolly, Douglas I. Lin. Normal Structure and Function, Inflammatory and Other Miscellaneous Lesions of the Ovary. In book: Gynecologic and Obstetric Pathology, 2025;pp.1105-1130. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-97-4822-8_69

61. Shamsudeen S, Dunton CJ. Granulosa Theca Cell Tumors of the Ovary. [Updated 2023 Nov 12]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2025 Jan-. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK565872/

62. Li X, Tian B, Liu M, Miao C, Wang D. Adult-type granulosa cell tumor of the ovary. Am J Cancer Res. 2022;15;12(8):3495-3511. PMID: 36119817; PMCID: PMC9442026.

63. Shah KK, Pritt BS, Alexander MP. Histopathologic review of granulomatous inflammation. J Clin Tuberc Other Mycobact Dis. 2017;10(7):1-12. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jctube.2017.02.001 . PMID: 31723695; PMCID: PMC6850266.

64. D Geraint James. A clincopathological classification of granulomatous disorders. Postgraduate Medical Journal. 2000;76(898):457-65. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1136/pmj.76.898.457

65. MotherToBaby | Fact Sheets [Internet]. Brentwood (TN): Organization of Teratology Information Specialists (OTIS); 1994-. Oxycodone. 2023 Oct. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK582890/

Published

2025-11-15
Statistics
Abstract Display: 137
PDF Downloads: 133
PDF Downloads: 31

How to Cite

1.
MBOUNGOU MALONGA AME, MOUKASSA D, MOKONDJIMOBE E, GNYASSIBA BALEBOU E, ITOUA OPIMBA CA, MOZOMA LO, et al. Hormonal and Histological Changes in the Ovaries of Wistar Rats Treated with Oxycodone Hydrochloride. J. Drug Delivery Ther. [Internet]. 2025 Nov. 15 [cited 2025 Dec. 6];15(11):1-8. Available from: https://jddtonline.info/index.php/jddt/article/view/7397

Issue

Vol. 15 No. 11 (2025): Volume 15, Issue 11, November 2025

Section

Research

Copyright (c) 2025 Archange Michel Emmanuel MBOUNGOU MALONGA, Donatien MOUKASSA, Etienne MOKONDJIMOBE, Elamette GNYASSIBA BALEBOU, Christ Arnauld ITOUA OPIMBA, Lizen Oldanyh MOZOMA, Herman AKASSA, Syrlie Marina OSSEKE, Marianne Nipsia ZEGUEL, Alice NZAMBI PASSI spouse MATETE MOUNOI, Landry Martial MIGUEL, Ange Antoine ABENA

Creative Commons License

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.

Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:

  1. Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0). that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgment of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
  2. Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgment of its initial publication in this journal.
  3. Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work (See The Effect of Open Access).

How to Cite

1.
MBOUNGOU MALONGA AME, MOUKASSA D, MOKONDJIMOBE E, GNYASSIBA BALEBOU E, ITOUA OPIMBA CA, MOZOMA LO, et al. Hormonal and Histological Changes in the Ovaries of Wistar Rats Treated with Oxycodone Hydrochloride. J. Drug Delivery Ther. [Internet]. 2025 Nov. 15 [cited 2025 Dec. 6];15(11):1-8. Available from: https://jddtonline.info/index.php/jddt/article/view/7397
Crossref
Scopus
Google Scholar
Europe PMC

Most read articles by the same author(s)