All About Fixed-Dose Combination Lercanidipine/Enalapril: Ten Questions and Answers
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Fixed-Dose Combination, Lercanidipine/Enalapril, Calcium channel blockers
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References
1 Timmis A, Vardas P, Townsend N et al European Society of Cardiology: cardiovascular disease statistics 2021 Eur Heart J 2022; 43:716-799 https://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehac064
2 Mills K.T., Stefanescu A., He J. The global epidemiology of hypertension. Nat. Rev. Nephrol. 2020; 16:223-237 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41581-019-0244-2
3 Williams B, Mancia G, Spierin W et al 2018 ESC/ESH Guidelines for the management of arterial hypertension Eur Heart J 2018; 39:3021-3104 https://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehy439
4 Unger T, Borghi C, Charchar F et al 2020 International Society of Hypertension Global Hypertension Practice Guidelines Hypertension. 2020; 75:1334-1357 https://doi.org/10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.120.15026
5 Meredith PA. Lercanidipine: a novel lipophilic dihydropyridine calcium antagonist with long duration of action and high vascular selectivity. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 1999; 8:1043-1062 https://doi.org/10.1517/13543784.8.7.1043
6 Epstein M. Lercanidipine: a novel dihydropyridine calcium-channel blocker. Heart Dis 2001; 3:398-407 https://doi.org/10.1097/00132580-200111000-00008
7 Vlasses PH, Larijani GE, Conner DP, Ferguson RK. Enalapril, a nonsulfhydryl angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor. Clin Pharm. 1985; 4:27-40
8 Bang LM, Chapman TM, Goa KL. Lercanidipine: a review of its efficacy in the management of hypertension. Drugs. 2003; 63(22):2449-2472 https://doi.org/10.2165/00003495-200363220-00013
9 Mc Clellan KJ, Jarvis B. Lercanidipine: a review of its use in hypertension. Drugs. 2000; 60:1123-1140 https://doi.org/10.2165/00003495-200060050-00009
10 Cerbai E, Mugelli U Lercanidipine and T-type calcium current Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci 2018; 22:4025-4031
11 Hansen PB, Jensen BL, Andreasen D, et al . Differential expression of T- and L-type voltage-dependent calcium channels in renal resistance vessels. Circ Res 2001; 89:630-638 https://doi.org/10.1161/hh1901.097126
12 Abe M, Okada K, Soma M. T-type Ca channel blockers in patients with chronic kidney disease in clinical practice Curr Hypertens Rev 2013; 9:202-9 https://doi.org/10.2174/1573402110666140131155028
13 Rosenthal T, Rosenmann E, Tomassoni D et al Effect of Lercanidipine on Kidney Microanatomy in Cohen-Rosenthal Diabetic Hypertensive Rats Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology 2007; 12:145-152 https://doi.org/10.1177/1074248407300621
14 Robles NR, Fici F, Grassi G Dihydropyridine calcium channel blockers and renal disease Hypertension Res 2017; 40:21-28 https://doi.org/10.1038/hr.2016.85
15 Burnier M. Renal protection with calcium antagonists: the role of lercanidipine. Curr Med Res Opin 2013; 29:1727-1735 https://doi.org/10.1185/03007995.2013.842891
16 Todd P A, Goa KL Enalapril. A reappraisal of its pharmacology and therapeutic use in hypertension. Drugs 1992; 43:346-381 https://doi.org/10.2165/00003495-199243030-00005
17 Barrios V, Escobar C, Echarri R. Fixed combinations in the management of hypertension: perspectives on lercanidipine - enalapril. Vasc Health Risk Manag. 2008; 4:847-853 https://doi.org/10.2147/VHRM.S3421
18 Antza C, Staboulis S, Kotsis V Combination therapy with lercanidipine and enalapril in the management of the hypertensive patient: an update of the evidence. Vasc Health Risk Manag. 2016; 12:443-451 https://doi.org/10.2147/VHRM.S91020
19 Puig JG, Calvo C, Luurila O, et al. Lercanidipine, enalapril and their combination in the treatment of elderly hypertensive patients: placebo-controlled, randomized, crossover study with four ABPM. J Hum Hypertens. 2007; 21:917-24 https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.jhh.1002248
20 Agrawal R, Marx A, Haller H. Efficacy and safety of lercanidipine versus hydrochlorothiazide as add-on to enalapril in diabetic populations. J Hypertens. 2006; 24:185-192 https://doi.org/10.1097/01.hjh.0000198987.34588.11
21 Grassi G, Lercanidipine/enalapril combination in the management of obesity-related hypertension Integr Blood Press Control. 2016; 9:69-77 https://doi.org/10.2147/IBPC.S92779
22 Rump LC. Efficacy and tolerability of the fixed lercanidipine-enalapril combination in the treatment of patients with essential hypertension Arzneimittelforschung 2010; 60:124-130 https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0031-1296260
23 Mancia G, Coca A, Chazova I, et al; FELT Study Group. Effects on office and home blood pressure of the lercanidipine-enalapril combination in patients with Stage 2 hypertension: a European randomized, controlled clinical trial. J Hypertens. 2014; 32:1700-1707 https://doi.org/10.1097/HJH.0000000000000239
24 Macchiarulo C, Pieri R, Mitolo DC, Pirrelli A. Antihypertensive effects of six calcium antagonists: Evidence from Fourier analysis of 24 hour ambulatory blood pressure recordings. Curr Ther Res Clin Exp 2001; 62:236 53 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0011-393X(01)80008-4
25 Puig JG, Calvo C, Luurila O, et al. Lercanidipine, enalapril and their combination in the treatment of elderly hypertensive patients: placebo-controlled, randomized, crossover study with four ABPM. J Hum Hypertens. 2007; 21:917-24 https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.jhh.1002248
26 Tsioufis K, Tsioufis C, Dimitriadis K et al Differential effects of lercanidipine/enalapril versus amlodipine/enalapril and hydrochlorothiazide-enalapril on target organ damage and sympathetic activation in non-obese essential hypertensive subjects Curr. Med. Res. and Opin 2016; 32:35-41 https://doi.org/10.1080/03007995.2016.1218839
27 Scholze J, Bramlage P, Trenkwalder P,et al Efficacy and safety of a fixed-dose combination of lercanidipine and enalapril in daily practice. A comparison of office, self-measured and ambulatory blood pressure. Expert Opin Pharmacother. 2011; 12:1-9 https://doi.org/10.1517/14656566.2011.626770
28 Maldonado J, Pereira T,Alfredo Tavares A Efficacy and Safety of a Lercanidipine/Enalapril Fixed-Dose Combination in Hypertensive Patients in Portugal Drugs R D. 2014; 14:147-154 https://doi.org/10.1007/s40268-014-0046-8
29 Panza JA, Casino PR, Kilcoyne CM et al Role of endothelium- derived nitric oxide in the abnormal endothelium-dependent vascular relaxation of patients with essential hypertension. Circulation. 1993; 87:1468-1474 https://doi.org/10.1161/01.CIR.87.5.1468
30 Taddei S, Virdis A, Ghiadoni L et al Calcium Antagonist Treatment by Lercanidipine Prevents Hyperpolarization in Essential Hypertension Hypertension 2003; 41:950-955 https://doi.org/10.1161/01.HYP.0000063361.70525.3C
31 Incandela L, Belcaro G Cesarone M R et al Oxygen-free radical decrease in hypertensive patients treated with lercanidipine International Angiology 2001; 20: 136-140
32 Enseleit F, David Hürlimann and Thomas F. Lüscher Vascular Protective Effects of Angiotensin Converting Enzyme Inhibitors and their Relation to Clinical Events Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology 2001; 37:S21-S30 https://doi.org/10.1097/00005344-200109011-00004
33 Oliveira-Paula GH, Lacchini R, Luizon MR et al Endothelial nitric oxide synthase tagSNPs influence the effects of enalapril in essential hypertension Nitric Oxide 2016 May 1; 55-56:62-9 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.niox.2016.03.006
34 Yavuz D , Koç M, Toprak A et al Effects of ACE inhibition and AT1-receptor antagonism on endothelial function and insulin sensitivity in essential hypertensive patients J Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone Syst 2003; 4:197-203 https://doi.org/10.3317/jraas.2003.032
35 Mackenzie IS, McEniery CM, Dhakam Z, et al. Comparison of the effects of antihypertensive agents on central blood pressure and arterial stiffness in isolated systolic hypertension. Hypertension 2009; 54:409-13 https://doi.org/10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.109.133801
36 De Ciuceis C, Salvetti M, Rossini C et al Effect of antihypertensive treatment on microvascular structure, central blood pressure and oxidative stress in patients with mild essential hypertension. J Hypertens 2014; 32:565 574 https://doi.org/10.1097/HJH.0000000000000067
37 Jiang X J , O'Rourke M F, Zhang Y Q et al Superior effect of an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor over a diuretic for reducing aortic systolic pressure J Hypertens 2007; 25:1095-9 https://doi.org/10.1097/HJH.0b013e3280ac1533
38 Chirinos JA, Segers P, Hughes T et al Large-Artery Stiffness in health and disease JACC State-of-the-Art Review J Am. Coll. Cardiol 2019; 74:1237-1263 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2019.07.012
39 Roman MJ, Devereux RB, Kizer JR, et al. Central pressure more strongly relates to vascular disease and outcome than does brachial pressure: the Strong Heart Study. Hypertension. 2007; 50:197-203 https://doi.org/10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.107.089078
40 Weber T, Auer J, O'Rourke MF, et al. Arterial stiffness, wave reflections, and the risk of coronary artery disease. Circulation. 2004; 109:184-189 https://doi.org/10.1161/01.CIR.0000105767.94169.E3
41 Grassi G, Seravalle G, Turri C, et al Short versus long term effects of different dihydropyridines on sympathetic and baroreflex function in hypertension. Hypertension 2003; 41:558 62 https://doi.org/10.1161/01.HYP.0000058003.27729.5A
42 Fogari R, Mugellini A, Zoppi A et al Differential effects of lercanidipine and nifedipine GITS on plasma norepinephrine in chronic treatment of hypertension Am J Hypertens 2003; 16:596-9 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0895-7061(03)00901-4
43 Ligtenberg G, Blankestijn PJ, Oey PL et al Reduction of sympathetic hyperactivity by enalapril in patients with chronic renal failure New Engl J Medicine 2019; 340:1321-28 https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJM199904293401704
44 Seravalle G, Brambilla G, Pizzalla DP, et al. Differential effects of enalapril-felodipine versus enalapril-lercanidipine combination drug treatment on sympathetic nerve traffic and metabolic profile in obesity-related hypertension. J Am Soc Hypertens 2016; 10:244-51 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jash.2016.01.006
45 Dalla Vestra M, Pozza G, Mosca A, Grazioli V et al. Effect of lercanidipine compared with ramipril on albumin excretion rate in hypertensive type II diabetic patients with microalbuminuria: DIAL Study (diabete, ipertensione, albuminuria, lercanidipina). Diab Nutr Metab 2004; 17:259-266
46 Peng M, Jiang XJ, Dong H, et al. Can lercanidipine improve renal function in patients with atherosclerotic renal artery stenosis undergoing renal artery intervention? Curr Med Res Opin 2015; 31:177 82 https://doi.org/10.1185/03007995.2014.960071
47 Ruggenenti P, Perna A, Loriga G, et al., for the REIN 2 Study Group. Blood pressure control for renoprotection in patients with nondiabetic chronic renal disease (REIN-2): Multicentre, randomized controlled trial. Lancet. 2005; 365:939-946 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(05)71082-5
48 Robles NR, Ocon J, Gomez Campderá F, et al. Lercanidipine in chronic renal failure patients: The ZAFRA Study. Ren Fail. 2005; 27:73-80 https://doi.org/10.1081/JDI-42801
49 Robles NR, Calvo C, Sobrino J et al Lercanidipine valuable effect on urine protein losses: the RED LEVEL study Curr Med Res Opin 2016; 32:29-34 https://doi.org/10.1080/03007995.2016.1218838
50 Robles NR, Romero B, Garcia de Vinuesa E et al Treatment of Proteinuria with Lercanidipine Associated with Renin-Angiotensin Axis-Blocking Drugs Renal Failure 2010; 32:192-197 https://doi.org/10.3109/08860220903541135
51 Fici F, Bakir E A, Yüce E I et al PAIT Survey Follow Up: Changes in Albuminuria in Hypertensive Diabetic Patients with Mild Moderate Chronic Kidney Disease High Blood Press Cardiovasc Prev 2020; 27:43-49 https://doi.org/10.1007/s40292-020-00358-1
52 Grassi G, Robles N R, Seravalle G et al Lercanidipine in the Management of Hypertension: An Update J Pharmacol Pharmacother 2017; 8:155-65 https://doi.org/10.4103/jpp.JPP_34_17
53 Rachmani R, Levi Z, Zadok BS, et al Losartan and lercanidipine attenuate low density lipoprotein oxidation in patients with hypertension and type 2 diabetes mellitus: A randomized, prospective crossover study. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2002; 72:302-7 https://doi.org/10.1067/mcp.2002.127110
54 Krysiak R, Okopień B Pleiotropic effects of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors in normotensive patients with coronary artery disease. Pharmacol Rep. 2008; 60:514-23
55 Daiber A, Steven S, Euler G et al Vascular and Cardiac Oxidative Stress and Inflammation as Targets for Cardioprotection. Curr Pharm Des. 2021; 27:2112-2130 https://doi.org/10.2174/1381612827666210125155821
56 Chatzikyrkou C, Haller H, Menne J Efficacy and safety of fixed-dose Lercanidipine-Enalapril for the treatment of hypertension Clinical Medicine: Therapeutics 2009:1 63-76 https://doi.org/10.4137/CMT.S2315
57 Makani H, Bangalore S, Romero J, et al. Peripheral edema associated with calcium channel blockers: Incidence and withdrawal rate - A meta analysis of randomized trials. J Hypertens 2011; 29:1270 80 https://doi.org/10.1097/HJH.0b013e3283472643
58 Messerli F H, Grossman E Pedal Edema-Not All Dihydropyridine Calcium Antagonists Are Created Equal AJH 2002; 15:1019-1020 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0895-7061(02)03087-X
59 Makarounas Kirchmann K, Glover Koudounas S, Ferrari P. Results of a meta analysis comparing the tolerability of lercanidipine with the 1st and 2nd generation dihydropyridine calcium channel blockers. ClinTher 2009; 31:1652 63 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clinthera.2009.08.010
2 Mills K.T., Stefanescu A., He J. The global epidemiology of hypertension. Nat. Rev. Nephrol. 2020; 16:223-237 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41581-019-0244-2
3 Williams B, Mancia G, Spierin W et al 2018 ESC/ESH Guidelines for the management of arterial hypertension Eur Heart J 2018; 39:3021-3104 https://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehy439
4 Unger T, Borghi C, Charchar F et al 2020 International Society of Hypertension Global Hypertension Practice Guidelines Hypertension. 2020; 75:1334-1357 https://doi.org/10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.120.15026
5 Meredith PA. Lercanidipine: a novel lipophilic dihydropyridine calcium antagonist with long duration of action and high vascular selectivity. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 1999; 8:1043-1062 https://doi.org/10.1517/13543784.8.7.1043
6 Epstein M. Lercanidipine: a novel dihydropyridine calcium-channel blocker. Heart Dis 2001; 3:398-407 https://doi.org/10.1097/00132580-200111000-00008
7 Vlasses PH, Larijani GE, Conner DP, Ferguson RK. Enalapril, a nonsulfhydryl angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor. Clin Pharm. 1985; 4:27-40
8 Bang LM, Chapman TM, Goa KL. Lercanidipine: a review of its efficacy in the management of hypertension. Drugs. 2003; 63(22):2449-2472 https://doi.org/10.2165/00003495-200363220-00013
9 Mc Clellan KJ, Jarvis B. Lercanidipine: a review of its use in hypertension. Drugs. 2000; 60:1123-1140 https://doi.org/10.2165/00003495-200060050-00009
10 Cerbai E, Mugelli U Lercanidipine and T-type calcium current Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci 2018; 22:4025-4031
11 Hansen PB, Jensen BL, Andreasen D, et al . Differential expression of T- and L-type voltage-dependent calcium channels in renal resistance vessels. Circ Res 2001; 89:630-638 https://doi.org/10.1161/hh1901.097126
12 Abe M, Okada K, Soma M. T-type Ca channel blockers in patients with chronic kidney disease in clinical practice Curr Hypertens Rev 2013; 9:202-9 https://doi.org/10.2174/1573402110666140131155028
13 Rosenthal T, Rosenmann E, Tomassoni D et al Effect of Lercanidipine on Kidney Microanatomy in Cohen-Rosenthal Diabetic Hypertensive Rats Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology 2007; 12:145-152 https://doi.org/10.1177/1074248407300621
14 Robles NR, Fici F, Grassi G Dihydropyridine calcium channel blockers and renal disease Hypertension Res 2017; 40:21-28 https://doi.org/10.1038/hr.2016.85
15 Burnier M. Renal protection with calcium antagonists: the role of lercanidipine. Curr Med Res Opin 2013; 29:1727-1735 https://doi.org/10.1185/03007995.2013.842891
16 Todd P A, Goa KL Enalapril. A reappraisal of its pharmacology and therapeutic use in hypertension. Drugs 1992; 43:346-381 https://doi.org/10.2165/00003495-199243030-00005
17 Barrios V, Escobar C, Echarri R. Fixed combinations in the management of hypertension: perspectives on lercanidipine - enalapril. Vasc Health Risk Manag. 2008; 4:847-853 https://doi.org/10.2147/VHRM.S3421
18 Antza C, Staboulis S, Kotsis V Combination therapy with lercanidipine and enalapril in the management of the hypertensive patient: an update of the evidence. Vasc Health Risk Manag. 2016; 12:443-451 https://doi.org/10.2147/VHRM.S91020
19 Puig JG, Calvo C, Luurila O, et al. Lercanidipine, enalapril and their combination in the treatment of elderly hypertensive patients: placebo-controlled, randomized, crossover study with four ABPM. J Hum Hypertens. 2007; 21:917-24 https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.jhh.1002248
20 Agrawal R, Marx A, Haller H. Efficacy and safety of lercanidipine versus hydrochlorothiazide as add-on to enalapril in diabetic populations. J Hypertens. 2006; 24:185-192 https://doi.org/10.1097/01.hjh.0000198987.34588.11
21 Grassi G, Lercanidipine/enalapril combination in the management of obesity-related hypertension Integr Blood Press Control. 2016; 9:69-77 https://doi.org/10.2147/IBPC.S92779
22 Rump LC. Efficacy and tolerability of the fixed lercanidipine-enalapril combination in the treatment of patients with essential hypertension Arzneimittelforschung 2010; 60:124-130 https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0031-1296260
23 Mancia G, Coca A, Chazova I, et al; FELT Study Group. Effects on office and home blood pressure of the lercanidipine-enalapril combination in patients with Stage 2 hypertension: a European randomized, controlled clinical trial. J Hypertens. 2014; 32:1700-1707 https://doi.org/10.1097/HJH.0000000000000239
24 Macchiarulo C, Pieri R, Mitolo DC, Pirrelli A. Antihypertensive effects of six calcium antagonists: Evidence from Fourier analysis of 24 hour ambulatory blood pressure recordings. Curr Ther Res Clin Exp 2001; 62:236 53 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0011-393X(01)80008-4
25 Puig JG, Calvo C, Luurila O, et al. Lercanidipine, enalapril and their combination in the treatment of elderly hypertensive patients: placebo-controlled, randomized, crossover study with four ABPM. J Hum Hypertens. 2007; 21:917-24 https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.jhh.1002248
26 Tsioufis K, Tsioufis C, Dimitriadis K et al Differential effects of lercanidipine/enalapril versus amlodipine/enalapril and hydrochlorothiazide-enalapril on target organ damage and sympathetic activation in non-obese essential hypertensive subjects Curr. Med. Res. and Opin 2016; 32:35-41 https://doi.org/10.1080/03007995.2016.1218839
27 Scholze J, Bramlage P, Trenkwalder P,et al Efficacy and safety of a fixed-dose combination of lercanidipine and enalapril in daily practice. A comparison of office, self-measured and ambulatory blood pressure. Expert Opin Pharmacother. 2011; 12:1-9 https://doi.org/10.1517/14656566.2011.626770
28 Maldonado J, Pereira T,Alfredo Tavares A Efficacy and Safety of a Lercanidipine/Enalapril Fixed-Dose Combination in Hypertensive Patients in Portugal Drugs R D. 2014; 14:147-154 https://doi.org/10.1007/s40268-014-0046-8
29 Panza JA, Casino PR, Kilcoyne CM et al Role of endothelium- derived nitric oxide in the abnormal endothelium-dependent vascular relaxation of patients with essential hypertension. Circulation. 1993; 87:1468-1474 https://doi.org/10.1161/01.CIR.87.5.1468
30 Taddei S, Virdis A, Ghiadoni L et al Calcium Antagonist Treatment by Lercanidipine Prevents Hyperpolarization in Essential Hypertension Hypertension 2003; 41:950-955 https://doi.org/10.1161/01.HYP.0000063361.70525.3C
31 Incandela L, Belcaro G Cesarone M R et al Oxygen-free radical decrease in hypertensive patients treated with lercanidipine International Angiology 2001; 20: 136-140
32 Enseleit F, David Hürlimann and Thomas F. Lüscher Vascular Protective Effects of Angiotensin Converting Enzyme Inhibitors and their Relation to Clinical Events Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology 2001; 37:S21-S30 https://doi.org/10.1097/00005344-200109011-00004
33 Oliveira-Paula GH, Lacchini R, Luizon MR et al Endothelial nitric oxide synthase tagSNPs influence the effects of enalapril in essential hypertension Nitric Oxide 2016 May 1; 55-56:62-9 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.niox.2016.03.006
34 Yavuz D , Koç M, Toprak A et al Effects of ACE inhibition and AT1-receptor antagonism on endothelial function and insulin sensitivity in essential hypertensive patients J Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone Syst 2003; 4:197-203 https://doi.org/10.3317/jraas.2003.032
35 Mackenzie IS, McEniery CM, Dhakam Z, et al. Comparison of the effects of antihypertensive agents on central blood pressure and arterial stiffness in isolated systolic hypertension. Hypertension 2009; 54:409-13 https://doi.org/10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.109.133801
36 De Ciuceis C, Salvetti M, Rossini C et al Effect of antihypertensive treatment on microvascular structure, central blood pressure and oxidative stress in patients with mild essential hypertension. J Hypertens 2014; 32:565 574 https://doi.org/10.1097/HJH.0000000000000067
37 Jiang X J , O'Rourke M F, Zhang Y Q et al Superior effect of an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor over a diuretic for reducing aortic systolic pressure J Hypertens 2007; 25:1095-9 https://doi.org/10.1097/HJH.0b013e3280ac1533
38 Chirinos JA, Segers P, Hughes T et al Large-Artery Stiffness in health and disease JACC State-of-the-Art Review J Am. Coll. Cardiol 2019; 74:1237-1263 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2019.07.012
39 Roman MJ, Devereux RB, Kizer JR, et al. Central pressure more strongly relates to vascular disease and outcome than does brachial pressure: the Strong Heart Study. Hypertension. 2007; 50:197-203 https://doi.org/10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.107.089078
40 Weber T, Auer J, O'Rourke MF, et al. Arterial stiffness, wave reflections, and the risk of coronary artery disease. Circulation. 2004; 109:184-189 https://doi.org/10.1161/01.CIR.0000105767.94169.E3
41 Grassi G, Seravalle G, Turri C, et al Short versus long term effects of different dihydropyridines on sympathetic and baroreflex function in hypertension. Hypertension 2003; 41:558 62 https://doi.org/10.1161/01.HYP.0000058003.27729.5A
42 Fogari R, Mugellini A, Zoppi A et al Differential effects of lercanidipine and nifedipine GITS on plasma norepinephrine in chronic treatment of hypertension Am J Hypertens 2003; 16:596-9 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0895-7061(03)00901-4
43 Ligtenberg G, Blankestijn PJ, Oey PL et al Reduction of sympathetic hyperactivity by enalapril in patients with chronic renal failure New Engl J Medicine 2019; 340:1321-28 https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJM199904293401704
44 Seravalle G, Brambilla G, Pizzalla DP, et al. Differential effects of enalapril-felodipine versus enalapril-lercanidipine combination drug treatment on sympathetic nerve traffic and metabolic profile in obesity-related hypertension. J Am Soc Hypertens 2016; 10:244-51 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jash.2016.01.006
45 Dalla Vestra M, Pozza G, Mosca A, Grazioli V et al. Effect of lercanidipine compared with ramipril on albumin excretion rate in hypertensive type II diabetic patients with microalbuminuria: DIAL Study (diabete, ipertensione, albuminuria, lercanidipina). Diab Nutr Metab 2004; 17:259-266
46 Peng M, Jiang XJ, Dong H, et al. Can lercanidipine improve renal function in patients with atherosclerotic renal artery stenosis undergoing renal artery intervention? Curr Med Res Opin 2015; 31:177 82 https://doi.org/10.1185/03007995.2014.960071
47 Ruggenenti P, Perna A, Loriga G, et al., for the REIN 2 Study Group. Blood pressure control for renoprotection in patients with nondiabetic chronic renal disease (REIN-2): Multicentre, randomized controlled trial. Lancet. 2005; 365:939-946 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(05)71082-5
48 Robles NR, Ocon J, Gomez Campderá F, et al. Lercanidipine in chronic renal failure patients: The ZAFRA Study. Ren Fail. 2005; 27:73-80 https://doi.org/10.1081/JDI-42801
49 Robles NR, Calvo C, Sobrino J et al Lercanidipine valuable effect on urine protein losses: the RED LEVEL study Curr Med Res Opin 2016; 32:29-34 https://doi.org/10.1080/03007995.2016.1218838
50 Robles NR, Romero B, Garcia de Vinuesa E et al Treatment of Proteinuria with Lercanidipine Associated with Renin-Angiotensin Axis-Blocking Drugs Renal Failure 2010; 32:192-197 https://doi.org/10.3109/08860220903541135
51 Fici F, Bakir E A, Yüce E I et al PAIT Survey Follow Up: Changes in Albuminuria in Hypertensive Diabetic Patients with Mild Moderate Chronic Kidney Disease High Blood Press Cardiovasc Prev 2020; 27:43-49 https://doi.org/10.1007/s40292-020-00358-1
52 Grassi G, Robles N R, Seravalle G et al Lercanidipine in the Management of Hypertension: An Update J Pharmacol Pharmacother 2017; 8:155-65 https://doi.org/10.4103/jpp.JPP_34_17
53 Rachmani R, Levi Z, Zadok BS, et al Losartan and lercanidipine attenuate low density lipoprotein oxidation in patients with hypertension and type 2 diabetes mellitus: A randomized, prospective crossover study. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2002; 72:302-7 https://doi.org/10.1067/mcp.2002.127110
54 Krysiak R, Okopień B Pleiotropic effects of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors in normotensive patients with coronary artery disease. Pharmacol Rep. 2008; 60:514-23
55 Daiber A, Steven S, Euler G et al Vascular and Cardiac Oxidative Stress and Inflammation as Targets for Cardioprotection. Curr Pharm Des. 2021; 27:2112-2130 https://doi.org/10.2174/1381612827666210125155821
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Fici F, Faikoglu G, Grassi G, Robles NR, Faikoglu KS. All About Fixed-Dose Combination Lercanidipine/Enalapril: Ten Questions and Answers. JDDT [Internet]. 15Apr.2023 [cited 19May2024];13(4):P1-P4. Available from: https://jddtonline.info/index.php/jddt/article/view/5801
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