Comparative Effects of Cashew Nut, Leaf and Stem Bark (Anacardium Occidentale L.) on Hyperglycemia and Associated Abnormalities in Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Rats
Abstract
Background: Medicinal plants are used as alternative therapy for diabetes. This study investigated comparative effects of methanolic extracts of Anacardium occidentale (linn) nut, leaf and stem bark on hyperglycemia and associated abnormalities in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats.
Methods: Ninety male Wistar albino rats weighing (200±20g) were used and diabetes was induced by single intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin (50mg/kgb.wt). The rats were allotted into 9 groups, 10rats/group. Group I: (non-diabetic); Group II: (diabetic untreated); Groups: III & IV: diabetic rats received 100mg/kgb.wt& 200mg/kgb.wt nut extract; Groups: V & VI: diabetic rats received 100mg/kgb.wt& 200mg/kgb.wt leaves extract; VII & VIII were diabetic rats received 100mg/kgb.wt& 200mg/kgb.wt stem bark extract and Group IX: diabetic rats received 2mg/kgb.wt p.o glimepirides for 4weeks. Daily food and water intakes were recorded; weekly body weight and blood glucose levels were measured throughout the experiment. The animals were sacrificed on the last day and fasting plasma blood glucose was withdrawn for biochemical parameters estimation.
Results: Fasting plasma blood glucose, triglyceride (TG), total cholesterol (TC), low density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase, alkaline (ALT), aminotransferase (ALP), urea, uric acid, creatinine, malondialdehydes (MDA) and water intake levels were significantly (p<0.01, 0.05) reduced in the extracts treated groups. However, High density lipoprotein- cholesterol (HDL-C), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), reduced glutathione (GSH), body weight and food intake levels were significantly (p<0.01, 0.05) increased in the extracts treated groups.
Conclusion: Anacardium occidentale parts posses anti-diabetic properties. The nut has extreme therapeutic efficacy and could be used as alternative therapy for diabetes.
Keywords: Anacardium occidentale, Hyperglycemia, Lipid profiles, Antioxidants, Kidney function.
Keywords:
Anacardium occidentale, Hyperglycemia, Lipid profiles, Antioxidants, Kidney functionDOI
https://doi.org/10.22270/jddt.v12i4.5444References
Diaz-de-Cerio E, Rodriguez-Nogales A, Algieri F, Romero M, Verardo V, Segura-Carretero A, et al. The hypoglycemic effects of guava leaf (psidium guajava L) extract are associated with improving endothelial dysfunction in mice with diet-induced obesity. Food Res Int. 2017; 96: 64-71 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodres.2017.03.019
Saeedi P, Petersohn I, Salpea P, Malanda B, Karuranga S, Unwin N, et al. Global and regional diabetes prevalence estimates for 2019 and projections for 2030 and 2045: Results from the International Diabetes Federation Diabetes Atlas. Diabetes Res. Clin. Pract. 2019; 157:107843. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.diabres.2019.107843
Key facts of Diabetes [https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/diabetes]. Accessed 30 Oct 2018.
Alaboud AF, Tourkmani AM, Alharbi TJ, Alobikan AH, Abdelhay O, Al Batal SM, et al. Microvascular and macrovascular complications of type 2 diabetes mellitus in central, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Saudi Med J. 2016; 37(12):1408. https://doi.org/10.15537/smj.2016.12.17062
Kosiborod M, Gomes MB, Nicolucci A, Pocock S, Rathmann W, Shestakova MV, et al. Vascular complications in patients with type 2 diabetes: prevalence and associated factors in 38 countries (the DISCOVER study program). Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2018; 17(1):150. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12933-018-0787-8
Newman J, Schwartzbard AZ, Weintraub H, Goldberg IJ, Berger JS. Primary Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease in Diabetes Mellitus. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 2017; 70:883-893 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2017.07.001
Shidfar F, Rajab A, Rahideh T, Khandouzi N. The effect of ginger (Zingiber officinale) on glycemic markers in patients with type 2diabetes. J Complement Integr Med. 2015; 12:165-170 https://doi.org/10.1515/jcim-2014-0021
Volpe CMO, Villar-Delfino PH, Dos Anjos PMF, Nogueira-Machado JA. Cellular death, reactive oxygen species (ROS) and diabetic complications. Cell Death Dis. 2018; 9:119. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41419-017-0135-z
Asmat U, Abad K and Ismail K. (2016). Diabetes mellitus and oxidative stress-A concise review. Saudi. Pharm. J, 24, 547-553. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsps.2015.03.013
Gupta S, Nair A, Jhawat V, Mustaq N, Sharma A, Dhanawat M, et al. Unwinding Complexities of Diabetic Alzheimer by Potent Novel Molecules. Am. J. Alzheimers Dis. 2020; 35. https://doi.org/10.1177/1533317520937542
Choudhury H, Pandey M, Hua CK, Mun CS, Jing JK, Kong L, et al. An update on natural compounds in the remedy of diabetes mellitus: A systematic review. J. Tradit. Complementary Med. 2018; 8:361-376 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtcme.2017.08.012
Sharma A, Gupta S, Chauhan S, Nair A, Sharma P. Astilbin: A promising unexplored compound with multi-dimensional medicinal and health benefits. Pharmacol. Res. 2020; 158. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phrs.2020.104894
He JH, Chen LX, Li H. Progress in the discovery of naturally occurring antidiabetic drugs and in the identification of their molecular targets. Fitoterapia. 2019; 134:270-289 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fitote.2019.02.033
Silva RA, Liberio S, Amaral FM, Nascimento FRF, Torres LM, Monteiro-Neto V, et al. Antimicrobial and antioxidant activity of Anacardium occidentale L. flowers in comparison to back and leaves extracts. J. Biosci. Med. 2016; 4:87-99. https://doi.org/10.4236/jbm.2016.44012
Dias CCQ, Madruga MS, Pintado MME, Almeida GHO, Alves APV, Dantas FA, et al. Cashew nuts (Anacardium occidentale L.) decrease visceral fat, yet augment glucose in dyslipidemic rats. PLoS ONE. 2019; 14 https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0225736
Salehi B, Gultekin-ozguven M, Kirkin C. Anacardium Plants: Chemical, Nutritional Composition and Biotechnological Applications. Biomolecules. 2019; 9(9): 465. https://doi.org/10.3390/biom9090465
Furman BL. Streptozotocin-induced diabetic models in mice and rats, Curr. Protoc. Pharmacol. 2015; 70:5.47.1-5.20. https://doi.org/10.1002/0471141755.ph0547s70
Friedewald WT, Levy RI, Fredrickson DS. "Estimation of the concentration of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol in plasma, without use of the preparative ultracentrifuge," Clin Chem . 1972; 18(6):499-502 https://doi.org/10.1093/clinchem/18.6.499
Gupta R, Gupta RS. Protective Role of Pterocarpus marsupium in Diabetes-Induced Hyperlipidemic Condition. J. Complement. Integr. Med. 2009; 6(1): 21 https://doi.org/10.2202/1553-3840.1288
Kooti W, Farokhipour M, Asadzadeh Z, Ashtary-Larky D, Asadi-Samani M. The role of medicinal plants in the treatment of diabetes: A systematic review. Electron. Physician. 2016; 8:1832-1842. https://doi.org/10.19082/1832
Bidani AK, Picken M, Hacioglu R, Williamson G, Griffin KA. Spontaneously reduced BP load in the rat streptozotocin-induced diabetes model: Potential pathogenetic relevance. Am. J. Physiol. Renal Physiol. 2007; 292:F647-F654. https://doi.org/10.1152/ajprenal.00017.2006
Miric G, Dallemagne C, Endre Z, Margolin S, Taylor SM, Brown L. Reversal of cardiac and renal fibrosis by pirfenidine and spironolactone in streptozotocin-diabetic rats. Br. J. Pharmacol. 2001; 133: 687-694. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.bjp.0704131
Yang S, Wang S, Yang B, Zheng J, Cai Y, Yang Z. Weight loss before a diagnosis of type 2 diabetes mellitus is a risk factor for diabetes complications. Medicine. 2016; 95. https://doi.org/10.1097/MD.0000000000005618
Abbasi Z, Jelodar G, Nazifi S. Extracts of the walnut leaf (Juglans regia L.) improved activity of sorbitol dehydrogenase in diabetic male rats. Physiol. Pharmacol. 2017; 21:80-86.
Rines AK, Sharabi K, Tavares CD, Puigserver P. Targeting hepatic glucose metabolism in the treatment of type 2 diabetes. Nat. Rev. Drug Discov. 2016; 15:786-804 https://doi.org/10.1038/nrd.2016.151
Badin JK, Kole A, Stivers B, Progar V, Pareddy A, Alloosh M et al. Diabetes exacerbates coronary atherosclerosis in Ossabaw Miniature Swine with Metabolic Syndrome. J. Transl. Med. 2018; 16(1):58. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12967-018-1431-9
Dakam W, Biyegue CF, Fannang SV, Oben JE. Leaf extracts of Glyphaea brevis attenuate high blood glucose and lipids in diabetic rats induced with streptozotocin. Phcog Res. 2021; 13:82-88. https://doi.org/10.5455/jcmr.2022.13.02.21
Ankur R, Ali S. Alloxan induced diabetes: mechanism and effects. Int. j. pharm. biomed. res. 2012; 3(2):819-823.
.Mashi JA, Atiku MK, Shehu D, Idris RI, Sa'id AM, Dangambo MA, et al. Comparative Study of Different Solvents Extract of Persea americana Leaf on Alloxan Induced Hyperglycemic Rats. Asian J. Biol. Sci. 2019; 12: 67-72. https://doi.org/10.3923/ajbs.2019.67.72
Preuss HG, Bagchi D, Bagchi M, Rao CV, Dey DK, Satyanarayana S. Effects of a natural extract of (-)-hydroxycitric acid (HCA-SX) and a combination of HCA-SX plus niacin-bound chromium and Gymnema sylvestre extract on weight loss. Diabetes Obes. Metab. 2004; 6:171-180. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1462-8902.2004.00328.x
Assi A, Abd Elhamid DH, Abdel Rahman MS, Ashry EE, Bayoumi S, Ahmed AM. The Potential Efficacy of Stevia Extract, Glimepiride and Their Combination in Treating Diabetic Rats: A Novel Strategy in Therapy of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Egyptian Journal of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology. 2020; 10:15. https://doi.org/10.32527/2020/101455
Balamurugan R, Ignacimuthu S Antidiabetic and hypolipidemic effect of methanol extract of Lippia nodiflora L. in streptozotocin induced diabetic rats. Asian Pac. J. Trop. Biomed. 2011; 1:30-36. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2221-1691(11)60117-2
Sharma N, Mogra R, Upadhyay B. "Effect of Stevia Extract Intervention on Lipid Profile," Studies on Ethno-Medicine. 2017; 3(2): 137-140. https://doi.org/10.1080/09735070.2009.11886351
Marrelli M, Conforti F, Araniti F, Statti G. Effect of saponins on lipid metabolism: A review of potential health benefits in the treatment of obesity. Molecules. 2016; 21:1404 https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules21101404
Tiwari BK, Pandey KB, Abidi AB, Rizvi SI. Markers of oxidative stress during diabetes mellitus. J Biomark. 2013: 378790 https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/378790
Almatroodi SA, Alnuqaydan AM, Babiker AY, Almogbel MA, Khan AA, Husain Rahmani A. 6-Gingerol, a Bioactive Compound of Ginger Attenuates Renal Damage in Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Rats by Regulating the Oxidative Stress and Inflammation. Pharmaceutics. 2021; 13:317 https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics13030317
Domekouo UL, Longo F, Tarkang PA, Tchinda AT, Tsabang N, Donfagsiteli NT et al. Evaluation of the antidiabetic and antioxidant properties of Morinda lucida stem back extract in streptozotocin-intoxicated rats. Pak. J. Pharm. Sci. 2016; 29(3):903-11
Teshome G, Ambachew S, Fasil A, Abebe M. Prevalence of Liver Function Test Abnormality and Associated Factors in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Comparative Cross-Sectional Study. Electron. J. Int. Fed. Clin. Chem. 2019; 30:303-316
Mohamed J, Nazratun NA, Zariyantey AH, Budin SB. Mechanisms of Diabetes- Induced Liver Damage; The role of oxidative stress and inflammation. Sultan Qaboos Univ Med J. 2016; 16(2):132-141. https://doi.org/10.18295/squmj.2016.16.02.002
Qian K, Zhong S, Xie K, Yu D, Yang R, Gong DW. Hepatic ALT isoenzymes are elevated in gluconeogenic conditions including diabetes and suppressed by insulin at the protein level. Diabetes Metab. Res. Rev. 2015; 31:562-571 https://doi.org/10.1002/dmrr.2655
Rezaei S, Ashkar F, Koohpeyma F, Mahmoodi M, Gholamalizadeh M, Mazloom Z, et al. Hydroalcoholic extract of Achillea millefolium improved blood glucose, liver enzymes and lipid profile compared to metformin in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Lipids Health Dis. 2020; 19:81 https://doi.org/10.1186/s12944-020-01228-4
Yu SM, Bonventre JV. Acute Kidney Injury and Progression of Diabetic Kidney Disease. Adv. Chronic Kidney Dis. 2018; 25:166-180 https://doi.org/10.1053/j.ackd.2017.12.005
Rashid U, Khan MR. Phytochemicals of Periploca aphylla Dcne. ameliorated streptozotocin-induced diabetes in rats. Environ. Health Prev. Med. 2021; 26:38 https://doi.org/10.1186/s12199-021-00962-0
Hasan MN, Sabrin F, Rokeya B, Khan MSH, Ahmed MU, Matondo A, et al. Glucose and lipid lowering effects of Enhydra fluctuans extract in cadmium treated normal and type-2 diabetic model rats BMC Complement Altern Med. 2019; 19:278 https://doi.org/10.1186/s12906-019-2667-5
Rashid U, Khan MR, Sajid M. Antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and hypoglycemic effects of Fagonia olivieri DC on STZ-nicotinamide induced diabetic rats - in vivo and in vitro study. J Ethnopharmacol. 2019; 242:112038. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2019.112038
Published
Abstract Display: 791 
PDF Downloads: 745 PDF Downloads: 270 How to Cite
Issue
Section
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:
- Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0). that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgment of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgment of its initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work (See The Effect of Open Access).
How to Cite
.