Free Radical Pharmacology and its role in various diseases
Abstract
Free Radicals are molecules with an unpaired electron and are important intermediates in natural processes. Free radicals are very unstable and react quickly with other compounds, and try to capture the needed electron to gain stability. Once the process is started, it can cascade, and finally results in the disruption of a living cell. Generally, harmful effects of reactive oxygen species on the cell are most often like damage of DNA, oxidations of polydesaturated fatty acids in lipids, oxidations of amino acids in proteins, oxidatively inactivate specific enzymes by oxidation of co-factors. Free radicals cause many human diseases like cancer Alzheimer’s disease, cardiac reperfusion abnormalities, kidney disease, fibrosis, etc. The free radicals formed in our body are combated by antioxidants that safely interact with free radicals and terminate the chain reaction before vital molecules are damaged. Excessive exercise has been found to increase the free radical level in the body and causes intense damage to the Regular physical exercise enhances the antioxidant defense system and protects against exercise induced free radical damage.
Keywords: Radicals, Free Radicals, Reactive oxygen species, Anti-oxidant, Redox signaling.
DOI
https://doi.org/10.22270/jddt.v9i2-s.2593References
R. T. Oakley, Prog. Inorg. Chem., 1998, 36,
.Lobo V., et al. “Free radicals, antioxidants and functional foods: Impact on human health”. Pharmacognosy Reviews 4.8 (2010): 118-126.
Dhalla NS., et al. “Role of Oxidation Stress Cardiovascular Diseases”. Hypertension 18.6 (2000): 655.
Antioxidants and Free Radical (2005).
.https://www.slideshare.net/Aeijaz/mechanisim-and-generation-of-free-radicals
. Gavin JR, Alberti KGMM, Davidson MB, DeFronzo RA, Drash A, Gabbe SG, et al. Report of the expert committee on the diagnosis and classification of diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Care. 1997; 20:1183–1197
.Oberley LW. Free radicals and diabetes. Free RadicBiol Med. 1988; 5(2):113–124. [PubMed]
. Bashan N, Kovsan J, Kachko I, Ovadia H, Rudich A. Positive and negative regulation of insulin signaling by reactive oxygen and nitrogen species. Physiol Rev. 2009; 89(1):27–71.
. Ahmed RG. The physiological and biochemical Effects of diabetes on the balance between oxidative stress and Antioxidant defense system. Med J Islam World Acad Sci. 2005; 15(1):31–42.
. Pollack M, Leeuwenburgh C. Molecular mechanisms of oxidative stress in aging: free radicals, aging, antioxidants and disease. Elsevier Science B.V. Handbook of Oxidants and Antioxidants in Exercise. 1999; 881–923.
. Rivas-Arancibia S, Guevara-Guzmán R, López-Vidal Y, Rodríguez-Martínez E, Zanardo-Gomes M, Angoa-Pérez M, et al. Oxidative stress caused by ozone exposure induces loss of brain repair in the hippocampus of adult rats. Toxicol Sci. 2010; 113(1):187–197. [PubMed]
. Santiago-López JA, Bautista-Martínez CI, Reyes-Hernandez M, Aguilar-Martínez S, Rivas- Arancibia S. Oxidative stress, progressive damage in the substantianigra and plasma dopamine oxidation, in rats chronically exposed to ozone. ToxicolLett. 2010; 197(3):193–200. [PubMed]
. Pan XD, Zhu YG, Lin N, Zhang J, Ye QY, Huang HP, Chen XC. Microglial phagocytosis induced by fibrillar β-amyloid is attenuated by oligomeric β-amyloid: implications for Alzheimer’s disease. MolNeurodegener. 2011; 6(45):1–17
. Sevcsik E, Trexler AJ, Dunn JM, Rhoades E. Allostery in a disordered protein: oxidative modifications to α-synuclein act distally to regulate membrane binding. J Am Chem Soc. 2011; 133(18):7152–7158
. Zhao W, Varghese M, Yemul S, Pan Y, Cheng A, Marano P, et al. Peroxisome proliferator activator receptor gamma coactivator-1alpha (PGC-1α) improves motor performance and survival in a mouse model of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. MolNeurodegener. 2011; 6(1):1–8
. Witherick J, Wilkins A, Scolding N, Kemp K. Mechanisms of oxidative damage in multiple sclerosis and a cell therapy approach to treatment. Autoimmune Dis. 2010; 1–11. [PMC free article] [PubMed]
. Butterfield DA, Perluigi M, Sultana R. Oxidative stress in Alzheimer’s disease brain: new insights from redox proteomics. Eur J Pharmacol. 2006; 545(1):39–50.
. Chang Y, Kong Q, Shan X, Tian G, Ilieva H, Cleveland DW, et al. Messenger RNA oxidation occurs early in disease pathogenesis and promotes motor neuron degeneration in ALS. PLoS ONE. 2008; 3(8):1–19
. Uttara B, Singh AV, Zamboni P, Mahajan RT. Oxidative stress and neurodegenerative diseases. A Review of upstream and downstream antioxidant therapeutic options. CurrNeuropharmacol. 2009; 7(1):65–74
. Goldstein BD, Witz G. Free radicals and carcinogenesis. Free Radic Res Commum. 1990; 11(1–3):3–10. [PubMed]
. Dreher D, Junod AF. Role of oxygen free radicals in cancer development. Eur J Cancer. 1996; 32A(1):30–38. [PubMed]
. Acuna UM, Wittwer J, Ayers S, Pearce CJ, Oberlies NH, De Blanco EJ. Effects of (5Z)-7-Oxozeaenol on the Oxidative pathway of cancer cells. Anticancer Res. 2012; 32(7):2665–2671.
. Cairns RA, Harris I, McCracken S, Mak TW. Cancer cell metabolism. Cold Spring HarbSymp Quant Biol. 2011; 76:299–311.
. Valko M, Leibfritz D, Moncol J, Cronin MT, Mazur M, Telser J. Free radicals and antioxidants in normal hitological functions and human disease. Int J Biochem Cell Biol. 2007; 39(1):44–84.
. Valko M, Izakovic M, Mazur M, Rhodes CJ, Telser J. Role of oxygen radicals in DNA damage and cancer incidence. Mol Cell Biochem. 2004; 266(1–2):37–56. [PubMed]
. Brown NS, Jones A, Fujiyama C, Harris AL, Bicknell R. Thymidine phosphorylase induces carcinoma cell oxidative stress and promotes secretion of angiogenic factors. Cancer Res. 2000; 60(22):6298–6302.
. Sipe HJ, Jr, Jordan SJ, Hanna PM, Mason RP. The metabolism of 17 beta-estradiol by lactoperoxidase: a possible source of oxidative stress breast cancer. Carcinogenesis. 1994; 15(11):2637–2643.
. Arnold RS, He J, Remo A, Ritsick D, Yin-Goen Q, Lambeth JD, et al. Nox1 expression determines cellular reactive oxygen and modulates c-fos-induced growth factor, interleukin-8, and Cav-1. Am J Pathol. 2007;171(6):2021–2032. [PMC free article] [PubMed]
. Lim SD, Sun C, Lambeth JD, Marshall F, Amin M, Chung L, et al. Increased Nox1 and hydrogen peroxide in prostate cancer. Prostate. 2005;62(2):200–207.
. Veeramani S, Yuan TC, Lin FF, Lin MF. Mitochondrial redox signaling by p66Shc in involved in regulating androgenic growth stimulation of human prostate cancer cell. Oncogene. 2008; 27(37):5057–5068.
. WHO World cancer Report 2008. In: Boyle P, Levin B, editors. Lung cancer, 12.Chapter 5.10.
. Azad N, Rojanasakul Y, Vallyathan V. Inflammation and lung cancer: roles of reactive oxygen/nitrogen species. J Toxicol Environ Health. 2008; 11(1):1–15.
. Jemal A, Bray F, Center MM, Ferlay J, Ward E, Forman D. Global cancer statistics. CA Cancer J Clin. 2011; 61(2):69–90.
. Hoagland LF 4th, Campa MJ, Gottlin EB, Herndon 2nd JE, PatzJr EF. Haptoglobin and posttranslational glycan-modified derivatives as serum biomarkers for the diagnosis of nonsmall cell lung cancer. Cancer. 2007; 110(10):2260–2268.
. Pastora MD, Nogala A, Molina-Pineloa S, Meléndeza R, Salinasa A, González De la Penaa M, et al. Identification of proteomic signatures associated with lung cancer and COPD. J Proteomics. 2013; 89:227–237.
. Wynder EL, Goldsmith R. The epidemiology of bladder cancer: a second look. Cancer. 1977; 40:1246–1268. [PubMed]
. Opanuraks J, Boonla C, Saelim C, Kittikowit W, Sumpatanukul P, Honglertsakula C, et al. Elevated urinary total sialic acid and increased oxidative stress in patients with bladder cancer. Asian Biomedicine. 2010; 4(5):703–710.
. Opanuraks J, Boonla C, Saelim C, Kittikowit W, Sumpatanukul P, Honglertsakula C, Tosukhowong P. Elevated urinary total sialic acid and increased oxidative stress in patients with bladder cancer. Asian Biomedicine. 2010; 4(5):703–710.
. Soini Y, Haapasaari KM, Vaarala MH, Turpeenniemi-Hujanen T, Karja V, Karihtala P. 8-hydroxydeguanosine and nitrotyrosine are prognostic factors in urinary bladder carcinoma. Int J ClinExpPathol. 2011; 4(3):267–275.
. Eijan AM, Piccardo I, Riveros MD, Sandes EO, Porcella H, Jasnis MA, et al. Nitric oxide in patients with transitional bladder cancer. J SurgOncol. 2002;81:203–208.
. Gecit I, Aslan M, Gunes M, Pirincci N, Esen R, Demir H, et al. Serum prolidase activity, oxidative stress, and nitric oxide levels in patients with bladder cancer. J Cancer Res ClinOncol. 2012; 138(5):739–743.
. Ellidag HY, Eren E, Aydın O, Akgol E, Yalcınkaya S, Sezer C, et al. Ischemia Modified Albumin Levels and Oxidative Stress in Patients with Bladder Cancer. Asian Pacific J Cancer Prev. 2013; 14(5):2759–2763.
. A global brief on hypertension. World health day 2013. WHO
. Dzau VJ. Tissue angiotensin and pathobiology of vascular disease: a unifying hypothesis. Hypertension. 2001; 37:1047–1052.
. Touyz RM. Reactive oxygen species, vascular oxidative stress, and redox signaling in hypertension: what is the clinical significance? Hypertension. 2004; 44(3):248–252.
. Touyz RM. Reactive oxygen species and angiotensin II signaling in vascular cells: implications in cardiovascular disease. Braz J Med Biol Res. 2004; 37(8):1263–1273.
. Stamp LK, Khalilova I, Tarr JM, Senthilmohan R, Turner R, Haigh RC, et al. Myeloperoxidase and oxidative stress in rheumatoid arthritis. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2012; 51(10):1796–1803.
. Desai PB, Manjunath S, Kadi S, Chetana K, Vanishree J. Oxidative stress and enzymatic antioxidant status in rheumatoid arthritis: a case control study. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci. 2010; 14(11):959–967.
. Xiao M, Zhu T, Wang T, Wen FQ. Hydrogen-rich saline reduces airway remodeling via inactivation of NF-κB in a murine model of asthma. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci. 2013; 17(8):1033–1043.
. https://www.floressencetea.com/The-Benefits-and-Risks-of-Free-Radicals-a/257.htm
Published
Abstract Display: 2837 
PDF Downloads: 1291 How to Cite
Issue
Section
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:
- Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0). that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgment of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgment of its initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work (See The Effect of Open Access).
How to Cite
.