The Microbial Quality of Herbal Products
Abstract
Background: Consumption of herbal products has increased dramatically during the last few decades. Although there have been allegations that herbal products are made in unsanitary conditions resulting in microbial contamination and health hazards consumed by patients.
Aim: The study is aimed at investigating the microbial quality of commonly sold herbal products in Abraka, Delta State, Nigeria.
Methods: A total of seven (7) liquid herbal products (AB, GW, EC, IM, DR, GC and BM) were randomly purchased from local herbal shops and pharmacy shops in Abraka. Samples were aseptically measured out around the zones of a Bunsen fame and the total viable bacteria and fungi counts of samples were determined using serial dilution and spread plate method.
Results: The total bacterial count in the herbal products ranged from 1.8 x 106 to 7.5 x 106. Proteus spp had the highest frequency of occurrence with a percentage of 50% while Staphylococcus spp. occurred the least with a percentage of 10% while Candida spp. had the highest percentage occurrence for fungi isolates and Aspergillus niger and Aspergillus flavus occurs less with percentage occurrence of 10 and 20% respectively. The study also revealed that Tarivid, Streptomycin and Gentamycin were susceptible to all bacterial isolated from the herbal products with average zone of inhibition of 18.25±1.39, 19.75±3.39 and 23.13±2.0.8 respectively.
Conclusion: The finding of this study revealed that herbal products sold in Abrakawere contaminated with microorganisms, some of which are pathogenic and thus, these herbal products can serve as a means of spreading infections among the consumers.
Keywords: Herbal, microorganism, bacteria, Abraka.
Keywords:
Herbal, microorganism, bacteria, Abraka
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References
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2. WHO Traditional medicine strategy: 2014-2023. Hong Kong, SAR, China: World Health Organization; 2013.
3.Anie CO, Nwabuokei IG, Oghenejobo M, Enwa FO, The Antibacterial Effect of the Leaf Extract of Buchholzia coriacae (Capparidaceae) on Gram-Negative Nasal Isolates. Sch. Acad. J. Pharm.,; 2015; 4(4): 226-231
4.Ampofo, J. A., Tetteh, W. and Bello, M. Microbiological Profile of Some Ghanian Herbal Preparations-Safety Issues and Implications for the Health Professions. Open Journal Of Medical Microbiology, 2012; 2:121-130. https://doi.org/10.4236/ojmm.2012.23018
5.Olisa, N. S. and Oyelola, F. T. Evaluation of use of herbal medicines among ambulatory hypertensive patients attending a secondary health care facility in Nigeria, International Journal of Pharmacy Practice, 2009; 17(2):101-105. https://doi.org/10.1211/ijpp.17.02.0005
6.Ibezim EC, Kenechukwu FC, Odimegwu DC, Builders PF, Kabele-Toge B, Anie C, Igwilo CO, Otuu FC, Onyechukwu C . Antimicrobial efficacy of a syrup formulation from methanol extract of Garcinia kola seed .Afr J Pharm Res Dev 2011; 3(1):22-27
7.Onyambu, M. O., Chepkwony, H. K., Thoithi, G. N., Ouya, G. O. and Osanjo, G. O. Microbial Quality of Unregulated Herbal Medicinal Products in Kenya. African Journal of Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 2013; 2(3):70-77.
8.Rajapandiyan, K., Shanthi, S. and Vidya, S. Assessment of Microbial Quality in Marketed Herbal Drugs Sold in Trichy City. International Journal of Pharmaceutical, Chemical and Biological Sciences. 2013; 3(3):894-898.
9.Keter, L., Too, R., Mwikwabe, N., Ndwigah, S., Orwa, J., Mwamburi, E., Korir, R., Mutai, C. Bacteria contaminants and their antibiotic sensitivity from selected herbal medicinal products from Eldoret and Mombasa, Kenya. Current Research in Microbiology. 2016; 7(1):18-28. https://doi.org/10.3844/ajmsp.2016.18.28
10.Archibong, E. J., Igboeli, C. N., Okoro, N.C. and Obika, I. Microbiological Assessment of some liquid herbal medications sold in Awka metropolis, Anambra state. Bioengineering and Bioscience. 2017; 5(3):37-46. https://doi.org/10.13189/bb.2017.050301
11. Anjoo, K. Analytical evaluation of herbal drugs. In: Prof. OmboonVallisuta, editor. Drug discovery research in Pharmacognosy. 1st edition.Rijeka, Croatia:In Tech Publication. 2012.
12. Balunasa, M.J. and Kinghorn, A.D. Drug discovery from medicinal plants, Life Sciences, 2005; 78:431-441. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lfs.2005.09.012
13.Qazi, M.A. and Molvi, K. Herbal Medicine: A Comprehensive Review. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Research 2016; 8(2): -5.
14.Siddhartha, S. and Sapna, S. Medicinal Plants and Their Pharmacological Aspects, FPI 2017; 1(4):156-170.
15. Clement O. Anie, Matthew I. Arhewoh and Henry A. Okeri. Antimicrobial activity of Crude Extracts of Diospyros monbuttensis (Fam: Ebenaceae) Root and Stem Barks. International Journal of Biomedical Research 2011; 1:18‐24
16.Mahesh, B. and Satish, S. Antimicrobial Activity of Some Important Medicinal Plant against Plant and Human Pathogens. World Journal of Agricultural Sciences. 2008; 4(S):839-843.
17.Enwa Felix 0 , Anie Clement 0 , Oghenejobo Micheal P & Ilaya Sonia A. Evaluation of the Comparative Activity of Alcohol-Based Hand Sanitizers and Toilet Soaps against some Bacterial Isolates. Global journal of Science Frontier Research: Biological C. 2015; 15(3):1-9
18.Okafo S E, Anie CO, Nwanua MC . Formulation and Evaluation of Antimicrobial Topical Creams from Ethanol Extract of Vernonia ambigua Leaves. Nig. J. Pharm. Res, 2019; 15(2):249-255 https://doi.org/10.4314/njpr.v15i2.12
19.Anie, CO. Evaluation of Biofilm and Enterotoxin Producing Capacity of Methicillin-resistantStaphylococcus aureus isolated from Healthy Persons. J. Appl. Sci. Environ. Manage. 2018; 22(12):1881-1884 https://doi.org/10.4314/jasem.v22i12.2
20.Anie, C. O., Jemikalejah, D. J. and Eke CN. Determination Of Microbial Load Of Selected Smoked Fish Sold In Abraka Markets Delta State nig. J. Pure & Appl. Sci. 2019; 32
21.Felix O. Enwa, Oghenejobo Michael, Clement O. Anie, Rita A. Ayeh, Antibacterial Screening of the Ethanol and Aqueous Extract of the Fruit Peel of Persea Americana Mill against Selected Enteric Bacteria. Academia Journal of Microbiology Research 2016; 4(3):040-046.
22. TU Onyekaba, JE Arute, CO Anie. Antimicrobial and phytochemical screening of the methanolic leaf extract of buchholzia coriacea (wonderful cola) •ournal of Pharmaceutical and Allied Sciences 2011; 8(1). https://doi.org/10.4314/jophas.v8i1.68151
23.C. O. Anie, M. C. Ugwu, E. C. Ibezim and C. O. Esimone. Antibiogram of Methicillin- Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Isolates among Healthy Human Subjects in Oleh, South-Southern Nigeria Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci 2017; 6(9):3710-3716 https://doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2017.609.458
24.Delgado Odongo, N.E (2010).Sustainable improvement of animal production and health. FAO.
25.Umair, M., Altaf, M. andAbbasi, A.M. An ethnobotanical survey of indigenous medicinal plants in Hafizabad district, PunjabPakistan. PLOS ONE, 2017; 2. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0177912
26. World Health Organization, (WHO), (2007). WHO guidelines for assessing quality of herbal medicines with reference to contaminants and residues. Press, Geneva, Switzerland.
27.Esimone, C.O., Oleghe, P.O., Ibezim, E.C., Okeh, C.O. andIroha, I.R. Susceptibilityresistance profile of micro-organisms isolated fromherbal medicine products sold in Nigeria. Afr J Biotechnol, 2007; 6(24):2766-75. https://doi.org/10.5897/AJB2007.000-2442
28.Kaume, L., Foote, J.C. andGbur, E.E. (2012). Microbiological contamination of herbs marketed to HIV-infected people in Nairobi (Kenya). S Afr J Sci., 108(9):80-3. https://doi.org/10.4102/sajs.v108i9/10.563
29. Rahimi, S.M., Ebrahimi, M., Barikbin, B. and Zeinali, T. (2019). Evaluation of bacterial and fungal contamination of kitchens of Birjand University of Medical Sciences. BMC Res Notes 12(703). https://doi.org/10.1186/s13104-019-4741-y https://doi.org/10.1186/s13104-019-4741-y
30.Ideh and Ogunkunle, (2019). Botanical Characterization, drug indication and Sustainability status of traditional oral powdered herbal formulation in Ogbomoso, Nigeria. Journal of Medicinal plants for Economic Development.3(1) https://doi.org/10.4102/jomped.v3i1.67
31. The British Pharmacopoeia (2013)
32. Maziero, M.T. and Bersot, L.S. (2010). Micotoxinasemalimentosproduzidos no Brasil. RevistaBrasileira de ProdutosAgroindustriais, 12(1):89-99. https://doi.org/10.15871/1517-8595/rbpa.v12n1p89-99
33. World Health Organization (World Health Organization, 2018 and 2019).
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Anie OC, Egbon OT, Enemchukwu CM, Adushoke EL. The Microbial Quality of Herbal Products. JDDT [Internet]. 15Sep.2022 [cited 18May2024];12(5):64-9. Available from: https://jddtonline.info/index.php/jddt/article/view/5590
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