Herbal antimicrobial gel with leaf extract of Cassia alata L.
Abstract
Topical application of antimicrobials at the site of infection offer greater advantages as compared to systemic therapy. The present study reports for the first time, the in vivo wound healing potential of an herbal antimicrobial gel containing pure bioactive leaf extract of Cassia alata L. The methanolic leaf extract exhibited significant antibacterial and antifungal activity against the tested bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus MTCC 9542) and fungi (Candida albicans MTCC 4842) due to the presence of alcohol and ketone containing bioactive moieties. A 1% (w/w) bioactive leaf extract based-hydrogel was formulated and evaluated for its wound healing potential in rat model with surgical site infection in the dorsal area. This herbal gel significantly enhanced the wound healing as assessed by the contraction of wound length and bio burden characteristics compared to the marketed antimicrobial formulations. The formulated herbal gel could find use as very promising and innovative topical alternative for the treatment of skin infections caused by bacteria as well as fungal strains without hazard to human health based on the fact of its traditional use by the Assamese people with no toxic effects.
Keywords: Cassia alata L.; methanolic leaf extracts; antimicrobial gel; antibacterial; antifungal; wound healing
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References
1. Ahluwalia G, Sharma SK. Philanthropy and medical science: at last a new dawn for tuberculosis also! Indian Journal of Chest Diseases and Allied Sciences, 2007; 49(2):71-73.
2. Gonzalez J. Medicinal plants in Colombia. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 1980; 2(1):43-47.
3. Ernst E. Cardiovascular effects of garlic (Allium sativum): A review. Pharmatherapeutica, 1987; 5(2):83–90.
4. Dorant E, van den Brandt PA, Goldbohm RA, Hermus RJ, Sturmans F. Garlic and its significance for the prevention of cancer in humans: A critical view. British Journal of Cancer, 1993; 67(3):424–429.
5. Arora DS, Kaur J. Antimicrobial activity of spices. International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents, 1999; 12(3):257–262.
6. Biswas K, Chattopadhyay I, Banerjee RK, Bandyopadhyay U. Biological activities and medicinal properties of Neem (Azadirachta indica). Current Science, 2002; 82(11):1336-1345.
7. Agarry OO, Olaleye MT, Bello-Michael CO. Comparative antimicrobial activities of Aloe vera gel and leaf. African Journal of Biotechnology, 2005; 4(12):1413–1414.
8. Arunkumar S, Muthuselvam M. Analysis of phytochemical constituents and antimicrobial activities of Aloe vera L. against clinical pathogens. World Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 2009; 5(5):572–576.
9. Nnamani PO, Kenechukwu FC, Anugwolu CL, Attama AA. Evaluation of hydrogels based on poloxamer 407 and polyacrylic acids for enhanced topical activity of gentamicin against susceptible infections. Tropical Journal of Pharmaceutical Research, 2014; 13(9):1385–1391.
10. Pal GD. Observation on ethnobotany of tribals of Subansiri, Arunachal Pradesh. NELUMBO:The Bulletin of the Botanical Survey of India, 1984; 26(1-2):26-37.
11. Singh J, Bhuyan TC, Ahmed A. Ethnobotanical studies on the Mishing tribes of Assam with special reference to food and medicinal plant. Journal of Economic and Taxonomic Botany (Additional Series), 1996; 12:350-356.
12. Shankar R, Deb S, Sharma BK. Antimalarial plants of Northeast India: an overview. Journal of Ayurveda and Integrative Medicine, 2012; 3(1):10-16.
13. Khan MM, Iqbal M, Hanif MA, Mahmood MS, Naqvi SA, Shahid M, Jaskani MJ. Antioxidant and antipathogenic activities of citrus peel oils. Journal of Essential Oil Bearing Plants, 2012; 15(6):972–979.
14. Clark AM. Natural products as a resource for new drugs. Pharmaceutical Research, 1996; 13(8):1133-1141.
15. Chowdhary KPR, Kumar PA. Formulation and evaluation of topical drug delivery systems of ciprofloxacin. Indian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 1996; 58(2):47–50.
16. Kikwai L, Babu RJ, Prado R, Kolot A, Armstrong CA, Ansel JC, Singh M. In vitro and in vivo evaluation of topical formulations of Spantide II. AAPS PharmSciTech, 2005; 6(4): E565–E572.
17. Rupal J, Kaushal J, Mallikarjuna SC, Patel D. Preparation and evaluation of topical gel of valdecoxib. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research, 2010; 2(1):51–54.
18. Kaur LP, Guleri TK. Topical gel: a recent approach for novel drug delivery. Asian Journal of Biomedical & Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2013; 3(17):1–5.
19. Patel J, Patel B, Banwait H, Parmar K, Patel M. Formulation and evaluation of topical aceclofenac gel using different gelling agent. International Journal of Drug Development and Research, 2011; 3(1):156–164.
20. Sakharkar PR, Patil AT. Antimicrobial activity of Cassia alata. Indian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 1998; 60(5):311–312.
21. Matthew OA, Gambo NN. Phytochemistry and antimicrobial activity of the leaf of Cassia alata Linn. Chemistry and Materials Research, 2013; 3(3):96-101.
22. Kolawole RM, Thomas BT, Folorunso JB, Oluwadun A. GC-MS analysis and antifungal activity of Senna alata Linn. International Journal of Microbiological Research, 2015; 6(2):100-107.
23. Ananthi T, Subalakshmi K. GC-MS analysis of stem bark extracts of Senna alata (L.). Journal of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Research, 2016; 8(7):280-283.
24. Karthika C, Mohamed RK, Manivannan S. Phytochemical analysis and evaluation of the antimicrobial potential of Senna alata Linn. leaves extract. Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research, 2016; 9(2):253-257.
25. Keerthana R, Ananthi T. HPTLC Analysis: Identification of flavonoid from Senna alata (L.) flowers. International Journal of Science and Research Methodology, 2016; 3(3):64-72.
26. Wikaningtyas P, Sukandar EY. The antibacterial activity of selected plants towards resistant bacteria isolated from clinical specimens. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine, 2016; 6(1):16–19.
27. Owoyale JA, Olatunji GA, Oguntoye SO. Antifungal and antibacterial activities of an alcoholic extract of Senna alata leaves. Journal of Applied Science and Environmental Management, 2005; 9(3):105-107.
28. Pieme CA, Penlap VN, Ngogang J, Kuete V, Catros V, Moulinoux JP. In vitro effects of extract of Senna alata (Ceasalpiniaceae) on the polyamines produced by Leukaemia cells (L1210). Pharmacognosy Magazine, 2009; 5(17):8-13.
29. Mitra P, Ghosh T, Mitra PK. Seasonal variation in hepatoprotective activity of Cassia alata Linn. leaves on antitubercular drugs induced hepatotoxicity in rats. Pharmacy Practice & Drug Research, 2016; 6(1):40–44.
30. Igwe OU, Onwu FK. Leaf essential oil of Senna alata Linn from South East Nigeria and its antimicrobial activity. International Journal of Research in Pharmacy and Chemistry, 2015; 5(1):27-33.
31. Isiaka AO, Guido F, Pier LC, Omikorede O, Ridwan AA, Akinwunmi AA, Yusuff OK. Aromatic plants growing in Nigeria: essential oil constituents of Cassia alata (Linn.) Roxb. and Helianthus annuus L. Records of Natural Products, 2010; 4(4):211-217.
32. Usha V, Bopaiah AK. Phytochemical investigation of the ethanol, methanol and ethyl acetate leaf extracts of six Cassia species. International Journal of Pharm and Bio Sciences, 2012; 3(2):260-270.
33. Abii TA and Onuha EN. A preliminary investigation into the phytochemicals, vitamins and mineral constituents of the leaf of two tradomedicinal plants–Urena lobata and cassia alata used in Nigeria. IOSR Journal of Applied Chemistry, 2014; 7(2):01-04.
34. Okwu DE, Fred UN. Cannabinoid Dronabinol alkaloid with antimicrobial activity from Cassia alata Linn. Der Chemica Sinica, 2011; 2(2):247-254.
35. Preet L. Topical gel: a recent approach for novel drug delivery. Asian Journal of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2013; 3(17):1–5.
36. Wu DC, Chan WW, Metelitsa AI, Fiorillo L, Lin AN. Pseudomonas skin infection: clinical features, epidemiology and management. American Journal of Clinical Dermatology, 2011; 12(3):157-169.
37. Vaghasiya Y, Chanda SV. Screening of methanol and acetone extracts of fourteen Indian medicinal plants for antimicrobial activity. Turkish Journal of Biology, 2007; 31(4):243-248.
38. Sofowora A. Medicinal plants and Traditional medicine in Africa. 2nd Edn., Ibadan Nigeria: Spectrum Books Ltd; 1993. p. 1-153.
39. Adeboye JO, Asije W, Awe SO. Diuretic and antidiuretic activity of the leaf extracts of Vernonia cinerea. Phytotherapy Research, 1997; 11(6):454-456.
40. Mahesh KMVS, Talluri VP, Rajagopal SV. Purification and characterization of bioactive compound from the methanolic leaf extract of Millingtonia hortensis Linn. International Journal of Pharm and Biosciences 2015; 6(3):348–58.
41. Krajden S, Deitel M, Fuksa M. Blackened toes caused by Proteus mirabilis infection. Canadian Medical Association Journal, 1982; 127(9):869-870.
42. Das S, Samanta A, Bose A. Design, development and evaluation of Fluconazole topical gel. Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research, 2015; 8(2):132–135.
43. Stulberg DL, Penrod MA, Blatny RA. Common bacterial skin infections. American Family Physician, 2002; 66(1):119-124.
44. Shukr MH, Metwally GF. Evaluation of topical gel bases formulated with various essential oils for antibacterial activity against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Tropical Journal of Pharmaceutical Research, 2013; 12(6):877–884.
45. Nand P, Drabu S, Gupta RK, Bhatnagar A, Ali R. In vitro and in vivo assessment of polyherbal topical gel formulation for the treatment of acne vulgaris. International Journal of Drug Delivery, 2012; 4(4):434–442.
46. Ramchandani U, Sangameswaran B. Formulation and evaluation of topical gel of ketoprofen using different polymers. International Journal of Pharmaceutical & Biological Archives, 2013; 4(2):323–326.
47. Murali Mohan C, Venkata Smitha P. Phytochemical composition and antimicrobial activity of three plant preparations used in folk medicine and their synergistic properties. Journal of Herbs, Spices & Medicinal Plants, 2011; 17(4):339–350.
48. Mishra VK, Tripathi SS. Formulation development and evaluation of Gliclazide gel using water soluble sodium carboxymethyl cellulose polymer. Indian Journal of Research in Pharmacy and Biotechnology, 2013; 1(5):697–700.
49. Hakansson J, Bjorn C, Lindgren K, Sjostrom E, Sjostrand V, Mahlapuu M. Efficacy of the novel topical antimicrobial agent PXL 150 in a mouse model of surgical site infections. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, 2014; 58(5):2982–2984.
50. Helal DA, El-Rahman DABD, Abdel-Halim SA, El-Nabarawi MA. Formulation and evaluation of fluconazole topical gel. International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2012; 4(5):176–183.
51. Roche ED, Renick PJ, Tetens SP, Carson DL. A model for evaluating topical antimicrobial efficacy against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus biofilms in superficial murine wounds. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, 2012; 56(8):4508–4510.
52. Hussein Al-Assady NA, Numa AK. Preparation and evaluation polyurethane scaffolds containing gelatin microspheres with cefotaxime sodium delivery for bone treatments. Research Journal of Pharmaceutical Biological and Chemical Sciences, 2014; 5(4):295–312.
2. Gonzalez J. Medicinal plants in Colombia. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 1980; 2(1):43-47.
3. Ernst E. Cardiovascular effects of garlic (Allium sativum): A review. Pharmatherapeutica, 1987; 5(2):83–90.
4. Dorant E, van den Brandt PA, Goldbohm RA, Hermus RJ, Sturmans F. Garlic and its significance for the prevention of cancer in humans: A critical view. British Journal of Cancer, 1993; 67(3):424–429.
5. Arora DS, Kaur J. Antimicrobial activity of spices. International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents, 1999; 12(3):257–262.
6. Biswas K, Chattopadhyay I, Banerjee RK, Bandyopadhyay U. Biological activities and medicinal properties of Neem (Azadirachta indica). Current Science, 2002; 82(11):1336-1345.
7. Agarry OO, Olaleye MT, Bello-Michael CO. Comparative antimicrobial activities of Aloe vera gel and leaf. African Journal of Biotechnology, 2005; 4(12):1413–1414.
8. Arunkumar S, Muthuselvam M. Analysis of phytochemical constituents and antimicrobial activities of Aloe vera L. against clinical pathogens. World Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 2009; 5(5):572–576.
9. Nnamani PO, Kenechukwu FC, Anugwolu CL, Attama AA. Evaluation of hydrogels based on poloxamer 407 and polyacrylic acids for enhanced topical activity of gentamicin against susceptible infections. Tropical Journal of Pharmaceutical Research, 2014; 13(9):1385–1391.
10. Pal GD. Observation on ethnobotany of tribals of Subansiri, Arunachal Pradesh. NELUMBO:The Bulletin of the Botanical Survey of India, 1984; 26(1-2):26-37.
11. Singh J, Bhuyan TC, Ahmed A. Ethnobotanical studies on the Mishing tribes of Assam with special reference to food and medicinal plant. Journal of Economic and Taxonomic Botany (Additional Series), 1996; 12:350-356.
12. Shankar R, Deb S, Sharma BK. Antimalarial plants of Northeast India: an overview. Journal of Ayurveda and Integrative Medicine, 2012; 3(1):10-16.
13. Khan MM, Iqbal M, Hanif MA, Mahmood MS, Naqvi SA, Shahid M, Jaskani MJ. Antioxidant and antipathogenic activities of citrus peel oils. Journal of Essential Oil Bearing Plants, 2012; 15(6):972–979.
14. Clark AM. Natural products as a resource for new drugs. Pharmaceutical Research, 1996; 13(8):1133-1141.
15. Chowdhary KPR, Kumar PA. Formulation and evaluation of topical drug delivery systems of ciprofloxacin. Indian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 1996; 58(2):47–50.
16. Kikwai L, Babu RJ, Prado R, Kolot A, Armstrong CA, Ansel JC, Singh M. In vitro and in vivo evaluation of topical formulations of Spantide II. AAPS PharmSciTech, 2005; 6(4): E565–E572.
17. Rupal J, Kaushal J, Mallikarjuna SC, Patel D. Preparation and evaluation of topical gel of valdecoxib. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research, 2010; 2(1):51–54.
18. Kaur LP, Guleri TK. Topical gel: a recent approach for novel drug delivery. Asian Journal of Biomedical & Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2013; 3(17):1–5.
19. Patel J, Patel B, Banwait H, Parmar K, Patel M. Formulation and evaluation of topical aceclofenac gel using different gelling agent. International Journal of Drug Development and Research, 2011; 3(1):156–164.
20. Sakharkar PR, Patil AT. Antimicrobial activity of Cassia alata. Indian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 1998; 60(5):311–312.
21. Matthew OA, Gambo NN. Phytochemistry and antimicrobial activity of the leaf of Cassia alata Linn. Chemistry and Materials Research, 2013; 3(3):96-101.
22. Kolawole RM, Thomas BT, Folorunso JB, Oluwadun A. GC-MS analysis and antifungal activity of Senna alata Linn. International Journal of Microbiological Research, 2015; 6(2):100-107.
23. Ananthi T, Subalakshmi K. GC-MS analysis of stem bark extracts of Senna alata (L.). Journal of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Research, 2016; 8(7):280-283.
24. Karthika C, Mohamed RK, Manivannan S. Phytochemical analysis and evaluation of the antimicrobial potential of Senna alata Linn. leaves extract. Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research, 2016; 9(2):253-257.
25. Keerthana R, Ananthi T. HPTLC Analysis: Identification of flavonoid from Senna alata (L.) flowers. International Journal of Science and Research Methodology, 2016; 3(3):64-72.
26. Wikaningtyas P, Sukandar EY. The antibacterial activity of selected plants towards resistant bacteria isolated from clinical specimens. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine, 2016; 6(1):16–19.
27. Owoyale JA, Olatunji GA, Oguntoye SO. Antifungal and antibacterial activities of an alcoholic extract of Senna alata leaves. Journal of Applied Science and Environmental Management, 2005; 9(3):105-107.
28. Pieme CA, Penlap VN, Ngogang J, Kuete V, Catros V, Moulinoux JP. In vitro effects of extract of Senna alata (Ceasalpiniaceae) on the polyamines produced by Leukaemia cells (L1210). Pharmacognosy Magazine, 2009; 5(17):8-13.
29. Mitra P, Ghosh T, Mitra PK. Seasonal variation in hepatoprotective activity of Cassia alata Linn. leaves on antitubercular drugs induced hepatotoxicity in rats. Pharmacy Practice & Drug Research, 2016; 6(1):40–44.
30. Igwe OU, Onwu FK. Leaf essential oil of Senna alata Linn from South East Nigeria and its antimicrobial activity. International Journal of Research in Pharmacy and Chemistry, 2015; 5(1):27-33.
31. Isiaka AO, Guido F, Pier LC, Omikorede O, Ridwan AA, Akinwunmi AA, Yusuff OK. Aromatic plants growing in Nigeria: essential oil constituents of Cassia alata (Linn.) Roxb. and Helianthus annuus L. Records of Natural Products, 2010; 4(4):211-217.
32. Usha V, Bopaiah AK. Phytochemical investigation of the ethanol, methanol and ethyl acetate leaf extracts of six Cassia species. International Journal of Pharm and Bio Sciences, 2012; 3(2):260-270.
33. Abii TA and Onuha EN. A preliminary investigation into the phytochemicals, vitamins and mineral constituents of the leaf of two tradomedicinal plants–Urena lobata and cassia alata used in Nigeria. IOSR Journal of Applied Chemistry, 2014; 7(2):01-04.
34. Okwu DE, Fred UN. Cannabinoid Dronabinol alkaloid with antimicrobial activity from Cassia alata Linn. Der Chemica Sinica, 2011; 2(2):247-254.
35. Preet L. Topical gel: a recent approach for novel drug delivery. Asian Journal of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2013; 3(17):1–5.
36. Wu DC, Chan WW, Metelitsa AI, Fiorillo L, Lin AN. Pseudomonas skin infection: clinical features, epidemiology and management. American Journal of Clinical Dermatology, 2011; 12(3):157-169.
37. Vaghasiya Y, Chanda SV. Screening of methanol and acetone extracts of fourteen Indian medicinal plants for antimicrobial activity. Turkish Journal of Biology, 2007; 31(4):243-248.
38. Sofowora A. Medicinal plants and Traditional medicine in Africa. 2nd Edn., Ibadan Nigeria: Spectrum Books Ltd; 1993. p. 1-153.
39. Adeboye JO, Asije W, Awe SO. Diuretic and antidiuretic activity of the leaf extracts of Vernonia cinerea. Phytotherapy Research, 1997; 11(6):454-456.
40. Mahesh KMVS, Talluri VP, Rajagopal SV. Purification and characterization of bioactive compound from the methanolic leaf extract of Millingtonia hortensis Linn. International Journal of Pharm and Biosciences 2015; 6(3):348–58.
41. Krajden S, Deitel M, Fuksa M. Blackened toes caused by Proteus mirabilis infection. Canadian Medical Association Journal, 1982; 127(9):869-870.
42. Das S, Samanta A, Bose A. Design, development and evaluation of Fluconazole topical gel. Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research, 2015; 8(2):132–135.
43. Stulberg DL, Penrod MA, Blatny RA. Common bacterial skin infections. American Family Physician, 2002; 66(1):119-124.
44. Shukr MH, Metwally GF. Evaluation of topical gel bases formulated with various essential oils for antibacterial activity against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Tropical Journal of Pharmaceutical Research, 2013; 12(6):877–884.
45. Nand P, Drabu S, Gupta RK, Bhatnagar A, Ali R. In vitro and in vivo assessment of polyherbal topical gel formulation for the treatment of acne vulgaris. International Journal of Drug Delivery, 2012; 4(4):434–442.
46. Ramchandani U, Sangameswaran B. Formulation and evaluation of topical gel of ketoprofen using different polymers. International Journal of Pharmaceutical & Biological Archives, 2013; 4(2):323–326.
47. Murali Mohan C, Venkata Smitha P. Phytochemical composition and antimicrobial activity of three plant preparations used in folk medicine and their synergistic properties. Journal of Herbs, Spices & Medicinal Plants, 2011; 17(4):339–350.
48. Mishra VK, Tripathi SS. Formulation development and evaluation of Gliclazide gel using water soluble sodium carboxymethyl cellulose polymer. Indian Journal of Research in Pharmacy and Biotechnology, 2013; 1(5):697–700.
49. Hakansson J, Bjorn C, Lindgren K, Sjostrom E, Sjostrand V, Mahlapuu M. Efficacy of the novel topical antimicrobial agent PXL 150 in a mouse model of surgical site infections. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, 2014; 58(5):2982–2984.
50. Helal DA, El-Rahman DABD, Abdel-Halim SA, El-Nabarawi MA. Formulation and evaluation of fluconazole topical gel. International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2012; 4(5):176–183.
51. Roche ED, Renick PJ, Tetens SP, Carson DL. A model for evaluating topical antimicrobial efficacy against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus biofilms in superficial murine wounds. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, 2012; 56(8):4508–4510.
52. Hussein Al-Assady NA, Numa AK. Preparation and evaluation polyurethane scaffolds containing gelatin microspheres with cefotaxime sodium delivery for bone treatments. Research Journal of Pharmaceutical Biological and Chemical Sciences, 2014; 5(4):295–312.
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Iraqui P, Chakraborty T, Das MK, Yadav R. Herbal antimicrobial gel with leaf extract of Cassia alata L. JDDT [Internet]. 15May2019 [cited 19May2024];9(3):82-4. Available from: https://jddtonline.info/index.php/jddt/article/view/2527
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