An updated review on pharmacosomes, a vesicular drug delivery system
Abstract
Novel drug delivery system mainly consents about achieving the targeted concentration to release the drug at targeted site by using carrier system, altering the structure and microenvironment around the drug. Especially drugs which are having narrow therapeutic window are difficult to formulate, with the advantage of novel drug delivery systems like particulate, polymeric carrier, macromolecular and cellular carriers. They are used to reduce complications as well as release the drug in a determined fusion at targeted site. In vesicular drug delivery system drug binds covalently to the lipid molecule by which the drug release is in a controlled manner and also drugs which are of hydrophilic or lipophilic nature can be delivered by using vesicular drug delivery systems. The release of drug from the vesicles depends on the physicochemical properties of both the drug and carrier. Vesicular drug delivery includes liposomes, niososmes, transferosomes, pharmacosomes, electrosomes, ethosomes etc. Of all these drug delivery systems pharmacosomes are having more advantages like no leakage or loss of drug, stability, high entrapment efficiency etc, pharmacosomes may be hexagonal aggregates , ultrafine vesicular and micellar forms. Both synthetic and natural drugs which are facing difficulties like low solubility and low permeability can be effectively formulated and can achieve required pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic parameters. Pharmacosomes are prepared by hand shaking method, ether injection, solvent evaporation method, anhydrous co-solvent lyophilyzation, supercritical fluid approach and other alternative methods they are characterized by complex determination, surface morphology, drug entrapment, solubility, drug lipid compatibility, crystal state measurement, dissolution studies and in vitro drug release rate.
Keywords: Pharmacosomes, covalently, vesicular drug delivery system, hexagonal aggregates, micellar, ultrafine.
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References
1. Vaizoglu MO, Speiser PP. Pharmacosomes-A novel drug delivery system. Acta Pharmacetica Sinica, 1986; 23:163 -172.
2. Doijad Rajendra C, Bhambere Deepak S, Manvi Fakirappa V, Deshmukh Narendra V. Formulation and characterization of vesicular drug delivery system for Anti-HIV drug. Journal of Global Pharma Technology, 2009; 1:94-100
3. S. Swarnalata, R. Rahul, K. Chanchal Deep, and S. Shailendra, “Colloidosomes an advanced system in drug delivery,” Asian Journal of Scientific Research, vol. no. 1, 2011:1-15.
4. Drug carrier Wikipedia, sevenson, sonke , carrier based drug delivery, 2004.
5. M. Gangwar, Singh R, RK. Goel, G. Nath. Recent advances in various emerging vesicular systems: An Overview. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine, 2011; 33:848.
6. AD. Bangham, MM. Standish, JG. Watkins. The action of steroids and streptolysin S on the permeability of phospholipid structures to cations. J Mol Biol, 1965; 13: 238.
7. Biju SS, Talegaonkar S, Mishra PR, Khar KR. Vesicular System: An overveiw. Indian J. Pharm Sci, 2009; 71(4):421-427.
8. Ogihara U, Sasaki T, Toyama H, Odak SM, Nishigori H. Cancer Detect Prev, 1997; 21(6):490.
9. Kavitha D, Naga Sowjanya J, Shanker P. Pharmacosomes: An emerging vesicular system. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences Review and Research, 2010; 5(3):168-171.
10. Vaizoglu O, Speiser P P. Pharmacosomes: a novel drug delivery system, Acta Pharm Suec., 1986; 23:163-72.
11. Bombardelli E, Spelta M. Phospholipidpolyphenol complexes: a new concept in skin care ingredients, Cosm Toil., 1991; 106(3):69- 76.
12. P. H. Sharma, P. V. Powar, S. S. Sharma. Pharmacosomes: A novel drug delivery system. The pharma innovations journal 2014; 3(10):94-100.
13. Lawrence MJ. Surfactant Systems: Their use in drug delivery. Chem Soc Rev, 1994; 23:417–424.
14. A. Steve, “Lipophilic drug derivatives for use in liposomes,” US Patent S, 534, 499, (C1 S14-25, A61K31/70), 1996.
15. I. Taskintuna, A. S. Banker, M. Flores-Aguilar et al., “Evaluation of a novel lipid prodrug for intraocular drug delivery: effect of acyclovir diphosphate dimyristoylglycerol in a rabbit model with herpes simplex virus-1 retinitis,” Retina, vol. 1997, 17(1):57–64.
16. Solanki D, Patidar A, Kukde D, Pharmacosomes – a review,International Journal of Pharmacy, Eng and Life Sci. 2016; 12(3):70-78.
17. Muller-Goymann CC, Hamann HJ. Pharmacosomes: Multilamellar vesicles consisting of pure drug. Eur J Pharm Biopharm, 1991; 37: 113–117.
18. A. Singh and R. Jain, “Targeted Vesicular Constructs for cryoprotection and treatment of H. Pylori infections,” US Patent 6576, 2003,625.
19. Rewar S, Mirdha D, Rewar P. A vital role of pharmacosome’s on controlled and novel drug delivery, Asi J of Res in Biol and Pharm Scienc. 2014, 2(4), 163 - 170.
20. D. Nagasamy Venkatesh, K. Kalayani, K. Tulasi, V. S. priyanka, SK.A. Ali, S.S. Kumar.”Pharmacosomes: A potential vesicular drug delivery system. IJPSDR, 2014; 6(2):90-94.
21. Semalty A, Semalty M, Singh D and Rawat M S M. “Development and physicochemical evaluation of pharmacosomes of diclofenac,” Acta Pharmaceutica, 2009; 59(3):335-344.
22. Semalty A, Semalty M, Rawat B S, Singh D, Rawat M S M. Pharmacosomes: The lipid based novel drug delivery system, Expert Opinion on Drug Delivery, 2009; 6:599-612.
23. Raikhman L M, Moshkovskii Y S and Piruzyan L A. “Pharmacosome concept: a new approach to drug preparation,” Pharmaceutical Chemistry Journal, 1978; 12(4):431-434.
24. Semalty A, Semalty M, Rawat B S, Singh D, Rawat M S M. Development and evaluation of pharmacosomes of aceclofenac, Ind J Pharma Sci, 2010; 72:576-81.
25. Han M, Chen J, Chen S and Wang X. “Preparation and study in vitro of 20(S) protopanaxadiol pharmacosomes,” China Journal of Pharmaceutics, 2010; 35:842-846.
26. Ping A, Jin Y, Da-Wei C. Preparation and in-vivo behavior of didanosine pharmacosomes in rats. Chin J Pharm, 2005; 3:227– 235.
27. Zhang Z R, Wang J X and Lu J. “Optimization of the preparation of 3’, 5’-dioctanoyl-5-fluoro2’-deoxyuridine pharmacosomes using central composite design,” Yaoxue Xuebao, 2001; 36(6):456-61.
28. Yi-Guang J, Ping A I, Miao L I and Xin-Pu H. “Preparation and properties of Acyclovir pharmacosomes,” Chinese J Pharma., 2005; 36(10):617-620.
29. Semalty A, Semalty M, Singh D and Rawat M S M. “Preparation and characterization of phospholipid complexes of naringenin for effective drug delivery,” J Inclusion Phen and Macroc Chem, 2010; 67(3):253-260.
30. Patil S D Chatap V K, Patil P L. In-vitro, ex-vivo characterization of Furosemide bounded pharmacosomes for improvement of solubility and permeability. Adv Pharmacol Pharm. 2014; 2(5):67-76.
31. Harikumar S L, Kaur A, Sharma N. Design and development of Ketoprofen pharmacosomes for oral drug delivery. Pharmacophore, 2013; 4(4):111-119.
32. Patel R A, Nanda A, Saini S. Design and development of bupranolol. Int J Drug Dev Res. 2010; 2(2):247-252.
33. Vaizoglu M O, Speiser P P. Preparation, in-vitro and in-vivo characterization of pindolol pharmacosomes. Int J Health Res. 2009; 2(3):225-232.
34. Yep P F, Zheng Q, Bin W, Yang M, Wang M S, Zhang H Y. Process optimization by response surface design and characterization study on Geniposide pharmacosomes. Pharm Dev Technol. 2012; 17(1):94-102.
35. Guang J Y,Ping A I, Miao L I, Xin-Pu H. Preparation and properties of Acyclovir pharmacosomes. Chin J Pharm. 2005; 36(10):617-620.
36. Patel V, Agrawal Y K. Preparation of Zidovudine pharmacosome: Enhancement in in-vivo anti tumour activity. J Global Trends Pharm Sci. 2011; 2(2): 131-148.
37. Kamalesh M, Baviskar D, Wagh K, Baviskar K. Formulation and evaluation of pharmacosomes of Ketoprofen. Indo Am J Pharm Res. 2014; 4(3):1363-1368.
38. Kumar PT., Mishra J., Podder A., Design, Fabrication and evaluation of Rosuvastatin pharmacosome- a novel sustained drug delivery system, European Journal of Pharmaceutical and medical research, 2016; 3:4:332-350.
39. Raikhman L M, Ivanov V E, Moshkovskii Y S. Development of Ibuprofen pharmacosomes for enhancing the bioavailability. Drug Dev Indian Pharm. 2002;
28(5): 473-482.
40. Sharma D, Ali AAE, Trivedi LR; An Updated Review on: Liposomes as drug delivery system; PharmaTutor; 2018; 6(2); 50-62;
41. Nazia Khanam, Md. Irshad Alam, Anupam K Sachan, Sudhir S Gangwar, Ranjana Sharma Recent trends in drug delivery by niosomes: A review; Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical Research and Development vol.1(3) 2013:115-122.
42. Neelam Chauhan, Kapil Kumar, Navin Chandra Pant. An updated review on Transfersomes: a novel vesicular system for transdermal drug delivery. Universal Journal of Pharmaceutical Research. 2017, 2(4), 49-52.
43. Sutariya and Parth Patel, Aquasomes: a noval carrier for drug delivery IJPSR, 2012; Vol. 3(3): 688 -694.
44. Nupur Inamdar, Virosomes: New frontier for targeting drug and biological molecules, Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical Technology & Innovation, 03 (12); 2015; 92 – 103
45. Rajput T, Chauhan MK, Bilosome: a bile salt based novel carrier system gaining interest in pharmaceutical research, Journal of Drug Delivery and Therapeutics. 2017; 7(5):4-16.
46. Mehmet H. Ucisik, Uwe B. Sleytr and Bernhard Schuster. Emulsomes Meet S-layer Proteins: An Emerging Targeted Drug Delivery System. Current Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, 2015, 16, 392-405.
47. Tarun Parashar, Soniya, Roopesh Sachan. Ethosomes: A recent vesicule of transdermal drug delivery system. IJRDPL 2013, Vol. 2, No.2, 285-292.
48. Mei Lu et al., Phyto-phospholipid complexes Phytosomes: A novel strategy to improve the bioavailability of active constituents, Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 2018:1-10.
2. Doijad Rajendra C, Bhambere Deepak S, Manvi Fakirappa V, Deshmukh Narendra V. Formulation and characterization of vesicular drug delivery system for Anti-HIV drug. Journal of Global Pharma Technology, 2009; 1:94-100
3. S. Swarnalata, R. Rahul, K. Chanchal Deep, and S. Shailendra, “Colloidosomes an advanced system in drug delivery,” Asian Journal of Scientific Research, vol. no. 1, 2011:1-15.
4. Drug carrier Wikipedia, sevenson, sonke , carrier based drug delivery, 2004.
5. M. Gangwar, Singh R, RK. Goel, G. Nath. Recent advances in various emerging vesicular systems: An Overview. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine, 2011; 33:848.
6. AD. Bangham, MM. Standish, JG. Watkins. The action of steroids and streptolysin S on the permeability of phospholipid structures to cations. J Mol Biol, 1965; 13: 238.
7. Biju SS, Talegaonkar S, Mishra PR, Khar KR. Vesicular System: An overveiw. Indian J. Pharm Sci, 2009; 71(4):421-427.
8. Ogihara U, Sasaki T, Toyama H, Odak SM, Nishigori H. Cancer Detect Prev, 1997; 21(6):490.
9. Kavitha D, Naga Sowjanya J, Shanker P. Pharmacosomes: An emerging vesicular system. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences Review and Research, 2010; 5(3):168-171.
10. Vaizoglu O, Speiser P P. Pharmacosomes: a novel drug delivery system, Acta Pharm Suec., 1986; 23:163-72.
11. Bombardelli E, Spelta M. Phospholipidpolyphenol complexes: a new concept in skin care ingredients, Cosm Toil., 1991; 106(3):69- 76.
12. P. H. Sharma, P. V. Powar, S. S. Sharma. Pharmacosomes: A novel drug delivery system. The pharma innovations journal 2014; 3(10):94-100.
13. Lawrence MJ. Surfactant Systems: Their use in drug delivery. Chem Soc Rev, 1994; 23:417–424.
14. A. Steve, “Lipophilic drug derivatives for use in liposomes,” US Patent S, 534, 499, (C1 S14-25, A61K31/70), 1996.
15. I. Taskintuna, A. S. Banker, M. Flores-Aguilar et al., “Evaluation of a novel lipid prodrug for intraocular drug delivery: effect of acyclovir diphosphate dimyristoylglycerol in a rabbit model with herpes simplex virus-1 retinitis,” Retina, vol. 1997, 17(1):57–64.
16. Solanki D, Patidar A, Kukde D, Pharmacosomes – a review,International Journal of Pharmacy, Eng and Life Sci. 2016; 12(3):70-78.
17. Muller-Goymann CC, Hamann HJ. Pharmacosomes: Multilamellar vesicles consisting of pure drug. Eur J Pharm Biopharm, 1991; 37: 113–117.
18. A. Singh and R. Jain, “Targeted Vesicular Constructs for cryoprotection and treatment of H. Pylori infections,” US Patent 6576, 2003,625.
19. Rewar S, Mirdha D, Rewar P. A vital role of pharmacosome’s on controlled and novel drug delivery, Asi J of Res in Biol and Pharm Scienc. 2014, 2(4), 163 - 170.
20. D. Nagasamy Venkatesh, K. Kalayani, K. Tulasi, V. S. priyanka, SK.A. Ali, S.S. Kumar.”Pharmacosomes: A potential vesicular drug delivery system. IJPSDR, 2014; 6(2):90-94.
21. Semalty A, Semalty M, Singh D and Rawat M S M. “Development and physicochemical evaluation of pharmacosomes of diclofenac,” Acta Pharmaceutica, 2009; 59(3):335-344.
22. Semalty A, Semalty M, Rawat B S, Singh D, Rawat M S M. Pharmacosomes: The lipid based novel drug delivery system, Expert Opinion on Drug Delivery, 2009; 6:599-612.
23. Raikhman L M, Moshkovskii Y S and Piruzyan L A. “Pharmacosome concept: a new approach to drug preparation,” Pharmaceutical Chemistry Journal, 1978; 12(4):431-434.
24. Semalty A, Semalty M, Rawat B S, Singh D, Rawat M S M. Development and evaluation of pharmacosomes of aceclofenac, Ind J Pharma Sci, 2010; 72:576-81.
25. Han M, Chen J, Chen S and Wang X. “Preparation and study in vitro of 20(S) protopanaxadiol pharmacosomes,” China Journal of Pharmaceutics, 2010; 35:842-846.
26. Ping A, Jin Y, Da-Wei C. Preparation and in-vivo behavior of didanosine pharmacosomes in rats. Chin J Pharm, 2005; 3:227– 235.
27. Zhang Z R, Wang J X and Lu J. “Optimization of the preparation of 3’, 5’-dioctanoyl-5-fluoro2’-deoxyuridine pharmacosomes using central composite design,” Yaoxue Xuebao, 2001; 36(6):456-61.
28. Yi-Guang J, Ping A I, Miao L I and Xin-Pu H. “Preparation and properties of Acyclovir pharmacosomes,” Chinese J Pharma., 2005; 36(10):617-620.
29. Semalty A, Semalty M, Singh D and Rawat M S M. “Preparation and characterization of phospholipid complexes of naringenin for effective drug delivery,” J Inclusion Phen and Macroc Chem, 2010; 67(3):253-260.
30. Patil S D Chatap V K, Patil P L. In-vitro, ex-vivo characterization of Furosemide bounded pharmacosomes for improvement of solubility and permeability. Adv Pharmacol Pharm. 2014; 2(5):67-76.
31. Harikumar S L, Kaur A, Sharma N. Design and development of Ketoprofen pharmacosomes for oral drug delivery. Pharmacophore, 2013; 4(4):111-119.
32. Patel R A, Nanda A, Saini S. Design and development of bupranolol. Int J Drug Dev Res. 2010; 2(2):247-252.
33. Vaizoglu M O, Speiser P P. Preparation, in-vitro and in-vivo characterization of pindolol pharmacosomes. Int J Health Res. 2009; 2(3):225-232.
34. Yep P F, Zheng Q, Bin W, Yang M, Wang M S, Zhang H Y. Process optimization by response surface design and characterization study on Geniposide pharmacosomes. Pharm Dev Technol. 2012; 17(1):94-102.
35. Guang J Y,Ping A I, Miao L I, Xin-Pu H. Preparation and properties of Acyclovir pharmacosomes. Chin J Pharm. 2005; 36(10):617-620.
36. Patel V, Agrawal Y K. Preparation of Zidovudine pharmacosome: Enhancement in in-vivo anti tumour activity. J Global Trends Pharm Sci. 2011; 2(2): 131-148.
37. Kamalesh M, Baviskar D, Wagh K, Baviskar K. Formulation and evaluation of pharmacosomes of Ketoprofen. Indo Am J Pharm Res. 2014; 4(3):1363-1368.
38. Kumar PT., Mishra J., Podder A., Design, Fabrication and evaluation of Rosuvastatin pharmacosome- a novel sustained drug delivery system, European Journal of Pharmaceutical and medical research, 2016; 3:4:332-350.
39. Raikhman L M, Ivanov V E, Moshkovskii Y S. Development of Ibuprofen pharmacosomes for enhancing the bioavailability. Drug Dev Indian Pharm. 2002;
28(5): 473-482.
40. Sharma D, Ali AAE, Trivedi LR; An Updated Review on: Liposomes as drug delivery system; PharmaTutor; 2018; 6(2); 50-62;
41. Nazia Khanam, Md. Irshad Alam, Anupam K Sachan, Sudhir S Gangwar, Ranjana Sharma Recent trends in drug delivery by niosomes: A review; Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical Research and Development vol.1(3) 2013:115-122.
42. Neelam Chauhan, Kapil Kumar, Navin Chandra Pant. An updated review on Transfersomes: a novel vesicular system for transdermal drug delivery. Universal Journal of Pharmaceutical Research. 2017, 2(4), 49-52.
43. Sutariya and Parth Patel, Aquasomes: a noval carrier for drug delivery IJPSR, 2012; Vol. 3(3): 688 -694.
44. Nupur Inamdar, Virosomes: New frontier for targeting drug and biological molecules, Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical Technology & Innovation, 03 (12); 2015; 92 – 103
45. Rajput T, Chauhan MK, Bilosome: a bile salt based novel carrier system gaining interest in pharmaceutical research, Journal of Drug Delivery and Therapeutics. 2017; 7(5):4-16.
46. Mehmet H. Ucisik, Uwe B. Sleytr and Bernhard Schuster. Emulsomes Meet S-layer Proteins: An Emerging Targeted Drug Delivery System. Current Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, 2015, 16, 392-405.
47. Tarun Parashar, Soniya, Roopesh Sachan. Ethosomes: A recent vesicule of transdermal drug delivery system. IJRDPL 2013, Vol. 2, No.2, 285-292.
48. Mei Lu et al., Phyto-phospholipid complexes Phytosomes: A novel strategy to improve the bioavailability of active constituents, Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 2018:1-10.
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Supraja B, Mulangi S. An updated review on pharmacosomes, a vesicular drug delivery system. JDDT [Internet]. 15Feb.2019 [cited 22Mar.2023];9(1-s):393-02. Available from: http://jddtonline.info/index.php/jddt/article/view/2234
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