Evaluation of Proteinuria in Diabetic Patients Attending Gitwe District Hospital
Abstract
Background: Proteinuria is a serious condition in which body proteins leak into urine due to kidney dysfunction nearly always caused by elevated serum glucose due to prolonged diabetes. Proteinuria occurs and affects individuals with diabetes, approximately 25% of diabetic patients may have proteinuria.
Aim: The aim of this study is to assess the levels of serum glucose and proteins in urine and their association in diabetic patients attending Gitwe District Hospital.
Methodology: The study population mainly comprised of diabetic patients, 110 study participants were included. Blood was drawn from finger for testing serum glucose using glucometer and urine samples were collected from diabetic patients and samples were analyzed in parasitology service using urine chemistry strips for proteins in urine testing.
Results: During data analysis, SPSS version 22 was used, the majority were female with 66.4% while 33.6% were male. The highest frequency of participants presented in this study were 27(24.6%) found in [43-52] years old. The mean age was 53 years ± 13.882 SD (ranged from 23 to 86 years). 53.7% had normal serum glucose level while 46.3% had high serum glucose level. However, 63.6% had no proteinuria while 20.0% had trace, 11.8% had mild and 4.6% had moderate proteinuria levels. Association between serum glucose and proteinuria was analyzed for statistical significance with Chi-square test and it was statistically significant as their p values were below 0.05(P-value of 0.000).
Conclusion: The study found that high serum glucose level leads to the presence of proteins in the urine. This study recommends regular monitoring of serum glucose levels, as well as routine urine tests to detect proteinuria as essential components of diabetes management and other researchers to study the effects of proteinuria in diabetic patients.
Keywords: Proteinuria, serum glucose, proteins, diabetic patients
Keywords:
Proteinuria, serum glucose, proteins, diabetic patientsDOI
https://doi.org/10.22270/jddt.v14i11.6868References
1. World Health Organization.2016. Global Report on Diabetes: Executive Summary (No. WHO/NMH/NVI/16.3). World Health Organization.
2. Nanda, M., Sharma, R., Mubarik, S., Aashima, A., & Zhang, K. Type-2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM): spatial-temporal patterns of incidence, mortality and attributable risk factors from 1990 to 2019 among 21 world regions. Endocrine,2022; 77(3), 444-454. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12020-022-03125-5 PMid:35841511
3. Katsarou, A., Gudbjörnsdottir, S., Rawshani, A., Dabelea, D., Bonifacio, E., Anderson, B. J., & Lernmark, Å. Type 1 diabetes mellitus. Nature Reviews Disease Primers,2027; 3(1), 1-17. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrdp.2017.16 PMid:28358037
4. Khan, M. A. B., Hashim, M. J., King, J. K., Govender, R. D., Mustafa, H., & Al Kaabi, J. Epidemiology of type 2 diabetes-global burden of disease and forecasted trends. Journal of Epidemiology and Global Health,2020; 10(1), 107. https://doi.org/10.2991/jegh.k.191028.001 PMid:32175717 PMCid:PMC7310804
5. Hall, V., Thomsen, R. W., Henriksen, O., & Lohse, N. Diabetes in Sub Saharan Africa 1999-2011: epidemiology and public health implications. A systematic review. Bio Med Central Public Health,2011; 11(1), 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-11-564 PMid:21756350 PMCid:PMC3156766
6. Guariguata, L., Whiting, D. R., Hambleton, I., Beagley, J., Linnenkamp, U., & Shaw, J. E. Global estimates of diabetes prevalence for 2013 and projections for 2035. Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice,2024; 103(2), 137-149. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.diabres.2013.11.002 PMid:24630390
7. Gorriz, J. L., & Martinez-Castelao, A. Proteinuria: detection and role in native renal disease progression. Transplantation Reviews,2012; 26(1), 3-13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trre.2011.10.002 PMid:22137726
8. Wang, S., Li, Y., Zhao, J., Zhang, J., & Huang, Y. Mesenchymal stem cells ameliorate podocyte injury and proteinuria in a type 1 diabetic nephropathy rat model. Biology of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, 2013;19(4), 538-546. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbmt.2013.01.001 PMid:23295166
9. Jadhakhan, F., Marshall, T., & Gill, P. A systematic review investigating the cumulative incidence of chronic kidney disease in young adults with impaired glucose tolerance. Systematic Reviews,2015; 4(1),8. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13643-015-0059-6 PMid:25968063 PMCid:PMC4433064
10. Bavuma, C. M., Musafiri, S., Rutayisire, P. C., Ng'ang'a, L. M., McQuillan, R., & Wild, S. H. Socio-demographic and clinical characteristics of diabetes mellitus in rural Rwanda: time to contextualize the interventions? A cross-sectional study. Bio Med Central Endocrine Disorders,2020; 20(1), 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12902-020-00660-y PMid:33302939 PMCid:PMC7731466
11. Dukunde, A., Ntaganda, J. M., Kasozi, J., & Nzabanita, J. Prediction of prevalence of type 2 diabetes in Rwanda using the metropolis-hasting sampling. African Health Sciences, 2021;21(2), 702-709. https://doi.org/10.4314/ahs.v21i2.28 PMid:34795726 PMCid:PMC8568256
12. Letta, S., Aga, F., Yadeta, T. A., Geda, B., & Dessie, Y. Correlates of Glycemic Control Among Patients with Type 2 Diabetes in Eastern Ethiopia: A Hospital-Based Cross-Sectional Study. Frontiers in Endocrinology,2022; 13(1), 934. https://doi.org/10.3389/fendo.2022.939804 PMid:35942179 PMCid:PMC9356126
13. Tran, M. N. T., Dang, K. T., Ly, L. D., & Tran, N. Q. Basal-bolus insulin therapy for the treatment of non-critically ill patients with type 2 diabetes in Vietnam: effectiveness and factors associated with inpatient glycemic control. International Journal of Diabetes in Developing Countries,2023; 43(2), 199-207. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13410-022-01079-y
14. Kaminski, B. A., Goldsweig, B. K., Sidhaye, A., Blackman, S. M., Schindler, T., & Moran, A. Cystic fibrosis related diabetes: Nutrition and growth considerations. Journal of Cystic Fibrosis, 2019;18(1), 32-37. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcf.2019.08.011 PMid:31679727
15. Halimi, J. M. The emerging concept of chronic kidney disease without clinical proteinuria in diabetic patients. Diabetes & Metabolism, 2012;38(4), 291-297. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.diabet.2012.04.001 PMid:22622176
16. Parr, S. K., Matheny, M. E., Abdel-Kader, K., Greevy Jr, R. A., Bian, A., Fly, J., & Siew, E. D. Acute kidney injury is a risk factor for subsequent proteinuria. Kidney International, 2018;93(2), 460-469. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.kint.2017.07.007 PMid:28927644 PMCid:PMC5796522
17. Teng, B., Schroder, P., Müller-Deile, J., Schenk, H., Staggs, L., Tossidou, I. Schiffer, M. CIN85 deficiency prevents nephrin endocytosis and proteinuria in diabetes. Diabetes, 2016; 65(12), 3667-3679. https://doi.org/10.2337/db16-0081 PMid:27531950 PMCid:PMC5314701
18. Hu, R., & Layton, A. A computational model of kidney function in a patient with diabetes. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 2021;22(11), 5819. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22115819 PMid:34072329 PMCid:PMC8198657
19. Wu, T., Ding, L., Andoh, V., Zhang, J., & Chen, L. The mechanism of hyperglycemia-induced renal cell injury in diabetic nephropathy disease: An update. Life, 2023;13(2), 539. https://doi.org/10.3390/life13020539 PMid:36836895 PMCid:PMC9967500
Published
Abstract Display: 38 
PDF Downloads: 36 PDF Downloads: 3 How to Cite
Issue
Section
Copyright (c) 2024 ISHIMWE Alain Prudence, GATEMBEZI Tharcisse, MUTABAZI Donatien, MUKAMANA Marie Louise, NSHUTI Jean Paul , HABIYAREMYE Lauben
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:
- Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0). that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgment of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgment of its initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work (See The Effect of Open Access).
How to Cite
.