Combating the Obesity Crisis: The Role of Community Pharmacists in Addressing the Rising Obesity Numbers

Authors

  • Pallav Dave Regulatory Compliance Analyst, Louisville, KY, 40223, USA

Abstract

The last decade has seen a significant increase in obesity and overweight cases globally. The World Health Organization estimates that 1 in every 8 people globally were living with overweight and obesity in 2022. This is approximately 2.5 billion who are overweight and 890 million who are obese. The rate at which the obesity prevalence is an indication that it is ending towards being an epidemic. Considering that obesity is multifactorial, isolating the exact causes is a significant problem. As a result, there is a need to dedicate more resources towards addressing the problem. One of the ways that can be used to deal with the rising obesity prevalence is expanding the role of healthcare providers more so community pharmacists to address the problem. Community pharmacists can do more than drug management in managing the growing obesity crisis. They can be involved in weight management, guidance on lifestyle modifications, and counselling on behavior modifications. They can also be involved in community-based interventions that aim to address obesity.

Keywords: obesity, obesity crisis, community pharmacists, energy intake, energy expenditure, weight management

Keywords:

obesity, obesity crisis, community pharmacists, energy intake, energy expenditure, weight management

DOI

https://doi.org/10.22270/jddt.v14i6.6667

Author Biography

Pallav Dave, Regulatory Compliance Analyst, Louisville, KY, 40223, USA

Regulatory Compliance Analyst, Louisville, KY, 40223, USA

References

World Health Organization (WHO). Obesity and overweight. 2024. Available from: https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/obesity-and-overweight

World Obesity Federation. World Obesity Atlas 2023. 2023. Available from: https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/wof-files/World_Obesity_Atlas_2023_Report.pdf

Javed Z, Valero‐Elizondo J, Maqsood MH, et al., Social determinants of health and obesity: Findings from a national study of US adults. Obesity. 2022;30(2):491-502. https://doi.org/10.1002/oby.23336 PMid:35088551

Ng M, Fleming T, Robinson M, et al., Global, regional, and national prevalence of overweight and obesity in children and adults during 1980-2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013. The Lancet. 2014;384(9945):766-81. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(14)60460-8 PMid:24880830

Taylor VH, Forhan M, Vigod SN, McIntyre RS, Morrison KM. The impact of obesity on quality of life. Best Practice & Research Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism. 2013;27(2):139-46. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.beem.2013.04.004 PMid:23731876

Sarwer DB, Polonsky HM. The psychosocial burden of obesity. Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics. 2016;45(3):677-88. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecl.2016.04.016 PMid:27519139 PMCid:PMC6052856

Foster D, Sanchez-Collins S, Cheskin LJ. Multidisciplinary team-based obesity treatment in patients with diabetes: Current practices and the state of the science. Diabetes Spectrum. 2017;30(4):244-9. https://doi.org/10.2337/ds17-0045 PMid:29151714 PMCid:PMC5687103

Jordan MA, Harmon J. Pharmacist interventions for obesity: improving treatment adherence and patient outcomes. Integrated Pharmacy Research and Practice. 2015:79-89. https://doi.org/10.2147/IPRP.S72206 PMid:29354522 PMCid:PMC5741031

CDC. About obesity. 2024. Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/obesity/php/about/index.html

Obesity Medicine Association. Rising obesity rates in America: a public health crisis. 2024. Available from: https://obesitymedicine.org/blog/rising-obesity-rates-in-america-a-public-health-crisis/#:~:text=The%20prevalence%20of%20obesity%20in,is%20nearly%20%24173%20billion%20annually .

CDC. Adult obesity prevalence maps. 2024. Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/obesity/php/data-research/adult-obesity-prevalence-maps.html

CDC. Childhood obesity facts. 2024. Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/obesity/php/data-research/childhood-obesity-facts.html?CDC_AAref_Val=https://www.cdc.gov/obesity/data/childhood.html

Koliaki C, Dalamaga M, Liatis S. Update on the obesity epidemic: after the sudden rise, is the upward trajectory beginning to flatten?. Current Obesity Reports. 2023;12(4):514-27. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13679-023-00527-y PMid:37779155 PMCid:PMC10748771

Swinburn BA, Sacks G, Hall KD, et al., The global obesity pandemic: shaped by global drivers and local environments. The Lancet. 2011;378(9793):804-14. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(11)60813-1 PMid:21872749

Romieu I, Dossus L, Barquera S, et al., Energy balance and obesity: what are the main drivers?. Cancer Causes & Control. 2017;28:247-58. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10552-017-0869-z PMid:28210884 PMCid:PMC5325830

Hill JO, Wyatt HR, Peters JC. Energy balance and obesity. Circulation. 2012;126(1):126-32. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.111.087213 PMid:22753534 PMCid:PMC3401553

Church T, Martin CK. The obesity epidemic: a consequence of reduced energy expenditure and the uncoupling of energy intake?. Obesity. 2018;26(1):14-6. https://doi.org/10.1002/oby.22072 PMid:29265774

Bassett DR, Schneider PL, Huntington GE. Physical activity in an Old Order Amish community. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise. 2004;36(1):79-85. https://doi.org/10.1249/01.MSS.0000106184.71258.32 PMid:14707772

Malik VS, Willett WC, Hu FB. Global obesity: trends, risk factors and policy implications. Nature Reviews Endocrinology. 2013;9(1):13-27. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrendo.2012.199 PMid:23165161

Poti JM, Braga B, Qin B. Ultra-processed food intake and obesity: what really matters for health-processing or nutrient content?. Current Obesity Reports. 2017;6:420-31. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13679-017-0285-4 PMid:29071481 PMCid:PMC5787353

Dave P, Exploring the Effectiveness of Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis (PrEP) Use for HIV Prevention among High-Risk Populations, Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical Research and Development. 2024; 12(2):1-6. https://doi.org/10.22270/ajprd.v12i2.1333

Mohammadbeigi A, Asgarian A, Moshir E, et al., Fast food consumption and overweight/obesity prevalence in students and its association with general and abdominal obesity. Journal of Preventive Medicine and Hygiene. 2018;59(3):E236. https://doi.org/10.15167/2421-4248/jpmh2018.59.3.830

Lee A, Cardel M, Donahoo WT. Social and environmental factors influencing obesity. Endotext [Internet]. 2019. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK278977/

Ezzati M, Vander Hoorn S, Lawes CM, Leach R, James WP, Lopez AD, Rodgers A, Murray CJ. Rethinking the "diseases of affluence" paradigm: global patterns of nutritional risks in relation to economic development. PLoS Medicine. 2005;2(5):e133. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.0020133 PMid:15916467 PMCid:PMC1088287

Kim TJ, von dem Knesebeck O. Income and obesity: what is the direction of the relationship? A systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ Open. 2018;8(1):e019862. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2017-019862 PMid:29306894 PMCid:PMC5781054

Ogden CL. Prevalence of obesity among adults, by household income and education-United States, 2011-2014. MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report. 2017;66. https://doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.mm6650a1 PMid:29267260 PMCid:PMC5751581

Sart G, Bayar Y, Danilina M. Impact of educational attainment and economic globalization on obesity in adult females and males: Empirical evidence from BRICS economies. Frontiers in Public Health. 2023;11:1102359. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2023.1102359 PMid:36866088 PMCid:PMC9971565

Luckhaupt SE, Cohen MA, Li J, Calvert GM. Prevalence of obesity among US workers and associations with occupational factors. American Journal of Preventive Medicine. 2014;46(3):237-48. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2013.11.002 PMid:24512862

Gu JK, Charles LE, Bang KM, et al., Prevalence of obesity by occupation among US workers: the National Health Interview Survey 2004-2011. Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine. 2014;56(5):516-28. https://doi.org/10.1097/JOM.0000000000000133 PMid:24682108 PMCid:PMC4681272

Bonauto DK, Lu D, Fan ZJ. Peer reviewed: obesity prevalence by occupation in Washington State, behavioral risk factor surveillance system. Preventing Chronic Disease. 2014;11. https://doi.org/10.5888/pcd11.130219 PMid:24406093 PMCid:PMC3887052

Park JH, Moon JH, Kim HJ, Kong MH, Oh YH. Sedentary lifestyle: overview of updated evidence of potential health risks. Korean Journal of Family Medicine. 2020;41(6):365. https://doi.org/10.4082/kjfm.20.0165 PMid:33242381 PMCid:PMC7700832

Manson JE, Skerrett PJ, Greenland P, VanItallie TB. The escalating pandemics of obesity and sedentary lifestyle: a call to action for clinicians. Archives of Internal Medicine. 2004;164(3):249-58. https://doi.org/10.1001/archinte.164.3.249 PMid:14769621

Pirgon Ö, Aslan N. The role of urbanization in childhood obesity. Journal Of Clinical Research in Pediatric Endocrinology. 2015;7(3):163. https://doi.org/10.4274/jcrpe.1984 PMid:26831548 PMCid:PMC4677549

Congdon P. Obesity and urban environments. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2019;16(3):464. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16030464 PMid:30764541 PMCid:PMC6388392

Zhong J, Liu W, Niu B, Lin X, Deng Y. Role of built environments on physical activity and health promotion: a review and policy insights. Frontiers in Public Health. 2022;10:950348. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2022.950348 PMid:35910910 PMCid:PMC9326484

Dave P., The Role of Pharmacists in Opioid Addiction Management. Asian Journal of Dental and Health Sciences, 2024;4(1):51-56. https://doi.org/10.22270/ajdhs.v4i1.71

CDC. Physical activity for adults: an overview. 2023. Available From: https://www.cdc.gov/physical-activity-basics/guidelines/adults.html

CDC. Risk factors for obesity. 2024. Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/obesity/php/about/risk-factors.html

Tiwari A, Balasundaram P. Public health considerations regarding obesity. [Updated 2023 Jun 5]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2024. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK572122/

Peeters A, Barendregt JJ, Willekens F, Mackenbach JP, Mamun AA, Bonneux L, for NEDCOM, the Netherlands Epidemiology and Demography Compression of Morbidity Research Group*. Obesity in adulthood and its consequences for life expectancy: a life-table analysis. Annals of Internal Medicine. 2003;138(1):24-32. https://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-138-1-200301070-00008 PMid:12513041

Fontaine KR, Redden DT, Wang C, Westfall AO, Allison DB. Years of life lost due to obesity. JAMA. 2003;289(2):187-93. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.289.2.187 PMid:12517229

Lung T, Jan S, Tan EJ, Killedar A, Hayes A. Impact of overweight, obesity and severe obesity on life expectancy of Australian adults. International Journal of Obesity. 2019;43(4):782-9. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41366-018-0210-2 PMid:30283076

Taylor VH, Forhan M, Vigod SN, McIntyre RS, Morrison KM. The impact of obesity on quality of life. Best Practice & Research Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism. 2013;27(2):139-46. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.beem.2013.04.004 PMid:23731876

Stephenson J, Smith CM, Kearns B, Haywood A, Bissell P. The association between obesity and quality of life: a retrospective analysis of a large-scale population-based cohort study. BMC Public Health. 2021;21:1-9. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-021-12009-8 PMid:34732156 PMCid:PMC8567540

Cawley J, Biener A, Meyerhoefer C, et al., Direct medical costs of obesity in the United States and the most populous states. Journal of Managed Care & Specialty Pharmacy. 2021;27(3):354-66. https://doi.org/10.18553/jmcp.2021.20410 PMid:33470881 PMCid:PMC10394178

Wadden TA, Tronieri JS, Butryn ML. Lifestyle modification approaches for the treatment of obesity in adults. American Psychologist. 2020;75(2):235. https://doi.org/10.1037/amp0000517 PMid:32052997 PMCid:PMC7027681

Clements JN, Albanese NP, D'Souza JJ, et al., Clinical review and role of clinical pharmacists in obesity management: An opinion of the endocrine and metabolism practice and research network of the American College of Clinical Pharmacy. Journal of the American College of Clinical Pharmacy. 2021;4(11):1469-84. https://doi.org/10.1002/jac5.1512

Dastani HB, Brown CM, O'Donnell DC. Combating the obesity epidemic: community pharmacists counseling on obesity management. Annals of Pharmacotherapy. 2004;38(11):1800-4. https://doi.org/10.1345/aph.1E205 PMid:15383644

AlMukdad S, Zaghloul N, Awaisu A, Mahfoud ZR, Kheir N, El Hajj MS. Exploring the role of community pharmacists in obesity and weight management in Qatar: a mixed-methods study. Risk Management and Healthcare Policy. 2021:2771-87. https://doi.org/10.2147/RMHP.S309142 PMid:34234592 PMCid:PMC8256378

Hijazi MA, Shatila H, El-Lakany A, Al Rifai H, Aboul-Ela M, Naja F. Role of community pharmacists in weight management: results of a national study in Lebanon. BMC Health Services Research. 2020;20:1-2. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12913-020-05258-7 PMid:32381084 PMCid:PMC7204056

Um IS, Armour C, Krass I, Gill T, Chaar BB. Weight management in community pharmacy: what do the experts think?. International Journal of Clinical Pharmacy. 2013;35:447-54. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11096-013-9761-4 PMid:23456174

Harmon M, Pogge E, Boomershine V. Evaluation of a pharmacist-led, 6-month weight loss program in obese patients. Journal of the American Pharmacists Association. 2014;54(3):302-7. https://doi.org/10.1331/JAPhA.2014.13138 PMid:24816357

Morrison D, McLoone P, Brosnahan N, McCombie L, Smith A, Gordon J. A community pharmacy weight management programme: an evaluation of effectiveness. BMC Public Health. 2013;13:1-8. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-13-282 PMid:23537247 PMCid:PMC3616997

Malone M, Alger-Mayer SA, Anderson DA. The lifestyle challenge program: a multidisciplinary approach to weight management. Annals of Pharmacotherapy. 2005;39(12):2015-20. https://doi.org/10.1345/aph.1G287 PMid:16288070

O'Donnell DC, Brown CM, Dastani HB. Barriers to counseling patients with obesity: a study of Texas community pharmacists. Journal of the American Pharmacists Association. 2006;46(4):465-71. https://doi.org/10.1331/154434506778073565 PMid:16913390

Published

15-06-2024
Statistics
Abstract Display: 328
PDF Downloads: 183
PDF Downloads: 66

How to Cite

1.
Dave P. Combating the Obesity Crisis: The Role of Community Pharmacists in Addressing the Rising Obesity Numbers. J. Drug Delivery Ther. [Internet]. 2024 Jun. 15 [cited 2025 May 25];14(6):184-90. Available from: https://jddtonline.info/index.php/jddt/article/view/6667

How to Cite

1.
Dave P. Combating the Obesity Crisis: The Role of Community Pharmacists in Addressing the Rising Obesity Numbers. J. Drug Delivery Ther. [Internet]. 2024 Jun. 15 [cited 2025 May 25];14(6):184-90. Available from: https://jddtonline.info/index.php/jddt/article/view/6667