Association between kidney dysfunction and electrolytes imbalance among HIV patients attending Muhororo District Hospital
Abstract
Background: Kidney diseases has been recognized as one of the challenging complications in HIV infected people. Hyponatremia and hyperkalemia are the most disturbed electrolytes associated with an increased risk of death both in hospitalized and in ambulatory HIV patients.
Aim: The study aimed to assess the association between renal dysfunction and serum electrolytes disorders among HIV infected patients.
Method: It was a retrospective study conducted at Muhororo district hospital from May up to July 2023. HIV infected patients were enrolled in the study and their serum creatinine, sodium, potassium and chloride were tested and the results analyzed by using SPSS version 22. A P-value less than 0.05 was considered statistically significance.
Result: Among 115 HIV infected patients, 67.8% were females and 32.1% were males. The Mean serum creatinine was elevated among HIV infected patients [1.01(mg/dl) ±0.27, 0.99(mg/dl) ±0.26], and 40.8% had hyponatremia, 8% had hypernatremia, 6% had hypokalemia 7.8% had hyperkalemia 17.3% had hypochloremia and 20% had hyperchloremia Mean serum sodium was slightly decreased [134.1(mmol/l) ±11.8], there was no change in mean of both serum K+ and CL_ [4.4 (mmol/l) SD±1 / 100.7(mmol/l) with SD±14.2 for serum Cl-]. Serum creatinine was significantly associated with Na+ and K+ [P=0.04, r=-0.19/ p=0.01, r= 0.22] however the correlation between Cl- and Serum creatinine was not statistically significant [P=0.3, r=-0.08].
Conclusion: The study found elevated serum creatinine and, the weak correlation between creatinine and electrolytes in HIV infected patients on ART. The present findings need to be confirmed with further studies with large sample size. HIV infected patients should change life style that predispose their health to the development of kidney diseases they must also stick on healthcare provider’s counselling.
Keywords: HIV, Kidney Dysfunction, Serum electrolytes.
Keywords:
HIV, Kidney Dysfunction, Serum electrolytesDOI
https://doi.org/10.22270/jddt.v14i6.6649References
Lima, V., Hogg, R., Harrigan, P. R., Moore, D., Yip, B., Wood, E., & & Montaner, J. S. Continued improvement in survival among HIV-infected individuals with newer forms of highly active antiretroviral therapy. Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome, 2007; 21(6):685-692. https://doi.org/10.1097/QAD.0b013e32802ef30c PMid:17413689
Braconnier, P., Delforge, M., Gargu, M., Wissing, K., & De wit, S. Hyponatremia is a marker of diseases severity in HIV-infected patients: a retrospective cohort study. BioMed Central Infectious Diseases, 2017; 17(1):1-10. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12879-017-2191-5 PMid:28122494 PMCid:PMC5267411
Naaz, I., Wani, R., Najar, M. S., Bandey, K., Baba, K. M., & Jeelani, H.. Collapsing glomerulopathy in an HIV-positive patient in a low-incidence belt. Indian Journal of Nephrology, 2010; 20(17):211-213. https://doi.org/10.4103/0971-4065.73451 PMid:21206685 PMCid:PMC3008952
Fabian, J., & Naicker, S. HIV and Kidney diseases in sub-Saharan Africa. Nature Reviews Nephrology, 2009; 5(10):591-598. https://www.nature.com/articles/nrneph.2009.141 . https://doi.org/10.1038/nrneph.2009.141 PMid:19776781
Borgdorff, H., Tsivtsivadze, E., Verhelst, R., Marzorati, M., Jurriaans, S., Ndayisaba, G. F., & Van De Wijgert, J. H. Lactobacillus-dominated cervicovaginal microbiota associated with reduced HIV/STI prevalence and genital HIV viral load in African women. The International Society for Microbial Ecology Journal, 2014; 8(9):1781-1793. https://doi.org/10.1038/ismej.2014.26 PMid:24599071 PMCid:PMC4139719
Asiimwee - Kateera, B., Veldhuijzen, N., Balinda, J. P., Rusine, J., Eagle, S., Vyankandondera, J., & Van De Wijgert, J. Combination antiretralviral therapy for HIV in Rwandan adults:clinical outcomes and impact on reproductive health up to 24 months. Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome Research and Treatment, 2015; 15-30. https://doi.org/10.1155/2015/740212 PMid:26257954 PMCid:PMC4519532
Karim, S., & Baxter, C. HIV incidence rates in adolescent girls and young women in sub-Saharan Africa. The Lancet Global Health, 2019; 7(11):1470-1471. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2214-109X(19)30404-8 PMid:31607449
Verma, B., & Singh, A. Clinical spectrum of renal disease in hospitalized HIV/AIDS patients: A teaching hospital experience. Journal of Family Medicine and Primary Care, (2019); 8(3):886 891. https://doi.org/10.4103/jfmpc.jfmpc_98_19 PMid:31041219 PMCid:PMC6482726
Okpa, H. O., Bisong, E. M., Enang, O. E., Effa, E. E., Monjok, E., & Essien, E. J. Predictors of chronic kidney disease among HIV-infected patients on highly active antiretroviral therapy at the University of Calabar Teaching Hospital, Calabar, South-South Nigeria. HIV/AIDS-Research and Palliative Care, 2019; 3(5):61-67. https://doi.org/10.2147/HIV.S189802 PMid:31118824 PMCid:PMC6501420
Afhami, S., Rasoulinezhad, M., Razeghi, E., Shahriari, S., & Esmaeilpour, N. Renal disorders in HIV-infected patients. Bio Med Research Notes, 2007; 32(5):35-40. https://doi.org/10.1007/s15010-007-6163-3 PMid:17885731
Ramesh, V. N. To study the renal and electrolyte disturbances in HIV infected patients. International Organization of Scientific Research Journal of Dental and Medical Science, 2017; 16(8):91-94.
Shu, Z., Tian, Z., Chen, J., Ma, J., Abudureyimu, A., Qian, Q., & Zhuo, L. HIV/AIDS-related hyponatremia and hyperkalemia: an old but still serious problem. Renal Failure, 2018; 40(1):68-74. https://doi.org/10.1080/0886022X.2017.1419975 PMid:29299949 PMCid:PMC6014325
Blaser, A. R., van Zanten, A., & de Man, A. Electrolytes in the ICU. Annual Update in Intensive Care and Emergency Medicine, 2022; 20(12):183. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-93433-0_15
Published



How to Cite
Issue
Section
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:
- Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0). that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgment of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgment of its initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work (See The Effect of Open Access).