Available online on 15.12.2023 at http://jddtonline.info

Journal of Drug Delivery and Therapeutics

Open Access to Pharmaceutical and Medical Research

Copyright  © 2023 The  Author(s): This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the CC BY-NC 4.0 which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium for non-commercial use provided the original author and source are credited

Open Access   Full Text Article                                                                                                                                                         Review Article

A systematic review of the analytical method identified phytomedicine and pharmacological potency of Rosa species with special attention on Rosa centifolia 

Khushbu Singh*, Vikas Kumar, Amita Verma, Pooja Gadkari

Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sam Higginbottom University of Agriculture, Technology and Sciences, Naini, Prayagraj, Uttar Pradesh 211007

 

 

Introduction

The vast range of medicinal plants distributed around the world is highly remarkable. According to reports, around 70,000 plant species from the lower level of lichens to higher levels of trees have been proven to have the potential for treating various illnesses. Based on WHO, 21,000 medicinal plants are in use for various medical applications. The traditional herbal practitioners are even today known to follow the herbal medicine system in rural areas, approximately 2500 plants for treating basic illness which has been considered as one of the best methods in Indian medical practices ¹.  Herbal drugs are naturally rich sources of various secondary metabolites and novel pharmacologically active compounds to improve human health with fewer adverse effects. phytochemical study Plants play an important source of bioactive molecules for the discovery of novel drugs ². During the past few years, public interest in medicine obtained from plants has increased exponentially. According to the World Health Organization, 65%-80% of the mass population in developing countries due to lack of access to modern medicine depends basically on plants for primary healthcare needs ³. Roses are a rich source of Vitamin C and are used in the making of medicaments. It is a fact that there is no other alternative to rose oil present naturally nor has it been prepared by synthetic process ⁴. Rose plants are shrubby in appearance with long drooping canes and grayish-green leaves. The shrub is 6.15 cm to 3 meters in height. The flowers are round and bulbous in shape, with highly scented thin overlapping. The branches of the shrub are covered with closely straight prickles ⁵. For the production of rose oil two major species of rose are cultivated: Firstly, Rosa damascena which is extensively grown in Bulgaria (70–80%), Turkey, Russia, India, and China. Secondly, Rosa centifolia is most commonly grown in Morocco, France, and Egypt ⁶. Rose flowers have various medicinal activities antibacterial, astringent, tonic, and antioxidant effects used for mild inflammation. Due to its biological activities like immunosuppressive, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antiarthritic, analgesic, anti-diabetic, cardioprotective, antimicrobial, gastroprotective, and skin ameliorative effects of Rosehip has traditionally been used against a wide range of ailments ⁷. Rosa centifolia belongs to the family Rosaceae commonly known as red rose or Pink rose, found across India and has been traditionally used ⁸. Roses are known with the title of the king of flowers and it is cultivated systematically. Genus Rosa has found approximately 200 species and up to 18,000 cultivars. ^2,9. 

Material and Method 

This review work was conducted using a well-organized search of the available literature on the medicinal plant from the inception till the end of June 2022 to identify all published investigations on the selected plants. The searches were performed using various databases, including PubMed (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed), Science Direct (http://www.sciencedirect.com/), Scopus (http://www.scopus.com/), and Google Scholar (http://www.scholar.google.com/). A literature review of Rosa species reveals the following information on analytical methods and pharmacological potency.

Results

In this study, the introductory databases search related to the rosa species has recognized about “70” publications. Analytical work studies were reviewed outlined in Tables 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7 respectively, in vitro experiments and animal studies were also reviewed. Together pharmacological activity of Rosa species is discussed in a descriptive manner. It was found that research studies conducted on rosa species mostly focused on their flower part, and only a few studies have been reviewed on the other parts of the plant. There are no human trials or any other type of clinical trial reported.

 

 

 Therapeutic chemical reported in Rosa centifolia 

Table 1: Bioactive compound identified in Rosa centifolia by HPLTC

First author/year	Plant name (species name)	Plant part studied	Type of extract (sample)	Technique used	Phytochemical identified	Therapeutic activity	Ref
Camille Dubois et Al., 2022	R. centifolia	Stem	Hydroalcoholic extract	HPLC-DAD/ELSD	The three major compounds, isoquercitrin, quercitrin and euscaphic acid found, never identified in R. centifolia previously.	Antioxidant Activities, anti-inflammatory potential. Anti-hyaluronidase and its interesting anti-elastase activity.	10

 

Table 2: Bioactive compound identified in Rosa centifolia by GC coupled technique  

First author/year	Plant name (species name)	Plant part studied	Type of extract (sample)	Technique used	Phytochemical identified	Therapeutic activity	Ref
Jdzef Gdra, Anna Lis* and Danuta Kalemba, 1995	Rosa centqolia L	Fresh petals	Hydrodistilled	GC and GC/ MS analysis columns: 30 m x0.32 mm, DB-17,30 m x0.32 mm, DB-Wax, carrier gas: nitrogen	Mainly geraniol (26.70%), citronellol(22.90%) and nerol (l4.26%).	Not mentioned	11
M. khalid Shabbir et al., 2009	Rosa centqolia L	Fresh petals	Petroleum ether extract (concentrated oil)	High resolution gas liquid chromatographic (HR-GLC) analysis Column: SP2330 (30m×0.32mm), carrier gas: pure nitrogen	Geraniol,  Linalool, Phenylethyl alcohol, Benzaldehyde, Citronellyl acetate, Benzyl alcohol. Geranyl acetate.	Not mentioned	12
M. Aslam Khan and Shoaib-ur-Rehman, 2005	Rosa centqolia L	flowers	Hexane extract/ essential oil	Liquid gas chromatographic (LGC) analysis	Geraniol, Eugenol,   Rhodinol,   Citronellol, Linalool, Citranellyl acetate, Phenyl ethyl alcohol,	Not mentioned	13

 

 

The typical essential oil of Rose is Chemically, a mixture of almost 300 compounds such as terpene and phenol derivatives of hydrocarbon compounds ¹⁴. Rosa centifolia (province rose, cabbage rose or Rose de Mai) the important chemical constituents isolated from flower petals by gas chromatography analysis ^15,16.

Therapeutic chemicals reported in other species of Rosa 

We have found that only some of the species of rose have undergone detailed study in reference to their phytochemical and clinical parameter such as Rosa damascene, Rosa gallica, and R. canina, Rosa hybrida cv., Rosa sinensis and some other species.

 

 

Table 3: Bioactive compound identified in rosa species by HPLTC

First author/year	Plant name (species name)	Plant part studied	Type of extract (sample)	Technique used	Phytochemical identified	Therapeutic activity	Ref
Tamanna Nazli et al., 2019	R. damascene	Flowers	Chloroform extract & ethanolic extract	HPTLC-densitometry analysis; Mobile phase: Toluene: Ethyl acetate 9: 1 (v/v) Column: Silica gel 60F254 ʎ = 254 & 366S nm	In chloroform extract: at Rf 0.13(purple), 0.17(pink), 0.23(pinkish purple), 0.26, 0.30(pink), 0.37 & 0.44(purple) under visible light. Ethanol extract: Under UV366nm, Rf 0.48 (dark blue).	Medicinal, cosmetic and aromatic properties	17
Osman Tuncay Ağar et al., 2017	R. damascena	Petals	Extract prepared by using the solvents in different Polarity	HPTLC Mobile phase: ethyl acetate: formic acid: acetic acid: water (100:11:11:10, v/v/v/v) Plate: silica gel 60 F254 ʎ = 254 & 366nm	kaempferol 3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside, quercetin 3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside, quercetin 3-O-β-D-galactopyranoside were reported	Anti-HIV, antibacterial, antioxidant, antitussive, hypnotic and antidiabetic,	18
Ludivine Riffault et al., 2014 and 2016	Rosa _ hybrida cv. (Jardin de Granville)	Early buds, Buds, flowers, leaves, wood, shoot	EtOH/H2O 9/1 (v/v) extracts	HPTLC:  Mobile phase: ACN/ H2O/HCOOH: 50/50/5 (v/v/v). with Neu’s reagent Plate: Silica gel F254 ʎ = 254.	Around 60 compounds were identified, mainly gallo-tannins, ellagi-tannins, catechin derivatives and glycoside derivatives of quercetin and kaempferol	Cosmetic purpose and Antiaging property	19,20
Kshipra Misra and Shoma Nandi, et al., 2013	Rosa sinensis	Rose petals and buds	Ethanolic extract	HPTLC Mobile phase: chloroform: ethyl acetate: formic acid (9.5: 6: 0.5) silica gel plate 60F254 ʎ = 254 nm	Gallic acid 12.76 mg / g The Rf value of gallic acid was found to be 0.29	Antioxidant activity	21

 

 

Table 4: Bioactive compound identified in rosa species by HPLC

First author/year	Plant name (species name)		Plant part studied	Type of extract (sample)	Technique used	Phytochemical identified	Therapeutic activity	Ref
Y. S. Velioglut and G. Mama', 1991	Rosa damascena Mill		Petales	ethanol-acetic acid-water extract (10:1:9).	HPLC UltroPac prepared column (250 X 4.6 mm) of Spheri 10-RP18 (10 pm) solvent A, formic acid-water (595 v/v), solvent B, methanol; elution profile 0-10 min, 17- 22% B (linear gradient) 190-370 nm.	The main anthocyanin was cyanidin 3,5-diglucoside, which accounted for over 95% of the total anthocyanins. Also identified were several kaempferol and quercetin glucosides, galactoside, arabinosides, and rhamnosides. total anthocyanins was 285 mg/kg of fresh petals.	Antiradical activity.	22
N. Demir et al., 2013	Rosa canina, Rosa dumalis, Rosa gallica, Rosa dumalis subsp.boissieri and Rosa hirtissima		Rosehip	methanol/water/formic acid (50:48.5:1.5) extract	RP-HPLC-DAD mobile phase: (A) water/acetic acid (98:2) and (B) water/acetonitrile/acetic acid (78:20:2). Column: C18 (250 _ 4.6 mm I.D.) ʎ = 280, 320 and 360 nm.  SPME/GCeMS Column: DB-Wax column (60 m _ 0.25 mm _ 0.25 mm; J&W Scientific, Folsom, CA, USA) Carrier gas:  He	Rosehip fruits are characterized by high levels of ascorbic acid and the sample of RG contained about 160.30 mg/100 g dry weight. The levels of ascorbic acid in other samples ranged from 65.75 to 136.14 mg/100 g which is noteworthy. Rose hips were also rich in some phenolic compounds including gallic acid, catechin, procyanidin-B2, chlorogenic, t-caffeic, p-coumaric, ferulic, and sinapic acids.	Antioxidant activity	23
Vlasta Cunja et al., 2014	R. canina, R. glauca, R. rubiginosa, R. sempervirens		Petal and Leaf	Ethanolic extract	High-performance liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry	Leaves contain seven different anthocyanins and 31 flavonols in petals; 30 flavonols, 14 phenolic acids, and their derivatives; 15 flavanols; and 20 hydrolysable tannins	Not mention	24
Nilgun Gokturk Baydar et al., 2013	Rosa damascena Mill		Fresh and spent flowers, and green leaves	Methanolic extract	HPLC Mobile phase: solvent A contained 3% acetic acid in water and solvent B contained methanol Column: Eclipse XB C-18 column (5 µm, 4.6 mm × 250 mm, Wallborn, Germany)	Gallic acid in the flower extracts, and (+)-catechin and (−)-epicatechin in the leaf extract were the most abundant phenolic compounds. Leaf extracts exhibited more antiradical activity at a concentration of 50 _g/ml	Antioxidant and antiradicalproperties		25
Poonam Kumari et al., 2018	Rosa hybrida L.		Rose petal	Methanolic extract	HPLC  Mobile phase: solvent A: water (0.1 % formic acid) and solvent B: acetonitrile (0.1% formic acid)  Column: C-18 columnn ʎ = `280 nm.	Presence of five major phenolic compounds in rose petal extract, viz. quercetin, catechin, epicatechin, rutin and 3-hydroxy cinnamic acid.	Health-promoting properties		26
Shahla Shameh et al., 2018	R. foetida Herrm, R. hemisphaerica Herrm, R. webbiana Wall. ex Royle, R. × damascena Herrm, R. canina L., R. moschata Herrm;	Fresh flowers		Methanolic extract	HPLC 1% aqueous acetic acid solution (solvent A) and acetonitrile (solvent B). 250 nm (quercetin and chlorogenic acid), 272 nm (gallic acid, cinnamic acid, and apigenin), and 310 nm (caffeic acid, rutin, and p-coumaric acid), respectively Column:  (250 mm ×4.6 mm, C18, ZORBAX Eclipse XDB) ʎ = 250, 272 and 310	The amounts of phenolic acids varied in the studied species in this order: gallic acid from 22.71 to 38.54 μg/g DW, caffeic acid from 1.50 to 64.18 μ/g DW, chlorogenic acid from 24.37 to 135.22 μg/g DW, p-coumaric acid from 20.68 to 647.28 μg/g DW, and cinnamic acid from 0.136 to 0.360 μg/g DW. quercetin, catechin, epicatechin, rutin and 3-hydroxy cinnamic acid	Antioxidant activity		27

 

Table 5: Bioactive compound identified in rosa species by UPLC

First author/year	Plant name (species name)	Plant part studied	Type of extract (sample)	Technique used	Phytochemical identified	Therapeutic activity	Ref
Andrzej Cendrowski et al., 2017	Rosa rugosa	petals	Ethanolic extract	UPLC-photodiode detector-quadrupole/time of flight-mass spectrometry (UPLC-PDA-Q/TOF-MS) UPLC BEH C18 column (1.7 _m, 2.1 mm _ 100 mm consisted of solvent A (2.0% formic acid, v/v) and solvent B (100% of acetonitrile) Wavelength: ellagitannins at 254 nm, flavan-3-ols at 280 nm, phenolics at 320 nm and flavonol glycosides at 360 nm.	Phenolic acids, flavonols, flavan-3-ols and hydrolisable tannins (gallotannins and ellagitannins). R. rugosa petals contains up to 2175.43 mg polyphenols per 100 g fresh weight, therein 1517.01 mg ellagitannins per 100 g fresh weight were found.	Valuable raw material for the food industries	28

 

 

 

Table 6: Phytochemical reported in Rosa centifolia by MS coupled technique

First author/year	Plant name (species name)	Plant part studied			Type of extract (sample)		Technique used	Phytochemical identified		Therapeutic activity	Ref
Tania C.S.P. Pires et al., 2018	Rosa damascena R. gallica and R. canina	Dry petals			Hydro methanolic extracts		LC-DAD-ESI/MSn (Dionex Ultimate 3000 UPLC, Thermo Scientific, San Jose, CA, USA)	Quercetin- Kaempferol-glucuronide A Kaempferol-rhamnoside A Quercetin-(p-coumaroyl) Hexoside A were reported.		Antioxidant, antiproliferative, and antibacterial	29
A. Maciag and     D. Kalemba, 2014	Rosa rugosa	Dry petals			Aqueous extract		Gas chromatography coupled with mass 111 spectrometry (GC–FID–MS). non-114 polar capillary column Rtx-1ms (60 m _ 0.25 mm, 0.25 m film thickness), carrier gas – helium	b-Phenylethanol, citronellol, geraniol, and nerol were the main volatile constituents of primary hydrolate. b-Phenylethanol, citronellic acid, and geranic acid were the main volatile constituents of secondary hydrolate		Not mentioned	30
Zeinab Alizadeh and Mohammad Fattahi, 2021	Rosa damascene	Fresh flowers				Methanolic extract	GC/MS analysis Column: silica capillary column (30 m × 0.250 mm, 0.25 μm film thickness) carrier gas: helium		Geraniol, citral, methyl linoleate, n-heneicosane, and n-octane were the major components of essential oils. Carotenoid content ranged from 0.002 to 0.055 mg/g DW	Antioxidant activities	31
Tsanaktsidis C.G. et al., 2012	R. damascene	Rose flower				Aqueous extract	Gas Chromatograph – Mass Spectrograph (GC-MS) Column: HP-5MS Carrier Gas: He		2-phenethyl alcohol, citronellol, nerol, and geraniol, and 59 other detectable aromatic components	Not mentioned	32
Yi-zhong Cai et al., 2005	Rosa chinensis	Flowers				Methanolic extract	Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS)		Total of 36 known and unknown phenolics were identified quercetin/kaempferol mono- and diglycosides, and cyanidin	antioxidant power	33
Daniela Nedeltcheva-Antonova et al.,	Rosa damascena Mill.	Not mention				Derivatizatised product	GC/MS Two fused silica capillary columns (J &W Scientific, Folsom, CA) Helium (99.999%) was used as a carrier gas		132 compounds, mainly mono- and sesquiterpenoids were identified. The main constituents, representing 80.0–95.5% of the total content of the detected compounds.	Not mentioned	34
Huihua Wan et al., 2019	‘Yellow Island’ and ‘Garden City’, Yunzheng Xiawei’, ‘Wangri qinghuai’and ‘Pink Fan’ (PF), and ‘Chacok’ (CH)			Powdered flower		Verious solvent used for the extraction	HPLC and LC-MS ʎ = 520 nm for anthocyanin and 350 nm for flavonols.		Four anthocyanins, 20 flavonols, and 10 carotenoids were detected in petals of tested cultivars. Major individual anthocyanin,flavonol, and carotenoid were cyanidin/pelargonidin 3,5-diglucoside, kaempferol 3-O-rhamnoside, and (9Z)-violaxanthin, respectively.	Not mentioned	35
Mounia Chroho et al., 2022	Rosa damascena	Flowers				Hydroethanolic	HPLC-MS RP C18 column Mobile phase: 0.1% of formic acid in water (A), and acetonitrile (B) ʎ=200–400 nm		Valoneic acid dilactone and ellagic acid were identified. Ellagitannins are hydrolysable tannins formed from gallic acid esterified with hexahydroxydiphenic acid (HHDP) Flavonoids: Quercetin and kaempferol	antiviral, bacteriostatic effect, antioxidant, anticancer, and anti-inflammatory activities	36
Tarek M. Galal et al., 2022	R. damascena (Taif’s rose)	Leaves and stems				Aqueous and methanolic extract	HPLC-MS system For Flavonoids, phenolic acid and  alkaloid different solvent  system used, column: RP18 ʎ = 280 nm, 325 & 226 nm respectively		Taif’s rose contains flavonoid components: luteolin, apigenin, quercetin, rutin, kaempferol, and chrysoeriol; phenolics: ellagic acid, catechol, resorcinol, gallic acid, and phloroglucinol; alkaloids such as berbamine, jatrorrhizine, palmatine, reticuline, isocorydine, and boldine.	Antimicrobial	37
Marta Olech et al., 2020	Rosa rugosa Thunb		Dry leaves			Methanolic  extract	LC-MS/MS-MRM HPLC system: for phenolics Column: Eclipse XDB-C18 water-methanol and water-acetonitrile mobile phases for flavonoid : column ; Kinetex XB-C18 Mathnol: water-MeOH and water-ACN Gradients MS Nitrogen was used as a nebulizer and collision gas		The presence of a large amount of phenolic compounds was detected in rose leaves (786.44 _g/g and 14.46 _g/g of phenolic acids and flavonoid aglycones, respectively). Isoferulic acid and five aglycones were revealed for the first time in this plant material. Moreover, 15 phenolic acids and six aglycones were found in the rose achenes, including eight phenolic acids and four aglycones that had not been previously reported in this rose organ.	Potential   commercial use in pharmaceutical, food, or cosmetic industry.	38

 

Table 7: Bioactive compound identified in rosa species by FTIR

First author/year	Plant name (species name)	Plant part studied	Type of extract (sample)	Technique used	Phytochemical identified	Therapeutic activity	Ref
Mohammed Ali et al, 2016	R. damascene	Flowers	Methanolic extract	FT-IR spectrophotometer, UV spectrophotometer, 1H (300 MHz) and 13C (75 MHz) NMR spectrophotometer	Four new compounds identified as n-cosan-5β-ol (1), (cis)- 6, 10, 14-trimethylpentadec-3-en-7β,11β-diol (damascene, 2), 7-hydroxy-4-(3'-methyl butanol)- coumarin-3- en-one (rosacoumari, 3) and cedr-6-en- 12-ol-14-oic acid (rosa cedrenoic acid, 4)	Abdominal and chest pains, menstrual bleeding, digestive problems.	39

 

 

Rosa gallica L., Rosa centifolia L., Rosa damascena Mill. was declared that the solid residue of extract contains mainly straight-chain saturated hydrocarbons with high molecular weight (C-15-C-31) and the esters of carboxylic acids and a homologous series between them exist ⁴⁰. The study showed phenolic and flavonoid content where Ascorbic Acid standard drugs ⁴¹. French city is known as the PERFUME CAPITAL of the world. R. canina, R. gallica, R. rugosa, Rosehip Aqueous and ethanolic extract evaluated for in vitro total antioxidant capacity ⁴². Rose (Rosa spp.) petals were evaluated the micro (Co, Cu, Fe, Mn, Mo, Ni and Zn), macro (Ca, Mg, Na and P) and toxic elements (As, Cd and Cr) of organically cultivated rose. The study concluded that rose petals are a promising potential nutritional supplement in the human diet ⁴³. According to the analytical studies review some of the most important phytochemicals are mentioned. The structural presentation of the identified compound is shown in Fig. 1

 

 

 

Figure 2: structure of some bioactive phytochemical with basic properties of Rosa species

 

 

Reported activity in Rosa centifolia  

Antidiabetic activity  

A. Thilagavathy et al., 2018; Bioassy guided fractionation study of hydroalcoholic extract of Rosa centifolia was performed in this study Flavonoids, proteins, and alkaloids are reported to be determined at 254 nm, 280 nm, and 418 nm respectively. ⁴⁴. 

Antihypercholesterolemic activity 

This study aimed to investigate whether the hydroalcoholic extract of Rosa centifolia exhibited the maximum inhibition of the enzyme under analysis with a ratio of 1.4117. ⁴⁵.

Nephrotoxicity activity 

The ethanolic extract of petals of R. centifolia is effective in doxorubicin-induced nephrotoxicity in rats. The effect of the ethanolic extract on the petals of R. centifolia might be credited to its antioxidant properties ⁴⁶.

Antitussive 

In this study evaluated the anti-tussive potential of the ethanolic extract of “Rosa centifolia” in a sulfur dioxide gas-induced mouse model ⁴⁷.  

Anti-arthritic activity and anti-inflammatory activity                   

Battiwala Archana J et al., 2013; Rosa centifolia flowers aqueous extract Evaluated for anti-inflammatory and anti-arthritic activity in male albino rats ⁴⁸. Another study was carried out to evaluate the anti-inflammatory and antiarthritic activity of aqueous extract of Rosa centifolia (RC) ⁴⁹. 

Antidepressant activity 

The antidepressant activity with an aqueous extract of Rosa centifolia was investigated in the forced swim test and tail suspension test, The aqueous extract of Rosa centifolia has significant antidepressant activity at a high dose level (100 mg/kg) ⁵⁰.

Antimicrobial activity 

The Study was conducted to identify microbiota of Rosa centifolia that might be accountable for the loss of their actual fragrance. The starch hydrolysis and glucose fermentation tests performed for characterization involved endospore staining, catalase, and motility tests ⁵¹.

 

Antiaging activity 

A completely different study was performed on dye extracted from rosa centifolia. The dye-sensitized solar cells based on ZnO nanorods show maximum photoelectric conversion efficiency of 0.76% ⁵². According to the various scientific evidence, it is confirmed that various organs (flower petals, hips, leaf, steam) of the wild rose could be a rich source of antioxidants because of the high medicinally active secondary metabolites such as phenolic compositions and some well-known antioxidant compounds. Further analytical and preclinical studies are necessary to evaluate potentially active secondary metabolites of Rosa centifolia. 

Activity reported in other species of Rosa 

Antidiabetic

A review reported that in Iran, the Rosa damascene plant is commonly known as “Gole Mohammadi”. The antimicrobial, antioxidant, analgesic, anti-inflammatory, anti-diabetic, and anti-depressant properties have been confirmed ⁵³. Cell proliferation and cytotoxicity assay (in-vitro) was performed on pancreatic b-cells, bTC6. The protective action of the crude extract on streptozotocin-induced death in bTC6 cells was evaluated ⁵⁴. In This study, we evaluated the antidiabetic and antihyperlipidemic activity of Rosa canina fruit extract in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats ⁵⁵.   The processing method browning was applied such as components of green tea polyphenols can be changed, the red rose flower determines whether the processed or non-processed rose flower has an anti-diabetic effect on the streptozotocin-induced diabetic mouse ⁵⁶. The oligosaccharide from Rosa canina fruits was isolated and characterized by a combination of FTIR, NMR, and Mass spectrometry analysis. Wistar rats were used for diabetic study (type 2) ⁵⁷. The methanolic extract of Rosa damascena Mill. Flowers were studied, in contrast to the acarbose (α-glucosidase inhibitor), in normal and diabetic rats ⁵⁸. Rosa damascena Mill. Hydrosol effect study in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats, hematology, clinical biochemistry, lens enzymatic activity, and lens pathology were evaluated ⁵⁹.

Antioxidant  

This study, reveals that rose residue (Damask rose (Rosa damascena) flower residue) is rich in phenolic content and has a noticeable antioxidative effect ⁶⁰ The in-vitro method was used to evaluate the antioxidant capacity of hips collected from four rose species (Rosa ca nina, R. corymbifera, R. micrantha, and R. sempervirens) ⁶¹. Rosa alba L. and Rosa damascene Mill herbal plant phytochemical profile and antioxidant capacity of extract (hydrosols), obtained by water-steam distillation method ⁶². stated that Rosa damascene (white rose) methanolic extract from Iran shows antimicrobial activities, total phenolics content, antioxidant properties, and the blood sera Ferric-Reducing Antioxidant Power (FRAP) of the crude extracts were determined using standard methods ⁶³. Extracts of flower petals of roses antioxidant compounds and their antioxidant activity were studied ⁶⁴. A natural antioxidant symbol of beauty and love is the rose (Rosa chinensis Jacq.). The purpose of this study was to know the secondary metabolic compounds and total antioxidant capacity of methanol extracts of rose flowers ⁶⁵. The petals of the evaluated roses are excellent sources of nutritional compounds and antioxidants ⁶⁶. Antioxidant capacity of was studied using samples from seven industrial-scale plantations (Kazanlak, Zelenikovo, Moskovets, Bratsigovo, Strelcha, Mirkovo and Gurkovo) in Bulgaria for Rosa damascena petals and leaves, representing different climatic conditions, during two successive growing seasons (2009 and 2010) ⁶⁷. This pilot explorative study evaluated the changes in urinary phenolic excretion in healthy volunteers to whom different doses of phenolics from edible roses (Gourmet Roses™) have been added to a meal ⁶⁸. In this work, the dried Rose petals were taken to analyse the nutritional value and antioxidant activity ⁶⁹.

Antiviral and antimicrobial activity

Rose geranium (Pelargonium graveolens) and petals of rose (Rosa damascena) essential oils (EOs) and extracts have beneficial antimicrobial and antiviral properties and they can be used as natural preservatives ⁷⁰.

Anticancer activity 

this study carried out to investigate Rosa damascene (Taif rose) biological and phytochemical potency in both fresh and dry rose ⁷¹. studies on Rosa canina pseudo fruits (rose hips) have found that rose hips also contain flavonoids that may be health-promoting compounds ⁷². R. damascena shows the perfuming effect, and numerous other pharmacological activities including anti-HIV, antibacterial, antioxidant, antitussive, hypnotic, antidiabetic, and relaxant action on tracheal chains have been reported for this plant ⁷³.

Conclusion

Rosa species with special consideration of Rosa centifolia it is concluded that this herbal drug carries various bioactive phytochemical and broad medical properties. Broad-spectrum phytopharmacological properties of Rosa species are established through analytical and pre-clinical studies, further human research is expected to evaluate and ensure its properties. Although Rosa species were found clinically active in antioxidant, antiarthritic antitussive antiaging antimicrobial, and antiviral, multiple literature reported noteworthy antiproliferative, anticholestramich and antidiabetic effects. In conclusion, there is considerable evidence available for the efficiency, potency and safety of Rosa species to use medicinally, however, it is suggested to conduct advanced study, confirmatory experiments and clinical trials with existing authenticated and standardized plant products.

Acknowledgement

The authors of this study have valuable involvement in the literature search.

Conflict of interest

There is no conflict of interest.

 

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