The Effect of Honey on Bacteria Isolated from Urinary Tract Infections among Patients Attending Ruhengeri Referral Hospital
Abstract
Background: Urinary tract infections (UTIs) occur when bacteria enter the urethra from the skin or rectum and infect the bladder, causing symptoms. UTIs are becoming increasingly multidrug-resistant, with some drugs no longer effective in treatment. According to the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI), honey has been shown to have high osmotic pressure and high acidity that prevent the multiplication of bacteria. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of honey on bacteria isolated from urine samples collected from patients with UTI’s attending Ruhengeri Referral Hospital.
Methodology: Urine samples were collected in sterile containers at Ruhengeri Referral Hospital and transported to the microbiology laboratory at the Ruhengeri Institute of Higher Education (INES Ruhengeri). Two types of honey, raw and processed were used as antimicrobial agents on bacteria isolated from UTIs. Various methods were used to isolate and identify bacterial isolates, including culture on solid medium, gram staining, and biochemical tests.
Results: The most commonly isolated bacterium was S. aureus (33.3%) which is in the second group of bacteria susceptible to honey, followed by P. aeruginosa (13.8%) and CoNS (13.8%). E. coli, K. pneumonia, and Streptococcus spp. each accounted for 11.2%. The former and the latter were the most susceptible bacteria to natural honey honey (mIZ = 36 ±2.83; ±4.24 mm, respectively), while E. aerogenes was the least isolated bacterium at 5.5% and the least susceptible to honey.
Conclusion: Honey was showed to exhibit an antimicrobial effect against all bacteria isolated from the UTI, suggesting natural honey as a remedy in controlling urinary tract bacterial infection. Further studies are needed to evaluate its capacity compared to classical antibiotics currently used to treat bacteria in UTIs. The practical way to use honey to get targeted area is also an interested point that need to be investigated.
Keywords: Urinary tract infection; honey; bacteria.
Keywords:
Urinary tract infection, honey, bacteriaDOI
https://doi.org/10.22270/jddt.v14i4.6104References
2. Mandal, M.D. and S. Mandal, Honey: its medicinal property and antibacterial activity. Asian Pac J Trop Biomed, 2011. 1(2): p. 154-60. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2221-1691(11)60016-6 PMid:23569748
3. Vallianou, N., Honey and its Anti-Inflammatory, Anti-Bacterial and Anti-Oxidant Properties. General Medicine: Open Access, 2014. 02. https://doi.org/10.4172/2327-5146.1000132
4. Yupanqui Mieles, J., et al., Honey: An Advanced Antimicrobial and Wound Healing Biomaterial for Tissue Engineering Applications. Pharmaceutics, 2022. 14(8). https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics14081663 PMid:36015289 PMCid:PMC9414000
5. Amiri, F.N., et al., Hygiene practices and sexual activity associated with urinary tract infection in pregnant women. East Mediterr Health J, 2009. 15(1): p. 104-10. https://doi.org/10.26719/2009.15.1.104 PMid:19469432
6. Muvunyi, C.M., et al., Decreased susceptibility to commonly used antimicrobial agents in bacterial pathogens isolated from urinary tract infections in Rwanda: need for new antimicrobial guidelines. Am J Trop Med Hyg, 2011. 84(6): p. 923-8. https://doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.2011.11-0057 PMid:21633029 PMCid:PMC3110351
7. Flores-Mireles, A.L., et al., Urinary tract infections: epidemiology, mechanisms of infection and treatment options. Nat Rev Microbiol, 2015. 13(5): p. 269-84. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrmicro3432 PMid:25853778 PMCid:PMC4457377
8. Lee, D.S., S.J. Lee, and H.S. Choe, Community-Acquired Urinary Tract Infection by Escherichia coli in the Era of Antibiotic Resistance. Biomed Res Int, 2018. 2018: p. 7656752. https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/7656752 PMid:30356438 PMCid:PMC6178185
9. Bhargava, K., et al., Bacterial profile and antibiotic susceptibility pattern of uropathogens causing urinary tract infection in the eastern part of Northern India. Front Microbiol, 2022. 13: p. 965053. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2022.965053 PMid:36016776 PMCid:PMC9396120
10. Chang, D., et al., Clinical Epidemiology, Risk Factors, and Control Strategies of Klebsiella pneumoniae Infection. Front Microbiol, 2021. 12: p. 750662. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2021.750662 PMid:34992583 PMCid:PMC8724557
11. Rawashdeh, A.Z.A., Mohammed, E. Y., Arab, A. R. Al, Alara, M., & Al-Rawashdeh, B. , Advantages and disadvantages of using E-learning in university education: Analyzing students' perspectives. Electronic Journal of E-Learning, 2021. 19(2): p. 107-117. https://doi.org/10.34190/ejel.19.3.2168
12. Gessese, Y.A., et al., Urinary pathogenic bacterial profile, antibiogram of isolates and associated risk factors among pregnant women in Ambo town, Central Ethiopia: a cross-sectional study. Antimicrob Resist Infect Control, 2017. 6: p. 132. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13756-017-0289-6 PMid:29299306 PMCid:PMC5747040
13. Zachary, J.F., Mechanisms of Microbial Infections. Pathologic Basis of Veterinary Disease, 2017: p. 132-241.e1. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-323-35775-3.00004-7 PMCid:PMC7158295
14. Pietrocola, G., et al., Colonization and Infection of Indwelling Medical Devices by Staphylococcus aureus with an Emphasis on Orthopedic Implants. Int J Mol Sci, 2022. 23(11). https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23115958 PMid:35682632 PMCid:PMC9180976
15. Mason, C.Y., A. Sobti, and A.L. Goodman, Staphylococcus aureus bacteriuria: implications and management. JAC Antimicrob Resist, 2023. 5(1): p. dlac123. https://doi.org/10.1093/jacamr/dlac123 PMid:36644414 PMCid:PMC9833284
16. Canada, G.o., Final Screening Assessment of Enterobacter aerogenes strain ATCC 13048. 2018. 1-54.
17. Ramirez, D., Giron, M. , Enterobacter Infections. [Updated 2022 Jun 27]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. . 2023, StatPearls: Treasure Island (FL).
18. Almasaudi, S., The antibacterial activities of honey. Saudi J Biol Sci, 2021. 28(4): p. 2188-2196. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sjbs.2020.10.017 PMid:33911935 PMCid:PMC8071826
19. Nolan, V.C., J. Harrison, and J.A.G. Cox, Dissecting the Antimicrobial Composition of Honey. Antibiotics (Basel), 2019. 8(4). https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics8040251 PMid:31817375 PMCid:PMC6963415
20. Hossain, M.L., et al., A Review of Commonly Used Methodologies for Assessing the Antibacterial Activity of Honey and Honey Products. Antibiotics (Basel), 2022. 11(7). https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics11070975 PMid:35884229 PMCid:PMC9312033
21. Piotr, S., Antimicrobial Activity of Honey, in Honey Analysis, T. Vagner de Alencar Arnaut de, Editor. 2017, IntechOpen: Rijeka. p. Ch. 10.
22. Johnston, M., et al., Antibacterial activity of Manuka honey and its components: An overview. AIMS Microbiol, 2018. 4(4): p. 655-664. https://doi.org/10.3934/microbiol.2018.4.655 PMid:31294240 PMCid:PMC6613335
23. French, V.M., R.A. Cooper, and P.C. Molan, The antibacterial activity of honey against coagulase-negative staphylococci. J Antimicrob Chemother, 2005. 56(1): p. 228-31. https://doi.org/10.1093/jac/dki193 PMid:15941774
24. Albaridi, N.A., Antibacterial Potency of Honey. Int J Microbiol, 2019. 2019: p. 2464507. https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/2464507 PMid:31281362 PMCid:PMC6589292
25. Bang, L.M., C. Buntting, and P. Molan, The effect of dilution on the rate of hydrogen peroxide production in honey and its implications for wound healing. J Altern Complement Med, 2003. 9(2): p. 267-73. https://doi.org/10.1089/10755530360623383 PMid:12804080
26. Wahdan, H.A., Causes of the antimicrobial activity of honey. Infection, 1998. 26(1): p. 26-31. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02768748 PMid:9505176
27. Lachman, J., et al., Evaluation of antioxidant activity and total phenolics of selected Czech honeys. LWT - Food Science and Technology, 2010. 43(1): p. 52-58. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lwt.2009.06.008
Published



How to Cite
Issue
Section
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:
- Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0). that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgment of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgment of its initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work (See The Effect of Open Access).