GC-MS (Gas chromatography and mass spectroscopy) analysis of methanol leaf extract of Rhododendron arboreum Sm. of District Sirmaur, Himachal Pradesh
Abstract
Plants are a rich source of secondary metabolites or chemical constituents with interesting biological activities. Therefore, a thorough validation of the herbal agents has emerged as a new branch of science emphasizing and prioritizing the standardization of the natural drugs and products because several of these phytochemicals have complementary and overlapping mechanism of action. Mass spectrometry coupled with chromatographic separations such as Gas chromatography (GC-MS) is generally used for direct analysis of components existing in traditional medicines and medicinal plants. Gas chromatography separates the components of the mixture and mass spectroscopy analyses each of these components separately. In recent years, GC-MS studies have been increasingly applied for the analysis of medicinal plants as this technique has proved to be a valuable method for the analysis of non-polar components, volatile essential oils, fatty acids, lipids, alkaloids etc. The present study was aimed to find out the bioactive compounds present in methanol extract of Rhododendron arboreum Sm. by using Gas chromatography and Mass spectroscopy. GC-MS chromatogram showed 10 peaks indicating the presence of ten phytochemical constituents in this plant. The results revealed Limonene (18.48%), Caryophyllene (13.01%), 3-Heptanoicacid methyl ester (11.00%) and Phenol, 2-(2-methyl-2-propenyl) (5.52%) as the major components in the methanol extract. The results support the use of R. arboreum in traditional medicines for controlling bacterial, degenerative and other diseases. Thus, the present study approves the medicinal value of this plant and scientifically validates it for use as a component of medicinal preparations.
Keywords: Rhododendron arboreum, methanol, leaf extract, phytochemicals, Gas chromatography and Mass spectroscopy (GC-MS)
Downloads
References
2. Gibson EL, Wardel J, Watts CJ, Fruit and vegetable consumption, nutritional knowledge and beliefs in mothers and children, Appetite, 1998; 31:205-228. https://doi.org/10.1006/appe.1998.0180
3. Mathai K, Nutrition in the adult years. In: Krause's Food, Nutrition, and Diet Therapy, 10th ed., Mahan and Escott-Stump, 2000; 271:274-275. https://doi.org/10.1054/clnu.2000.0105
4. Meagher E, Thomson C, Vitamin and mineral therapy. In: Medical Nutrition and Disease, 2nd ed., Morrison and Hark, Malden, Massachusetts: Blackwell Science Inc. 1999; 33- 58.
5. Costa MA, Zia ZQ, Davin LB, Lewis NG, Toward engineering the metabolic pathways of cancer-preventing lignans in cereal grains and other crops. In: Phytochemicals in human health protection, nutrition and plant defense, New York. 1999; 33:67-87. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-4689-4_4
6. Sas K, Robotka H, Toldi J, Vecsei L, Mitochondrial, metabolic disturbances, oxidative stress and kynurenine system, with focus on neurodegenerative disorders, Journal of Neurological Sciences, 2007; 257:221-239. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jns.2007.01.033
7. King A, Young G, Characteristics and occurrence of phenolic phytochemicals, Journal of the American Dietetic Association, 1999; 24:213-218. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0002-8223(99)00051-6
8. Milne A, Inhalational and local anaesthetics reduce tactile and thermal responses in Mimosa pudica Linn. Masui. 1993; 1190-1203.
9. Lewis C, Hamilton J, Rhodes C, Halliday J, Bartle K, Homewood P, Grenfell R, Goodye B, Harlinge A, Brewer P, Varghae G, Milton M, Micro-fabricated planar glass gas chromatography with photoionization detection, Journal of Chromatography, 2010; 17:768-774. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chroma.2009.12.009
10. Prakash V, To perform Gas chromatography and Mass spectroscopy (GC-MS) analysis of Achyranthes aspera L. leaf extract, Journal of Drug Delivery and Therapeutics, 2022; 12:1-3. https://doi.org/10.22270/jddt.v12i1-S.5299
11. Olivia NU, Goodness UC, Obinna OM, Phytochemical profiling and GC-MS analysis of aqueous methanol fraction of Hibiscus asper leaves, Future Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2021; 7:1-5. https://doi.org/10.1186/s43094-021-00208-4
12. Starlin T, Prabha PS, Thayakumar BKA, Gopalakrishnan VK, Screening and GC-MS profiling of ethanolic extract of Tylophora pauciflora, Biomed Inform, 2019; 15(6):425-429. https://doi.org/10.6026/97320630015425
13. Adahchour M, Beens J, Brinkman U, Recent developments in the application of comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography, Journal of Chromatography, 2008; 86:67-108. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chroma.2008.01.002
14. Mary APF, Giri RS, GC-MS analysis of bioactive compounds of Achyranthes aspera, World J Pharm Res, 2018; 7(1):1045-1056.
15. Chauhan NS, Medicinal and aromatic plants of Himachal Pradesh. New Delhi: Indus Publishing Company. 1999, 1-619.
16. Rai T, Rai L, Tress of the Sikkim Himalaya. Indus Publishing Company, New Delhi. 1994; 94.
17. Laloo RC, Kharlukhi L, Jeeva S, Mishra BP, Status of medicinal plants in the disturbed and the undisturbed sacred forests of Meghalaya, northeast India: Population structure and regeneration efficacy of some important species, Current Science, 2006; 90: 225-232.
18. Watt G, A Dictionary of the economic products of India. Supt. of Govt. Prtg, Harvard University. 1892; 492-495.
19. Belousov MV, Dembitsky AD, Berezovskaya TP, Tikhonov VN, Comparative characterization of essential oils of species of the genus Rhododendron, subgenus Rhododastrum (Maxim.), Drude. Rastitel'Nye Resursy, 1995; 31:41-44. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01386197
20. Donsì F, Annunziata M, Sessa M, Ferrari G, Nano-encapsulation of essential oils to enhance their antimicrobial activity in foods, Food Science Technology, 1908; 44:1908-1914. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lwt.2011.03.003
21. Bakkali F, Averbeck S, Averbeck D, Idaomar M, Biological effects of essential oils: A review, Food and Chemical Toxicology, 2008; 46: 446-475. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2007.09.106
22. Toro-Arreola S, Flores-Torales E, Torres-Lozano C, Toro-Arreola A, Tostado-Pelayo K, Ramirez-Duenas M, Daneri-Navarro A, Effect of D-limonene on immune response in BALB/c mice with lymphoma, International Immunopharmacology, 2005; 5:829-838. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intimp.2004.12.012
23. Venkata RB, La S, Saradhi M, Rao B, Krishna A, Sudhakar M, Radhakrishnan TM, Antibacterial, antioxidant activity and GC-MS analysis of Eupatorium odoratum, Asian Journal of Pharmacy and Clinical Research, 2012; 5:99-106.
24. Cowan MM, Plant products as antimicrobial agents, Clinical and Microbiological Reviews, 1999; 12:564-582. https://doi.org/10.1128/CMR.12.4.564
25. Vijisaral D, Arumugam S, GC-MS analysis of bioactive constituents of Indigofera suffruticosa leaves, Journal of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Research, 2014; 6:294-300.
26. Rangaswamy S, Sambamurthy K, Crystalline chemical components of the flowers of Rhododendron nilagiricum Zenk, Proceedings Mathematical Sciences, 1960; 51:322-327. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03045789
27. Sonar PK, Singh R, Khan S, Saraf SK, Isolation, characterization and activity of the flowers of Rhododendron arboreum (Ericaceae), European Journal of Chemistry, 2012; 9:631-636. https://doi.org/10.1155/2012/872147
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:
- Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0). that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgment of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgment of its initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work (See The Effect of Open Access).
.