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Journal of Drug Delivery and Therapeutics

Open Access to Pharmaceutical and Medical Research

© 2011-18, publisher and licensee JDDT, This is an Open Access article which permits unrestricted non-commercial use(CC By-NC), provided the original work is properly cited

Open Access                                                                                                                          Research Article

Characterization and Screening of Phytochemical Secondary Metabolite of Seri (Muntingia calabura, L) Leaves which is Potential as an Anti-Diabetic based on Indonesian Herbal Medicine Standard

Kasta Gurning*, dan Hilda Sinaga

Department of Pharmacy, Sekolah Tinggi Ilmu Kesehatan Senior Medan, Medan-20141, Indonesia

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Abstract

Indonesia has abundant natural resources, especially plants that can be used as raw material for herbal medicine. One of the plants is seri plant (Muntingia calabura, L.). The potential plant part in this study is the leaf part. The leaves of M. calabura were taken from plants that have produced fruit in fresh conditions, cleaned and dried in an open space protected from direct sunlight. The simplicia was powdered and then quartered, then extracted with ethanol as a solvent. The simplicia powder and extract obtained were screened for phytochemicals using the standard method. The characterization results showed that the simplicia powder and extract met the national standard of quality for Indonesian herbal medicines, both the simplicia powder and the extract contained secondary metabolites, including alkaloids, flavonoids, triterpenoids and steroids, saponins and tannins. The process of preparing and organizing samples from the leaves of this plant met the quality standards of Indonesian national herbal medicine and has the potential to be tested as an anti-diabetic.

Keywords: Seri Leaves, characterization, phytochemical screening, quality standards, and anti-diabetic

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Article Info: Received 08 Oct 2020;       Review Completed 24 Nov 2020;        Accepted 07 Dec 2020;      Available online 15 Dec 2020

Cite this article as:

Gurning K, Sinaga DH, Characterization and Screening of Phytochemical Secondary Metabolite of Seri (Muntingia calabura, L) Leaves which is Potential as an Anti-Diabetic based on Indonesian Herbal Medicine Standard, Journal of Drug Delivery and Therapeutics. 2020; 10(6-s):92-94     http://dx.doi.org/10.22270/jddt.v10i6-s.4458         

*Address for Correspondence: 

Kasta Gurning, Department of Pharmacy, Sekolah Tinggi Ilmu Kesehatan Senior Medan, Medan-20141, Indonesia

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INTRODUCTION

Indonesia has abundant natural resources, especially plants that can be used as raw material for herbal medicine¹. The use of plant parts that can be used as herbal medicine, including leaves, fruits, flowers, seeds, stems and roots^2,3. One of the potential plant parts that can be used as raw material for herbal medicine is seri (Muntingia calabura, L) leaves. M. calabura is a shrub that is found in many countries in Indonesia, especially in the province of North Sumatra⁴. M. calabura stores a variety of potential activities that have been tested for activity as antioxidants^5,6, antiproliferative, anticancer⁶, antirheumatic, antibacterial⁷. Based on this information, it is important to standardize the quality standards of plants which will be processed into simplisia powders and extracts before testing both in vitro and in vivo as potential herbal medicinal candidates.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Sample Preparation

The M. calabura leaves used in this study were taken from Namorambe Village, Medan Tuntung District, North Sumatera Province, Indonesia. Sample was identified by a botanist at the Herbarium Medanense, University of North Sumatrea (No. 5107/MEDA/2020). M. calabura used were from trees that have been fruitful and were in fresh condition. The samples were cleaned in running water, dried in an open room protected from direct sunlight, then pollinated using a blender and obtained M.calabura leaves powder of simplicia.

Simplicia Preparation and Extraction Process

500 g of M. calabura leaves simplicia powder was extracted with ethanol and soaked for 5 days at room temperature and stirred occasionally and then filtered. The filtering process used Whatman No. 1 paper. Liquid extract obtained by crude ethanol extract in liquid conditions. The ethanol extract was concentrated using a rotary vacuum evavorator at a temperature of 50^oC.

Characterization of Simplisia M. calabura Leaves Powder

The simplicia characterization that was carried out included macroscopic examination, microscopic examination, determination of water content, determination of total ash content, determination of acid insoluble ash content, determination of water soluble extract content, and determination of ethanol soluble extract content¹.

Phytochemical Screening of M. calabura

Phytochemical fraction screening was carried out for simplicia powder and leaf ethanol extract M. calabura leaves with the aim of knowing the secondary metabolite compounds contained in simplicia and the ability of ethanol solvents to filter various groups of secondary metabolites found in simplicia. The phytochemical screening process was carried out using the standard method ^{8,9, 10}.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Macroscopic Examination

Samples (M. calabura) leaves were oval in shape, 2.5-15 cm long, 1-6.5 cm wide with serrated leaf edges, pointed tips, and horizontal alternate structures. Light green leaf color with tight hair on the underside of the leaves.

Microscopic Examination

The results of microscopic examination showing that the seri leaves from the microscopic observation contained stomata, parenchyma, trichomes, crystals and vascular tissue.

Simplicia Powder Examination

The results of characterization carried out on simplicia powder of M. calabura leaves against various observation parameters were shown in Table 1.

Table 1: Characterization of Seri Simplisia Powder M. calabura Leaves

Based on the results of observations on the simplicia powder sample M. calabura leaves in Table 1 it shows that all test parameters on the sample show conformity to the standards found in the Indonesian Medical Materials Book. The determination of these various parameters is important as a mandatory standard for each plant sample designated as medicinal raw material.

Screening for Secondary Metabolites

The weight of M. calabura ethanol extract obtained was 6.34 ± 0.006 g. The results of screening for the ethanol extract of M. calabura leaves were shown in Table 2.

Table 2: Phytochemical Screening M. calabura leaves

Screening results showed that both the crude powder and the ethanol extract from the crude extract contained various secondary metabolites. These results indicate that both the simplicia and the extract have the potential to be tested for their activity as an anti-diabetic in vitro. This information is important in standardizing the simplicity and extracts that will be used in determining the activity as an evaluation of the pharmacological effects it causes. The simplicia and extracts obtained met the standardized quality standards of raw materials to be applied as herbal medicine¹¹. Reagents that were used in phytochemical screening use standard reagents in the identification of each class of secondary metabolites.

CONCLUSION

1. calabura leaves in the form of simplicia met the quality standard as a raw material for herbal medicine according to the Indonesian herbal national standard, and the powder of simplicity and ethanol extract has various types of secondary metabolites such as alkaloids, flavonoids, triterpenoids and steroids, saponins, and tannins. This shows the potential that it can be tested as an anti-diabetic both in vitro and in vivo.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

We would like to express our gratitude to the government through the Kementerian Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan, Dikti for the provision of research funds that we received through the Penelitian Dosen Pemula tahun Anggaran 2020.

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