HERBAL NOVEL DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMS AND TRANSFERSOMES
Abstract
The strength of any herbal formulation depends on the delivery of phytoactives to an effective level. This limitation can be overcome by development of novel drug delivery systems, which ensure optimized drug delivery, enhanced bioavailability and better stability of phyto constituents for better therapeutic effects. Several novel herbal delivery systems have been successfully developed in recent years like liposomes, phytosomes, solid-lipid nanoparticles, ethosomes, microemulsions and various other vesicular systems. Transfersomes are vesicular drug delivery system having almost same structure like liposomes, but with better skin penetration properties to deliver the drugs at deeper skin tissues. Transfersomes are better drug delivery agents due to their ultradeformable structure.
Keywords:
Herbal, Novel Drug Delivery, Transfersomes
Downloads
Download data is not yet available.
References
1. Mandal SC, Mandal M, Current status and future prospects of new drug delivery system, Pharm Times, 2010; 42(4):13-6.
2. Bhatt S, Nimkar S, Clinical Research in Ayurveda: A Preliminary Review of 225 Papers Published In Indian Ayurveda Journals, Journal of Dental and Medical Sciences, 2015; 14 (2):43-50.
3. Bhokare SG, Dongaonkar CC, Lahane SV, Salunke PB, Sawale VS and Thombare MS, Herbal Novel Drug Deliver: A Review, World Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2016; 5 (8):593-611.
4. Lakshmi PK, Kalpana B, Prasanthi D, Invasomes-Novel Vesicular Carriers for Enhanced Skin Permeation, Systematic Reviews in Pharmacy, 2013; 4 (1):26-30
5. Merdan VM, Alhaique F, and Touitou E, Vesicular carriers for topical delivery, Acta Techno. Legis Medicament, 1998, 12, 1-6.
6. Ranga S, Kumar A, Pharmacosome A Review on Pharmacosomes: Research and Reviews, Journal of Pharmaceutics and Nanotechnology, 2014; 2 (1):7-12.
7. Khurana B, Bajaj R, Girotra L, Vesosomal Drug Delivery In Liposomes: A Review, International Journal of Pharmacy, 2012; 2(4):768-776.
8. Chandrika MV, Manasa GS, Mounica1 PL, Varsha PH, Bhavyasri P, Sphingosomes: A Novel Approach for Vesicular Drug Delivery System, American Journal of PharmTech Research, 2016; 6 (2):119-130.
9. Arora N, Agarwal S, Murthy RSR, Niosomes: Latest Technology Advances in Cosmaceuticals , International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research, 2012; 4(3):168-182.
10. Pople PV, Singh KK, Nanoparticles: Development and evaluation of topical formulation containing solid lipid nanoparticles of vitamin A, American Association of Pharmaceutical Scientists PharmSci Tech, 2006; 7, 91.
11. Chaturvedi M, Kumar M, Sinhal A, Saifi A, Microemulsions: Recent development in novel drug delivery systems of herbal drugs, International Journal of Green Pharmacy, 2011; 5:87-94.
12. Ashish Y. Pawar, Jadhav KR, Chaudhari LH, Transfersome: A Novel Technique Which Improves Transdermal Permeability, Asian Journal of Pharmaceutics, 2016 (Suppl), 10; (4):S425-S436.
13. Romero EL, Morilla MJ, Highly deformable and highly fluid vesicles as potential drug delivery systems: Theoretical and Practical considerations, International journal of Nanomedicine, 2013; 8:3171-3186.
14. Jain S, Sapre R, Jain NK, Proultraflexible lipid vesicles for effective transdermal delivery of norgesterol, proceedings of 25th conference of C.R.S., U.S.A., 1998; 32-35.
15. Cevc G, Blume G, Lipid vesicles penetrates into intact skin owing to the transdermal osmotic gradients and hydration force, Biochim. Biophys Acta, 1992; 1104:226-232.
16. Jain NK. Advances in Controlled and Novel Drug Delivery. Ed. 1. New Delhi: CBS Publishers and Distributers; 2001. P. 426-451.
17. Planas ME, Gonzalez P, Rodriguez L, Noninvasive percutaneous induction of topical analgesia by a new type of drug carrier, and prolongation of local pain insensitivity by anesthetic liposomes, Anesthesia & Analgesia, 1992; 75:615–621
18. Sinico C, Fadda AM, vesicular carriers for dermal drug delivery, Expert Opinion on drug delivery, 2009; 6:813-825.
19. Lane ME, Skin penetration enhancers, International Journal of Pharmaceutics, 2013; 447:12-21.
20. Bergh BAIVD, Wertz PW, Junginger HE, Bouwstra JA, Elasticity of vesicles assessed by electron spin resonance, electron microscopy and extrusion measurements, International Journal of Pharmaceutics, 2001; 217(1-2):13-24.
21. Yoshioka T, Sternberg BF, Lorence AT, Preparation and properties of vesicles (niosomes) of sorbitan monoesters (Span 20, 40, 60 and 80) and a sorbitan triester (Span 85), International Journal of Pharmaceutics, 1994; 105:1-6
22. Ghada M, Holayel SM, Mortada ND, Role of edge activators and surface charge in developing ultradeformable vesicles with enhanced skin delivery, International Journal of Pharmaceutics, 2010; 397:164–172.
23. Kulkarni PR, Yadav JD., Vaidya KA, Gandhi PP, Transfersomes: An emerging tool for transdermal drug delivery, International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, 2011; 2:735-741.
24. Prajapati ST, Patel CG, Patel CN, Transfersomes: A vesicular carrier system for transdermal drug delivery, Asian Journal of Biochemical and Pharmaceutical Research, 2011; 2:507-524.
25. Sachan R, Parashar T, Soniya, Singh V, Tyagi S, Patel C, Gupta A, Drug Carrier Transfersomes: A Novel Tool for Transdermal Drug Delivery System, International Journal of Research and Development in Pharmacy and Life Sciences, 2013; 2(2):309-316.
26. Shaw JE, Chandrasekaran SK. Pharmacology of the skin, Greaves. Berlin: Springer-Verlag; 1999. P. 115-122.
27. Walve JR, Bakliwal SR, Rane BR, Pawar SP, Transfersomes: A Surrogated Carrier for Transdermal Drug Delivery System, International Journal of Applied Biology and Pharmaceutical Technology, 2011; 2 (1):204-213.
28. Vyas SP, Kahtri K, Mishra V, Vesicular carriers constructs for topical immunization, Expert Opinion Drug Delivery, 2007; 4:341-348.
29. Paul A, Cevc G, Bacchawat BK, Transdermal immunization with and integral membrane component, gap junctional protein by means of ultradeformable drug carriers: Transfersomes, Vaccine, 1998; 16:188-195.
30. Mahore S, Rawat A, Dubey PK, Goyal AK, Cationic transfersomes based topical genetic vaccine against Hepatitis B, International Journal of Pharmaceutics, 2007; 340(1-2):13-19.
31. Cevc G, Blume G, schatzlein A, Gebauer D, and Paul A, The skin: a pathway for systemic treatment with patches and lipid-based agent carriers, Advance drug delivery reviews, 1996; 18(3):349-378.
32. Hofer C, Gobel R, Deering P, Lehmer A, Breul J, Formulation of Interleukine-2 and Interferon – α containing ultradeformable carriers for potential transdermal application, Anticancer Research, 1999; 19:1505-1507.
33. Cevc G, Gebauer D, Stieber J, Schatzlein A, Blume G, Ultraflexible vesicles, Transfersomes, have an extremely low pore penetration resistance and transport therapeutic amounts of insulin across the intact mammalian skin, Biochimica et Biophysica Acta, 1998; 1368:201–215.
34. Jain S, Jain P, Uma Maheshwari RB, Jain NK, Transfersomes—A Novel Vesicular Carrier for Enhanced Transdermal Delivery: Development, Characterization, and Performance Evaluation, Drug Development and Industrial Pharmacy, 2003; 29(9):1013-1026.
35. Cevc G, Blume G, New highly efficient formulation of diclofenac for the topical, transdermal administration in ultradeformable drug carriers: Transfersomes, Biochimica et Biophysica Acta, 2001; 1514:191-205.
36. Lei W, Yu C, Lin H, Zhou X, Development of tacrolimus-loaded transfersomes for deeper skin penetration enhancement and therapeutic effect improvement in vivo, Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2013; 8 (6):336-345.
37. Ahmed H, Shuwaili AL, Bazigha K, Rasool A, Alaa , Rasool A, Optimization of elastic transfersomes formulations for transdermal delivery of pentoxifylline, European Journal of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics, 2016; 102:101-114.
38. Ahad A, Al-Saleh AA, Al-Mohizea AM, Al-Jenoobi FI, Raish M, Eldeen AB, Yassin, Alam MA, Pharmacodynamic study of eprosartan mesylate-loaded transfersomes Carbopol® gel under Dermaroller® on rats with methyl prednisolone acetate-induced hypertension, Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy, 2017; 89:177-184
39. Al-Mahallawi AM, Khowessah O, Shoukri RA, Nano-transfersomal ciprofloxacin loaded vesicles for non-invasive trans-tympanic ototopical delivery: In-vitro optimization, ex-vivo permeation studies, and in-vivo assessment, International Journal of Pharmaceutics, 2014; 472(1–2):304-314.
40. Nadia M, Ahmed AM, MarwaAW, Dawoud HS, Improved bioavailability of timolol maleate via transdermal transfersomal gel: Statistical optimization, characterization, and pharmacokinetic assessment, Journal of Advanced Research, 2016; 7 (5):691-70.
41. Singh S, Verma D, Aamir M, et al. Development and optimization of ketoconazole loaded nano-transfersomal gel for vaginal delivery using Box-Behnken design:In vitro, ex vivo characterization and antimicrobial evaluation, Journal of Drug Delivery Science and Technology, 2017; 39:95-10.
42. Chaudhary H, Kohli K, Kumar V, Nano-transfersomes as a novel carrier for transdermal delivery, International Journal of Pharmaceutics, 2013; 454(1):367-380.
43. Zheng WS, Fang XQ, Wang LL, Zhang YJ, Preparation and quality assessment of itraconazole transfersomes, International Journal of Pharmaceutics, 2012; 436(1-2):291-298.
44. Bavarsad N, Bazzaz BSF, Khamesipour A, Jaafari MR, Colloidal, in vitro and in vivo anti-leishmanial properties of transfersomes containing paromomycin sulfate in susceptible BALB/c mice, Acta Tropica, 2012; 124(1):33-41.
45. Das B, Sen SO, Maji R, Nayak AK, Sen KK, Transferosomal gel for transdermal delivery of risperidone: Formulation optimization and ex vivo permeation, Journal of Drug Delivery Science and Technology, 2017; 38:59-71.
46. Ramezani V, Honarvar M, Seyedabadi M, Karimollah A, Hashemi M, Formulation and optimization of transfersomes containing minoxidil and caffeine, Journal of Drug Delivery Science and Technology, 2018; 44:129-135.
47. Joshi A, Kaur J, Kulkarni R, Chaudhari R, In-vitro and Ex-vivo evaluation of Raloxifene hydrochloride delivery using nano-transfersomes based formulations, Journal of Drug Delivery Science and Technology, 2018; 45:151-158.
48. Wang J, Wei Y, Fei YR, Fang L, Zheng HS, Chao-FengMu, Fan-ZhuLi, Zhang YS, Preparation of mixed monoterpenes edge activated PEGylated transfersomes to improve the in vivo transdermal delivery efficiency of sinomenine hydrochloride, International Journal of Pharmaceutics, 2017; 533(1):266-274.
49. Jain S, Jain N, Formulation and Evaluation of Embelin Loaded Transfersome for Effective Treatment of Skin Cancer, Journal of Thoracic Oncology, 2017; 12(1152):S2378.
50. Enhanced Transdermal delivery of indinavir sulfate via transfersomes, DM Sheo, A Shweta, KT Vijay, CD Ram, S Aklavya - Pharmacie Globale (IJCP), 2010; 1(06):1-7
51. Formulation Development and Evaluation of Ethosome of Stavudine Maurya SD, Prajapati SK, Gupta AK, Saxena GK, Dhakar RC, Indian J. Pharm. Educ. Res. 2010 Jan-Mar; 44(1):102-108.
2. Bhatt S, Nimkar S, Clinical Research in Ayurveda: A Preliminary Review of 225 Papers Published In Indian Ayurveda Journals, Journal of Dental and Medical Sciences, 2015; 14 (2):43-50.
3. Bhokare SG, Dongaonkar CC, Lahane SV, Salunke PB, Sawale VS and Thombare MS, Herbal Novel Drug Deliver: A Review, World Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2016; 5 (8):593-611.
4. Lakshmi PK, Kalpana B, Prasanthi D, Invasomes-Novel Vesicular Carriers for Enhanced Skin Permeation, Systematic Reviews in Pharmacy, 2013; 4 (1):26-30
5. Merdan VM, Alhaique F, and Touitou E, Vesicular carriers for topical delivery, Acta Techno. Legis Medicament, 1998, 12, 1-6.
6. Ranga S, Kumar A, Pharmacosome A Review on Pharmacosomes: Research and Reviews, Journal of Pharmaceutics and Nanotechnology, 2014; 2 (1):7-12.
7. Khurana B, Bajaj R, Girotra L, Vesosomal Drug Delivery In Liposomes: A Review, International Journal of Pharmacy, 2012; 2(4):768-776.
8. Chandrika MV, Manasa GS, Mounica1 PL, Varsha PH, Bhavyasri P, Sphingosomes: A Novel Approach for Vesicular Drug Delivery System, American Journal of PharmTech Research, 2016; 6 (2):119-130.
9. Arora N, Agarwal S, Murthy RSR, Niosomes: Latest Technology Advances in Cosmaceuticals , International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research, 2012; 4(3):168-182.
10. Pople PV, Singh KK, Nanoparticles: Development and evaluation of topical formulation containing solid lipid nanoparticles of vitamin A, American Association of Pharmaceutical Scientists PharmSci Tech, 2006; 7, 91.
11. Chaturvedi M, Kumar M, Sinhal A, Saifi A, Microemulsions: Recent development in novel drug delivery systems of herbal drugs, International Journal of Green Pharmacy, 2011; 5:87-94.
12. Ashish Y. Pawar, Jadhav KR, Chaudhari LH, Transfersome: A Novel Technique Which Improves Transdermal Permeability, Asian Journal of Pharmaceutics, 2016 (Suppl), 10; (4):S425-S436.
13. Romero EL, Morilla MJ, Highly deformable and highly fluid vesicles as potential drug delivery systems: Theoretical and Practical considerations, International journal of Nanomedicine, 2013; 8:3171-3186.
14. Jain S, Sapre R, Jain NK, Proultraflexible lipid vesicles for effective transdermal delivery of norgesterol, proceedings of 25th conference of C.R.S., U.S.A., 1998; 32-35.
15. Cevc G, Blume G, Lipid vesicles penetrates into intact skin owing to the transdermal osmotic gradients and hydration force, Biochim. Biophys Acta, 1992; 1104:226-232.
16. Jain NK. Advances in Controlled and Novel Drug Delivery. Ed. 1. New Delhi: CBS Publishers and Distributers; 2001. P. 426-451.
17. Planas ME, Gonzalez P, Rodriguez L, Noninvasive percutaneous induction of topical analgesia by a new type of drug carrier, and prolongation of local pain insensitivity by anesthetic liposomes, Anesthesia & Analgesia, 1992; 75:615–621
18. Sinico C, Fadda AM, vesicular carriers for dermal drug delivery, Expert Opinion on drug delivery, 2009; 6:813-825.
19. Lane ME, Skin penetration enhancers, International Journal of Pharmaceutics, 2013; 447:12-21.
20. Bergh BAIVD, Wertz PW, Junginger HE, Bouwstra JA, Elasticity of vesicles assessed by electron spin resonance, electron microscopy and extrusion measurements, International Journal of Pharmaceutics, 2001; 217(1-2):13-24.
21. Yoshioka T, Sternberg BF, Lorence AT, Preparation and properties of vesicles (niosomes) of sorbitan monoesters (Span 20, 40, 60 and 80) and a sorbitan triester (Span 85), International Journal of Pharmaceutics, 1994; 105:1-6
22. Ghada M, Holayel SM, Mortada ND, Role of edge activators and surface charge in developing ultradeformable vesicles with enhanced skin delivery, International Journal of Pharmaceutics, 2010; 397:164–172.
23. Kulkarni PR, Yadav JD., Vaidya KA, Gandhi PP, Transfersomes: An emerging tool for transdermal drug delivery, International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, 2011; 2:735-741.
24. Prajapati ST, Patel CG, Patel CN, Transfersomes: A vesicular carrier system for transdermal drug delivery, Asian Journal of Biochemical and Pharmaceutical Research, 2011; 2:507-524.
25. Sachan R, Parashar T, Soniya, Singh V, Tyagi S, Patel C, Gupta A, Drug Carrier Transfersomes: A Novel Tool for Transdermal Drug Delivery System, International Journal of Research and Development in Pharmacy and Life Sciences, 2013; 2(2):309-316.
26. Shaw JE, Chandrasekaran SK. Pharmacology of the skin, Greaves. Berlin: Springer-Verlag; 1999. P. 115-122.
27. Walve JR, Bakliwal SR, Rane BR, Pawar SP, Transfersomes: A Surrogated Carrier for Transdermal Drug Delivery System, International Journal of Applied Biology and Pharmaceutical Technology, 2011; 2 (1):204-213.
28. Vyas SP, Kahtri K, Mishra V, Vesicular carriers constructs for topical immunization, Expert Opinion Drug Delivery, 2007; 4:341-348.
29. Paul A, Cevc G, Bacchawat BK, Transdermal immunization with and integral membrane component, gap junctional protein by means of ultradeformable drug carriers: Transfersomes, Vaccine, 1998; 16:188-195.
30. Mahore S, Rawat A, Dubey PK, Goyal AK, Cationic transfersomes based topical genetic vaccine against Hepatitis B, International Journal of Pharmaceutics, 2007; 340(1-2):13-19.
31. Cevc G, Blume G, schatzlein A, Gebauer D, and Paul A, The skin: a pathway for systemic treatment with patches and lipid-based agent carriers, Advance drug delivery reviews, 1996; 18(3):349-378.
32. Hofer C, Gobel R, Deering P, Lehmer A, Breul J, Formulation of Interleukine-2 and Interferon – α containing ultradeformable carriers for potential transdermal application, Anticancer Research, 1999; 19:1505-1507.
33. Cevc G, Gebauer D, Stieber J, Schatzlein A, Blume G, Ultraflexible vesicles, Transfersomes, have an extremely low pore penetration resistance and transport therapeutic amounts of insulin across the intact mammalian skin, Biochimica et Biophysica Acta, 1998; 1368:201–215.
34. Jain S, Jain P, Uma Maheshwari RB, Jain NK, Transfersomes—A Novel Vesicular Carrier for Enhanced Transdermal Delivery: Development, Characterization, and Performance Evaluation, Drug Development and Industrial Pharmacy, 2003; 29(9):1013-1026.
35. Cevc G, Blume G, New highly efficient formulation of diclofenac for the topical, transdermal administration in ultradeformable drug carriers: Transfersomes, Biochimica et Biophysica Acta, 2001; 1514:191-205.
36. Lei W, Yu C, Lin H, Zhou X, Development of tacrolimus-loaded transfersomes for deeper skin penetration enhancement and therapeutic effect improvement in vivo, Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2013; 8 (6):336-345.
37. Ahmed H, Shuwaili AL, Bazigha K, Rasool A, Alaa , Rasool A, Optimization of elastic transfersomes formulations for transdermal delivery of pentoxifylline, European Journal of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics, 2016; 102:101-114.
38. Ahad A, Al-Saleh AA, Al-Mohizea AM, Al-Jenoobi FI, Raish M, Eldeen AB, Yassin, Alam MA, Pharmacodynamic study of eprosartan mesylate-loaded transfersomes Carbopol® gel under Dermaroller® on rats with methyl prednisolone acetate-induced hypertension, Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy, 2017; 89:177-184
39. Al-Mahallawi AM, Khowessah O, Shoukri RA, Nano-transfersomal ciprofloxacin loaded vesicles for non-invasive trans-tympanic ototopical delivery: In-vitro optimization, ex-vivo permeation studies, and in-vivo assessment, International Journal of Pharmaceutics, 2014; 472(1–2):304-314.
40. Nadia M, Ahmed AM, MarwaAW, Dawoud HS, Improved bioavailability of timolol maleate via transdermal transfersomal gel: Statistical optimization, characterization, and pharmacokinetic assessment, Journal of Advanced Research, 2016; 7 (5):691-70.
41. Singh S, Verma D, Aamir M, et al. Development and optimization of ketoconazole loaded nano-transfersomal gel for vaginal delivery using Box-Behnken design:In vitro, ex vivo characterization and antimicrobial evaluation, Journal of Drug Delivery Science and Technology, 2017; 39:95-10.
42. Chaudhary H, Kohli K, Kumar V, Nano-transfersomes as a novel carrier for transdermal delivery, International Journal of Pharmaceutics, 2013; 454(1):367-380.
43. Zheng WS, Fang XQ, Wang LL, Zhang YJ, Preparation and quality assessment of itraconazole transfersomes, International Journal of Pharmaceutics, 2012; 436(1-2):291-298.
44. Bavarsad N, Bazzaz BSF, Khamesipour A, Jaafari MR, Colloidal, in vitro and in vivo anti-leishmanial properties of transfersomes containing paromomycin sulfate in susceptible BALB/c mice, Acta Tropica, 2012; 124(1):33-41.
45. Das B, Sen SO, Maji R, Nayak AK, Sen KK, Transferosomal gel for transdermal delivery of risperidone: Formulation optimization and ex vivo permeation, Journal of Drug Delivery Science and Technology, 2017; 38:59-71.
46. Ramezani V, Honarvar M, Seyedabadi M, Karimollah A, Hashemi M, Formulation and optimization of transfersomes containing minoxidil and caffeine, Journal of Drug Delivery Science and Technology, 2018; 44:129-135.
47. Joshi A, Kaur J, Kulkarni R, Chaudhari R, In-vitro and Ex-vivo evaluation of Raloxifene hydrochloride delivery using nano-transfersomes based formulations, Journal of Drug Delivery Science and Technology, 2018; 45:151-158.
48. Wang J, Wei Y, Fei YR, Fang L, Zheng HS, Chao-FengMu, Fan-ZhuLi, Zhang YS, Preparation of mixed monoterpenes edge activated PEGylated transfersomes to improve the in vivo transdermal delivery efficiency of sinomenine hydrochloride, International Journal of Pharmaceutics, 2017; 533(1):266-274.
49. Jain S, Jain N, Formulation and Evaluation of Embelin Loaded Transfersome for Effective Treatment of Skin Cancer, Journal of Thoracic Oncology, 2017; 12(1152):S2378.
50. Enhanced Transdermal delivery of indinavir sulfate via transfersomes, DM Sheo, A Shweta, KT Vijay, CD Ram, S Aklavya - Pharmacie Globale (IJCP), 2010; 1(06):1-7
51. Formulation Development and Evaluation of Ethosome of Stavudine Maurya SD, Prajapati SK, Gupta AK, Saxena GK, Dhakar RC, Indian J. Pharm. Educ. Res. 2010 Jan-Mar; 44(1):102-108.
Crossmark
Statistics
2526 Views | 1750 Downloads
How to Cite
1.
Chauhan P, Tyagi B. HERBAL NOVEL DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMS AND TRANSFERSOMES. JDDT [Internet]. 14May2018 [cited 20May2024];8(3):162-8. Available from: https://jddtonline.info/index.php/jddt/article/view/1772
Section
Review
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:
- Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0). that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgment of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgment of its initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work (See The Effect of Open Access).
.