Available online on 15.06.2026 at http://jddtonline.info Journal of Drug Delivery and Therapeutics Open Access to Pharmaceutical and Medical Research Copyright © 2026 The Author(s): This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the CC BY-NC 4.0 which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium for non-commercial use provided the original author and source are credited Open Access Full Text Article Review Article An Integrative Review of Nail Disorders: Correlating Unani Concepts with Contemporary Clinical and Dermatological Frameworks Shaikh Mohammad Aatif Afzal *1, Khan Shahina Bano Mohd Vakeel 2, Madeena Kausar 2, Mohd Arshad Jamal 4 1 Assistant Professor, Department of Amraze Jild wa Tazeeniyat (Dermatology and Cosmetology), Mohammadia Tibbia College & Assayer Hospital, Mansoora, Malegaon, Dist. Nashik, Maharashtra, India. 2 PG Scholar, Department of Amraze Jild wa Tazeeniyat (Dermatology and Cosmetology), National Institute of Unani Medicine, Kottigepalya, Magadi Main Road, Bengaluru – 560091, Karnataka, India. 3 Associate Professor, Department of Amraze Jild wa Tazeeniyat (Dermatology and Cosmetology), National Institute of Unani Medicine, Kottigepalya, Magadi Main Road, Bengaluru – 560091, Karnataka, India. Article Info: _______________________________________________ Article History: Received 19 Feb 2026 Reviewed 28 April 2026 Accepted 22 May 2026 Published 15 June 2026 _______________________________________________ Cite this article as: Afzal SMA, Vakeel KSBM, Kausar M, Jamal MA, An Integrative Review of Nail Disorders: Correlating Unani Concepts with Contemporary Clinical and Dermatological Frameworks, Journal of Drug Delivery and Therapeutics. 2026; 16(6):207-214 DOI: https://doi.org/10.22270/jddt.v16i6.7756 _______________________________________________ For Correspondence: Shaikh Mohammad Aatif Afzal, Assistant Professor, Department of Amraze Jild wa Tazeeniyat (Dermatology and Cosmetology), Mohammadia Tibbia College & Assayer Hospital, Mansoora, Malegaon, Dist. Nashik, Maharashtra, India. Abstract _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Background: Nails have important functional and cosmetic roles, and their alterations may indicate underlying local or systemic diseases. Nail disorders can significantly affect quality of life. In Unani medicine, nails (Aẓfār) are regarded as important diagnostic indicators with both aesthetic and pathological significance, reflecting underlying humoral imbalances (Akhlāṭ), alterations in temperament (Mizāj), and nutritional deficiencies; however, their correlation with contemporary dermatological concepts remains limited. Objective: To analyse classical Unani descriptions of nail disorders and correlate them with contemporary dermatological entities. Methods: An integrative literature review was conducted using the Whittemore and Knafl framework and reported as per PRISMA 2020 guidelines. Data were obtained from PubMed, Scopus, Google Scholar, and classical Unani texts including Al-Qānūn fi’l Ṭib, Kitab al-Mansoori and Kāmil al-Ṣanā‘a etcs. Relevant studies were analysed using thematic and comparative synthesis. Results: Unani literature describes nail disorders such as Ẓufra Ṭalqiyya, Namash al-Aẓfār, Judhām al-Aẓfār, Tashaqquq al-Aẓfār, Taqallu‘al-Aẓfār, and Dākhis, presenting with discoloration, brittleness, deformity, and inflammation. These are mainly attributed to Sawdāwī predominance and nutritional defects. Modern correlations include brittle nail syndrome, leukonychia, onychomycosis, nail dystrophy, onycholysis, paronychia, and subungual hematoma. Conclusion: A substantial conceptual overlap exists between Unani and modern dermatology. Integrating both perspectives may enhance diagnosis and holistic management of nail disorders. Keywords: Nail disorder, Integrative Dermatology, Onychomycosis, Onychpathies, Unani medicine, Nail dystrophy. Introduction The nail is a specialized keratinized appendage of the skin located over the distal phalanx of the digits, playing a crucial role in both functional and protective aspects of the human body. Structurally, the nail unit comprises the nail plate, nail matrix, nail bed, hyponychium, and surrounding nail folds, which together maintain nail integrity and growth. The nail plate is a semihard, translucent keratinized structure primarily produced by the nail matrix, reflecting the health and activity of the underlying tissues. Functionally, nails provide counterpressure to the pulp of the fingertip, thereby enhancing fine touch, precision grip, and manipulation of small objects. In addition, they serve as protective coverings for the distal digits and act as indicators of systemic health, with changes in color, shape, or texture often reflecting underlying local or systemic disorders¹. In Unani medicine, nails (Aẓfār) are considered secondary structures derived from the transformation of humoral constituents. Their morphology, texture, and color are believed to mirror the balance of Akhlāṭ (humours) and the overall Mizāj (temperament) of the individual, thereby serving as important indicators of both local and systemic health. In Al-Qānūn fi’l Ṭib, the description and functions of nails are clearly outlined. According to Unani scholars, nails serve four principal purposes: providing support to the fingertip during grasping and pressure, facilitating the handling of small objects, aiding in scraping and cleaning, and functioning as a means of defence. The text further states that the first three functions are particularly relevant to humans, whereas the defensive role is more applicable to animals. The rounded shape of the nail edges and the relative softness of the underlying bone are described as protective adaptations that prevent injury to the fingertip. Continuous nail growth is also emphasized, as nails are situated in regions prone to frequent wear and damage². Similarly, Ibn Hubal al-Baghdādī states that nails strengthen and stabilize the fingers, protect the fingertips, and enhance their capacity for grasping objects effectively. He further notes that nails assist in cleansing the skin and in removing foreign bodies such as splinters and thorns. In humans, they facilitate various crafts and daily activities, whereas in animals they function as natural defensive tools, serving as weapons for protection and relief from discomfort³. Ali ibn al-Abbas al-Majusi describes the nails as firmly attached to the terminal phalanges, adherent to the underlying flesh, and continuous with the surrounding skin. Their stability is maintained by ligament-like structures, and although vessels are associated with them to provide nourishment, this nutrition produces growth mainly in length rather than thickness. Functionally, nails strengthen the fingertips, assist in grasping, enhance appearance, possess a balanced firmness between hardness and softness to prevent damage, and are smooth and rounded to reduce fracture and injury⁴. Modern anatomy explains that the nail plate is a dense, keratinized, avascular structure anchored to the distal phalanx through the nail bed and matrix, which are secured by dense fibrous connective tissue attachments to the periosteum. Blood vessels are confined to the nail matrix and nail bed, where keratinocyte proliferation generates the nail plate and drives its distal growth. Functionally, the nail plate provides counterpressure to the fingertip pulp, enhancing fine touch and precision grip, while its intermediate hardness confers both strength and flexibility⁵. Hakīm Nafīs bin ʿIwād al-Kirmānī noted that the inner skin of the fingertips opposite the nails exhibits exceptionally refined tactile sensitivity, allowing precise perception of surface qualities such as roughness and smoothness. This observation aligns with modern anatomical evidence demonstrating a high concentration of specialized mechanoreceptors in the volar fingertip skin, with the nail plate serving as a supportive structure that enhances tactile discrimination⁶˒⁷. Nail conditions are frequently encountered in dermatological practice. In addition to their cosmetic importance, nails have significant functional roles, and onychodystrophies can result in pain and interfere with daily activities. Nail disorders are also important indicators of underlying systemic disease, making accurate diagnosis and management essential⁸. The nail plate also serves as a medium for cosmetic enhancement and aesthetic modification. Nail cosmetic practices are widely adopted, with increasing use of products designed to achieve smooth, glossy, and visually appealing nails. These practices are often used to conceal nail abnormalities, which can otherwise negatively impact self-confidence. An ideal nail is typically described as oval, smooth, glossy, and slightly extended beyond the fingertip, with neat cuticles and no sharp corners, contributing to an aesthetically pleasing appearance⁹. In the Unani system of medicine, a wide spectrum of nail disorders (Amrāze Aẓfār) has been described, reflecting a detailed and systematic understanding of nail anatomy, function, and pathology. These disorders encompass structural, inflammatory, degenerative, and discoloration-related changes of the nail unit. Commonly described conditions include Ẓufra Ṭalqiyya, Namash al-Aẓfār, Judhām al-Aẓfār, Tashaqquq al-Aẓfār, Raḍḍ al-Aẓfār, Taqalluʿ al-Aẓfār, Ṣufra al-Aẓfār, and Taʿaqquf al-Aẓfār, among others. These classical descriptions highlight the depth of Unani medical knowledge and its relevance in understanding nail pathology. A list of nail disorders mentioned in classical Unani texts is presented in Table 1 for easy reference and comparison. Table 1: Nail Disorders Mentioned in Classical Unani Texts S. No. Author Book name Nail Disorders 1 Abū ʿAlī al-Ḥusayn ibn ʿAbdullāh ibn al-Ḥasan ibn ʿAlī ibn Sīnā Al-Qānūn fi’l Ṭibb 2 Dākhis Shaguftagi-e- nakhun Azān-ul-Fa’r Taqashshur al- Aẓfār Jarab al- Aẓfār Taʿaffuf- al- Aẓfār Ta’azzum- al- Aẓfār Tashannuj- al- Aẓfār Ṣufra al-Aẓfār Baras al- Aẓfār Raḍḍ al-Aẓfār Mawt al-Dam Taḥt al-Aẓfār 2 Abu Hasan Ahmad ibn Muhammad al- Tabari Moʿālajāt Buqrāṭiyya 29 Dākhis / Angul Bed Ẓufra Ṭalqiyya Namash al-Aẓfār Judhām al-Aẓfār Tashaqquq al-Aẓfār Asnān al-Fār Taqallu‘ al-Aẓfār Mawt al-Dam Taḥt al-Ẓufr 3 Ali ibn al-Abbas al-Majusi Kāmil al-Ṣanā‘a al-Ṭibbiyyah4 Dākhis Judhām al-Aẓfār Raḍḍ al-Aẓfār Baras al- Aẓfār Iʿwijāj al-Aẓfār 4 Ismail Jurjani Zakhīra Khwārazm Shāhī 35 Raḍḍ al-Aẓfār Intifakh al-Aẓfār Ḥikka al-Aẓfār Ṣufra al-Aẓfār Tafattut al-Aẓfār 5 Abu Bakr Muhammad ibn Zakariya al-Razi Kitāb al-Manṣūrī 36 Dākhis Ta‘affun al-Aẓfār Naqra / Khurūsh al-Aẓfār Tashaqquq al-Aẓfār Ṣufra al-Aẓfār Nuqṭ Bayḍāʾ fī al-Aẓfār Sawād al-Aẓfār Ta’akhkhur numū al-Aẓfār Qarhaʿal-Aẓfār 6 Hakim Muhammad Akbar Arzani Ṭibb‑e‑Akbar 24 Baras al- Aẓfār Ṣufra al-Aẓfār Wajaʿal-Aẓfār Judhām wa Taʿaqqur al-Aẓfār Tashaqquq al-Aẓfār Taqallu‘ al-Aẓfār Intifakh wa Ḥikka al-Aṣābiʿ wa al-Aẓfār Raḍḍ al-Aẓfār Ẓufra Ṭalqiyya Mawt al-Dam Taḥt al-Aẓfār 7 Abu al-Mansur al-Hasan al-Qamri Ghinā Muna 15 Dākhis/ Bisahri Tashaqquq al-Aẓfār Asnān al-Fār Iʿwijāj al-Aẓfār Jarab al- Aẓfār Taqashshur al- Aẓfār Aẓfār Qabīḥah 8 Abu Bakr Muhammad ibn Zakariya al-Razi Kitab Al-Hāwī 20 Dākhis Mawt al-Dam Taḥt al-Ẓufr Ṣufra al-Aẓfār Tashaqquq al-Aẓfār Asnān al-Fār Waram al- Aẓfār / Waram ḥawl al-Ẓufr Taqashshur al- Aẓfār Ḥikka al-Aẓfār Laḥm Nābit ḥawl al-Aẓfār Laḥm Zāʾid fī al- Aẓfār Bayāḍ al- Aẓfār / Baras al- Aẓfār Sawād wa Mawt al- Aẓfār Tashannuj al- Aẓfār Qūbā al- Aẓfār Taqallus al- Aẓfār Wajaʿal- Aẓfār Shazāyā Ḥawl al- Aẓfār 9 Abu Marwan Abd al-Malik ibn Zuhr Kitab al-Taysir 14 Dākhis 10 Muhadhdhab al-Din al-Baghdadi Kitab al-Mukhtarat fi’l Ṭibb 3 Dākhis 11 Abu al-Faraj ibn al-Quff Umdah fi al-Jarahat 19 Dākhis The present study aims to explore and critically analyse these classical descriptions and to establish their correlation with contemporary dermatological entities. By systematically examining traditional concepts alongside modern scientific understanding, this study seeks to identify parallels in clinical presentation and disease classification, thereby enhancing the relevance of Unani knowledge in current medical practice and promoting an integrative approach to nail disorders. Methodology This study was conducted as an integrative literature review based on the Whittemore and Knafl framework and reported according to PRISMA 2020 guidelines. A literature search was performed using PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar, along with manual review of classical Unani texts including Al-Qānūn fi’l Ṭibb, Zakhira Khwarizm shahi, Kāmil al-Ṣanā‘a al-Tibbiyah, and Kulliyat-e-Nafeesi etc. Studies addressing nail disorders, cosmetic aspects, and Unani descriptions of nail anatomy and pathology were included, while irrelevant case reports, inaccessible full texts, and non-relevant animal studies were excluded. After screening and eligibility assessment, selected studies were analysed using thematic and comparative synthesis to identify correlations between Unani concepts and modern dermatology. Integrative Literature Review of Nail Disorders: Nails are composed of dense, translucent, keratinized cells that protect the distal dorsal aspect of the fingers and contribute to functions such as fine motor coordination, grasping, and scratching¹⁰. In mammals, nails and claws are specialized epidermal structures that protect the distal digits and may function as tools or defensive mechanisms. In humans, the nail unit, comprising the nail plate, nail bed, and matrix covers the dorsal distal phalanx, while the matrix responsible for nail production. Proper growth depends on the integrity of surrounding tissues and bone, and nails also aid in manipulation, scratching, and cosmetic appearance¹¹. Nail disorders constitute a significant proportion of dermatological conditions, accounting for approximately 10% of cases¹⁰. The nail unit performs essential roles as both a protective covering and a mechanical aid for the distal digit¹². Healthy nails contribute to both functional and aesthetic aspects of daily life, and the expanding global market for nail cosmetics reflects increasing concern for nail appearance. Furthermore, nearly 99% of individuals experience a nail disorder at some point in their lives¹³. According to Abū al-Ḥasan ʿAlī ibn Aḥmad ibn Hubal al-Baghdādī, nails provide support and stability to the fingers and serve multiple functions including protection of fingertips, assistance in grasping, cleaning of the skin and removal of foreign bodies. They also play an important role in human activities and crafts, while in animals they act as tools or defensive structures³. Classical Unani texts such as Al-Qānūn fi’l Ṭibb, Kāmil al-Ṣanā‘a, and Kitab al-Umdah fi’l-Jarahat document a wide spectrum of nail disorders, including Ẓufra Ṭalqiyya, Namash al-Aẓfār, Judhām al-Aẓfār, Tashaqquq al-Aẓfār, Asnān al-Fa’r, Taqallu‘ al-Aẓfār, Ta‘aqquf al-Aẓfār, Raḍḍ al-Aẓfār, Ṣufra al-Aẓfār, and Dākhis (Table 1). These descriptions highlight structural, inflammatory, degenerative, and discoloration-related abnormalities and reflect the comprehensive nature of Unani medical literature. Dākhis is described as an acute inflammatory condition at the nail margins, associated with pain, swelling, suppuration, and sometimes fever²˒¹⁴˒¹⁵. Similarly, related conditions such as Angul Bed and Bisahri are described as periungual inflammatory swellings with throbbing pain and tenderness³˒¹⁵. In modern dermatology, these descriptions correspond to paronychia, which presents with erythema, swelling, and possible abscess formation16-19. Classical Unani management of Dākhis includes fasd, mushil therapy, and local application of analgesic and cooling agents, along with measures to promote suppuration and drainage when required15. Additional recommendations include topical formulations such as Marham Safeeda and the use of astringent and antiseptic drugs like Aloe and Gulnār 3, 15, 20. These approaches are closely parallel to modern management involving drainage, antimicrobial therapy, and local care16, 18, 21. Conditions involving infection and degeneration of nails, such as Ta‘affun al-Aẓfār, are managed in Unani medicine by softening and gradual removal of the diseased nail, followed by restoration of normal structure¹⁹. This corresponds to onychomycosis and dystrophic nail changes in modern dermatology, where debridement and antifungal therapy are employed 22. In severe cases, removal of the nail is advised in both systems, reflecting similarity with therapeutic nail avulsion 23. Tashaqquq al-Aẓfār and related conditions such as Taqashshur al-Aẓfār and Asnān al-Fa’r are attributed to dryness and predominance of Sawdāwī temperament, leading to splitting, peeling, and fragility of nails2, 20, 24. In modern terms, these correspond to brittle nail syndrome, including onychorrhexis and onychoschizia, commonly caused by dehydration, trauma, or chemical exposure21, 25, 26. Management in both systems emphasizes hydration, emollients, and restoration of nail integrity. Discoloration disorders such as Baras al- Aẓfār, Sawād al-Aẓfār and Ṣufra al-Aẓfār are described in Unani literature as resulting from humoral imbalance and defective nourishment20, 24. These correspond to modern conditions such as leukonychia, melanonychia, and yellow nail syndrome, where management focuses on identifying underlying causes and maintaining nail health21, 22, 27, 28. Other conditions such as Judhām al-Aẓfār, Taqallu‘ al-Aẓfār, iʿwijāj al-Aẓfār, and qalaʿ al-Aẓfār involve thickening, deformity, and shedding of nails. These correlate with nail dystrophies, onychogryphosis, and onychomadesis, or onycholysis in modern dermatology, often associated with trauma, infection, or systemic diseases18, 21, 29, 30. Accumulation of blood beneath the nail (Mawt al-Dam Taḥt al-Aẓfār) is described as a result of trauma, leading to discoloration and pain²⁴. This corresponds to subungual hematoma, which is managed by evacuation of collected blood and symptomatic relief 31. Inflammatory and periungual conditions such as waram al-Aẓfār and Ḥikka al-Aẓfār are characterized by swelling, itching, and discomfort around the nail folds24. These correspond to conditions such as paronychia, eczema, and periungual inflammation in modern dermatology, where treatment focuses on reducing inflammation and restoring tissue integrity by warm or cold compresses, drainage of abscess, and antimicrobial therapy, this parallels Unani principles of tahleel (resolution), Nudj (suppuration), and tanqiya (evacuation) 32-34. Overall, classical Unani descriptions demonstrate a detailed and systematic understanding of nail disorders, showing clear parallels with modern dermatological entities. Table 2 presents a comprehensive correlation of Unani nail disorders with their corresponding modern dermatological terminologies. This comparative framework reveals that both systems consistently emphasize the removal of pathological material, restoration of normal nail structure, and appropriate local care, thereby underscoring strong conceptual convergence in their understanding of pathogenesis and approaches to management. Table 2: Correlation of Unani Nail Disorders with Modern Dermatological Terminologies UNANI MODERN TERM Dākhis / Angul Bed Paronychia / acute paronychia Shaguftagi nakhun Onychoschizia / Onychorrhexis Azān-ul-Fa’r Koilonychia or brittle nail disorders / Onychorrhexis / Onychoschizia Taqashshur al- Aẓfār Peeling or splitting of nails / Lamellar splitting of the nail / Onychoschizia Jarab al- Aẓfār Fungal or infective nail disease Taʿaqquf-ul-Aẓfār Curving or hooking of the nails /Onychogryphosis/ Pincer nail deformity Taʿazzum- al- Aẓfār Hypertrophy/thickening of nails / Onychauxis Tashannuj- al- Aẓfār Stiffness and constricted deformity of nails (pincer nail / severe curvature disorders) Ṣufra al-Aẓfār Yellow nails / Chromonychia Baras al- Aẓfār White discoloration / leukonychia Raḍḍ al-Aẓfār Crushed nail injury / traumatic nail injury Mawt al-Dam Taḥt al-Ẓufr Subungual hematoma Ẓufra Ṭalqiyya Onycholysis or Onychomycosis Namash al-Aẓfār Leukonychia punctata Judhām al-Aẓfār Nail dystrophy associated with leprosy Tashaqquq al-Aẓfār Onychorrhexis / Splitting of nails / Cracked nails / Nail fissuring Asnān al-Fār Onychophagia or chronic nail dystrophy Taqallu‘ al-Aẓfār / Taqallus al-Aẓfār Onychauxis / Nail thickening with contraction / Onycholysis / Onychomadesis Bayāḍ al- Aẓfār / Baras al- Aẓfār White discoloration / Leukonychia Iʿwijāj al-Aẓfār Deformed / Curved nails Intifakh al-Aẓfār Nail fold inflammation / Edema / Clubbing Ḥikka al-Aẓfār Periungual pruritus/Nail Eczema / Dermatitis around nail Ta‘affun al-Aẓfār Infected / putrefied nails Naqra / Khurūsh al-Aẓfār Rough and pitted nails Nuqṭa Bayḍāʾ fī al-Aẓfār White spots in nails Sawād al-Aẓfār Black discoloration of Nails Ta’akhkhur numū al-Aẓfār Delayed nail growth Qarhaʿal-Aẓfār Ulcerative lesions of the nail or surrounding tissue / Periungual ulceration Wajaʿal- Aẓfār Onychalgia (Nail pain) Judhām wa Taʿaqqur al-Aẓfār Severe nail dystrophy / Onychogryphosis (thick, curved “ram’s horn” nails) Onychauxis (marked nail thickening) Intifakh wa Ḥikka al-Aṣābiʿ wa al-Aẓfār Paronychia or dermatitis of periungual skin Aẓfār Qabīḥah Nail dystrophy Waram al- Aẓfār / Waram ḥawl al-Ẓufr Periungual inflammatory swelling Laḥm Nābit ḥawl al-Ẓufr / Laḥm Zāʾid fī al- Aẓfār Pyogenic granuloma (periungual) / Exuberant granulation tissue Sawād wa Mawt al- Aẓfār Onychonecrosis / Devitalized nail Qūbā al- Aẓfār Onychomycosis (fungal nail infection) Shazāyā Ḥawl al-Aẓfār Hangnails (agnails) Tafattut al-Aẓfār Brittle nails syndrome Conclusion: This review demonstrates that classical Unani literature provides a detailed understanding of nail disorders based on humoral imbalance, temperament, and nutritional factors. A clear conceptual overlap exists between Unani descriptions and modern dermatological entities such as paronychia, onychomycosis, and brittle nail syndrome. Unani therapeutic principles, including tanqiya, local applications, and procedures resembling nail avulsion, show parallels with contemporary management. Integrating traditional knowledge with modern evidence may enhance diagnostic insight, accuracy and support a more holistic approach to nail disorders. However, further clinical studies are required to validate these findings and standardize therapeutic approaches. Highlights: • Classical Unani literature provides a comprehensive description of nail disorders based on humoral imbalance and temperament. • Significant correlations exist between Unani nail disorders and modern dermatological entities such as paronychia, onychomycosis, and brittle nail syndrome. • Unani therapeutic approaches, including tanqiya, topical applications, and nail removal techniques, show parallels with contemporary management strategies. • Nails are recognized in both systems as important indicators of systemic health and cosmetic well-being. • Integrating Unani concepts with modern dermatology may support a holistic and complementary approach to nail disorder management. Conflict of Interest: The authors declare no potential conflict of interest concerning the contents, authorship, and/or publication of this article. Author Contributions: All authors have equal contributions in the preparation of the manuscript and compilation. Source of Support: Nil Funding: The authors declared that this study has received no financial support. Informed Consent Statement: Not applicable. Data Availability Statement: The data supporting this paper are available in the cited references. Ethical approval: Not applicable. References 1. Cranwell W, Sinclair R. Male androgenetic alopecia.dsmith LA, Katz SI, Gilchrest BA, Paller AS, Leffell DJ, Wolff K. Fitzpatrick’s Dermatology in General Medicine. 8th ed. Vol 1. New York: McGraw-Hill Companies; 2012: 965-966 2. Al-Qānūn fi’l Ṭibb. Ibn Sina. (Urdu translation by Kantoori GH). Vol 1. New Delhi: Idara Kitab-ul-Shifa; YNM: 1407-0.52-53 3. Baghdādī AIH.Kitāb al-Mukhtārāt fi’l Tib (Urdu translation by Central Council for Research in Unani Medicine).Vol.1.New Delhi: CCRUM; 2005:103. 4. Majūsī AIA.Kāmil al-Sanā (Urdu translation by Hakim Ghulam Husnain Kantoori).Vol 1. New Delhi: Idāra Kitāb al-Shifā; 2010:111-112. 5. Baran R, Dawber RPR, Haneke E. Baran and Dawber’s diseases of the nails and their management. 4th ed. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell; 2012.1-25. 6. Nafis ibn Awad Kermani H. Kulliyat-e-Nafisi. Lahore: Idara Matbuat Sulemani; 2007.136 7. Gray’s Anatomy: The Anatomical Basis of Clinical Practice. 41st ed. Elsevier; 2016.1048-1052 8. Lipner SR, Scher RK. Nail disorders: part of the American Academy of Dermatology core curriculum for medical students. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2019;80(4):1231-1238. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaad.2018.11.065 PMid:30682392 9. Tyagi M, Singal A. Nail cosmetics: what a dermatologist should know. Indian J Dermatol Venereol Leprol. 2024; 90:178-185. doi:10.25259/IJDVL_77_2023 https://doi.org/10.25259/IJDVL_77_2023 PMid:37317711 10. Dalave K, Raman T, Patil P, et al. A clinico-histopathological study of nail dermatoses in a tertiary care hospital. Cureus. 2024; 16(8):e67128. doi:10.7759/cureus.67128 https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.67128 11. Dhingra G, Ahmad N, Tanwar S, Goyal S, Chaturvedi V, Tanwar K. Nail disorders: an updated review. Int J Pharm Sci Rev Res. 2022;75(2):135-144. doi:10.47583/ijpsrr.2022.v75i02.022 https://doi.org/10.47583/ijpsrr.2022.v75i02.022 12. Lee DK, Lipner SR. Optimal diagnosis and management of common nail disorders. Ann Med. 2022;54(1):694-712. doi:10.1080/07853890.2022.2044511 https://doi.org/10.1080/07853890.2022.2044511 PMid:35238267 PMCid:PMC8896184 13. Reinecke JK, Hinshaw MA. Nail health in women. Int J Womens Dermatol. 2020;6(2):73-79. doi:10.1016/j.ijwd.2020.01.006 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijwd.2020.01.006 PMid:32258335 PMCid:PMC7105659 14. Ibn Zuhr. Kitab al-Taysir fi al-Mudawat wa al-Tadbir (Urdu translation). New Delhi: Central Council for Research in Unani Medicine (CCRUM); YNM. 225. 15. Qamri AMH. Ghina Muna (Urdu translation Minhajul Ilaj). New Delhi: CCRUM; 2008: -471-473. 16. Relhan V, Bansal A. Acute and chronic paronychia revisited: a narrative review. J Cutan Aesthet Surg. 2022;15(2):125-132. https://doi.org/10.4103/JCAS.JCAS_30_21 PMid:35655642 PMCid:PMC9153310 17. Shafritz AB, Coppage JM. Acute and chronic paronychia of the hand. J Am Acad Orthop Surg. 2014;22(3):165-174. https://doi.org/10.5435/JAAOS-22-03-165 PMid:24603826 18. de Berker D. Nail disorders. In: Griffiths C, Barker J, Bleiker T, Chalmers R, Creamer D, editors. Rook’s Textbook of Dermatology. 9th ed. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell; 2016. 65.1-65.30. 19. Ibn al-Quff al-Masihi IADAF. Kitabul- umdah fi’l Jarahat. Vol. 2. New Delhi: Central Council for Research in Unani Medicine; 2010, p. 25-28. 20. Razi ABMBZ. Al Hawi (Urdu Translation by CCRUM). Part 1, Vol 17. New Delhi: CCRUM, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Govt. of India; 2007: 36-46. 21. Baran R, Dawber RPR, Haneke E, et al. Baran and Dawber’s Diseases of the Nails and their Management. 5th ed. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell; 2019. 662-670. 22. Gupta AK, Versteeg SG. Onychomycosis: diagnosis and management. Clin Dermatol. 2017;35(2):157-304. 23. Haneke E. Surgical treatment of nail disorders. Dermatol Clin. 2006;24(3):417-425. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.det.2006.03.007 PMid:16798426 24. Arzani A. Tibbe Akbar. Deoband: Faisal Publications; YNM: 750-752. 25. Piraccini BM, Alessandrini A. Brittle nails: pathogenesis, clinical features, and management. Dermatol Ther. 2012;25(6):496-515. 26. van de Kerkhof PCM, et al. Brittle nail syndrome: a pathogenesis-based approach. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2005;53(4):644-651. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaad.2004.09.002 PMid:16198786 27. Bolognia JL, Schaffer JV, Cerroni L. Dermatology. 4th ed. Philadelphia: Elsevier; 2018. 1225-1255. 28. Maldonado F, Ryu JH. Yellow nail syndrome. Curr Opin Pulm Med. 2009; 15(4):371-375. https://doi.org/10.1097/MCP.0b013e32832ad45a PMid:19373089 29. Hippocrates. Moʿālajāt Buqrāṭiyya. Translated by Abu Hasan Ahmad ibn Muhammad al-Tabari. New Delhi: Central Council for Research in Unani Medicine; 2010. 343-354. 30. Grover C, Bansal S. Nail disorders: clinical approach. Indian J Dermatol Venereol Leprol. 2015; 81(3):231-243. 31. Simon RR, Wolgin M. Subungual hematoma: association with fracture and treatment. J Emerg Med. 1987; 5(3):201-204. https://doi.org/10.1016/0735-6757(87)90356-1 PMid:3593496 32. Rigopoulos D, Largos G, Gregoriou S, Alevizos A. Acute and chronic paronychia. Am Fam Physician. 2008; 77(3):339-346. 33. Rockwell PG. Acute and chronic paronychia. Am Fam Physician. 2001;63(6):1113-1116. 34. Chessa MA, Iorizzo M, Richert B, et al. Pathogenesis, clinical signs and treatment recommendations in brittle nails: a review. Dermatol Ther. 2020; 33(6):e14067. 35. Jurjani AH. Zakhira Khwarzim Shahi (Urdu translation by Khan HH). Vol 6. New Delhi: Idara Kitabul Shifa; 2010: 58-60. 36. Razi ABMBZ. Kitab al-Mansoori. New Delhi: CCRUM, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Govt of India: 1991: 195-208