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A Scoping Review on Izkhar: an Aromatic herb with multiple healing power

*Dr. Afreen Siddiqui ¹, Dr. Mohd Nauman Saleem ², Dr. Asif Iqbal Siddiqui ³

1. PG Scholar, Department of Ilmul Saidla, AUTC, Karol Bagh, New Delhi – 110005
2. Assistant Professor, Department of Ilmul Saidla, AUTC, Karol Bagh, New Delhi 
3. Associate Professor, Department of Ilmul Saidla, AUTC, Karol Bagh, New Delhi  

 

 

Introduction:

Izkhar is a fast growing grass comprising Cymbopogon species, from Poaceae family. The name "Cymbopogon" originates from the Greek words “kymbe” (boat) and “pogon” (beard), reflecting the distinct arrangement of its flower spikes.¹ The Latin term "citratus" further emphasizes the plant's lemon-scented leaves. And Izkhar is an Arabic term.² According to various researches there are around 180 species of Cymbopogon and each specie is known to occur in a particular region of the world with different common name.³ Cymbopogon flexuosus, Cymbopogon nardus var. nardus, Cymbopogon citratus, Cymbopogon pendulus, Cymbopogon winterianus, and Cymbopogon martinii var. motia and sofia are the economically important species of this genus, mainly cultivated for its high yielding Essential oil content. This genus exhibits extensive diversity in their physical characteristics and the composition of essential oils, both between different species and within individual species. Different species yields different essential oil, namely lemongrass oil (obtained from Cymbopogon citratus (D.C.) Stapf., Cymbopogon flexuosus (Steud.) Wats., and Cymbopogon pendulus (Nees ex Steud.) Wats.), Palmarosa or ginger grass oil (obtained from Cymbopogon martinii) and Citronella oil (obtained from Cymbopogon nardus and Cymbopogon winterianus)³ It is a native to the tropical regions of Asia, Africa and South America, India, Europe, Australia⁴ The cultivation of lemongrass is contributing in rapid growth of economy and India accounts for one-fourth of total production. It is known as Lemongrass because of its typical lemony odour of the essential oil. Also known as Cochin or Malabar Grass due to its maximum export from Cochin port in India.⁵ In Unani literature, according to Ibn Sina, Arabic Izkhar which is also known as Izkhar Makki is the best of all. Izkhar Makki have a strong rose like smell. Discoridos, describes two types of Izkhar. One which contains black seeds and another is without seeds. According to Ghilani, the varieties of Izkhar are, Simply Izkhar which belongs of foreign nations and the other is Izkhar Ijamiya which is produced in India.

Its Buds and Flowers are collectively known as Izkhar Fuqa’a.²

 

Methods:

The detailed description, phytochemistry and pharmacological properties of Cymbopogon citrartus plant were searched online in databases by using keywords like “Cymbopogon citratus plant, Lemongrass uses, Taxonomy of lemongrass, Antioxidant properties of lemongrass, Anticancerous effect of Cymbopogon citratus, Antidiabetic effect of Cymbopogon citratus, Anti-microbial properties of Cymbopogon citratus, Anti-inflammatory effect Cymbopogon citratus, Hair growth effect of Lemongrass, etc. And Unani description was searched through different Unani literature on Mufradat written by ancient Unani scholars.

Discussion:

Plant Description-^{2,6,7,8,9,10,11,12}

It is a Short heighted plant approx. 1.8m, in which leaves are arranged in close proximity with roots, densely tufted and thick. Leaves are hard and needle like pointed. Colour of its leaves is having yellowish hue. Leaves present a strong smell. The plant contains a lot of white Flowers during its flowering season, which appears in bunches. The Indian variety of Izkhar is known as Rusa Grass. Caliph Mamoon Rashed, known Arabo Unani scholar used to have deep thoughts with this drug, hence it is also known as Khayal Mamoon. The oil prepard from its flowers is known as Oleumograminis Citrati in US and Euprope.

Taxonomical Description – ¹³

Kingdom : Plantae 

Division : Magnoliophyta

 Class : Liliopsida

 Order : Poales

 Family : Poaceae 

Genus : Cymbopogon 

Species : citrates

Botanical Description- ¹³

Height – 6 ft(1.8m)

Width – 4 ft (1.2m)

Leaves – Strap like

Leaf Colour – Green Colour

Aroma – Citrus

Flowering Panicles – Rare

Stem – No

Vernacular Names (Mutaradifat) – ^6,8,10,13,14

Arabic – Izkhir, Teen maki, koraleer, Tayeb al gareeb, Khayal Mamoon

Bengali – Lebu Ghasa

English – Lemon grass, Camel grass, Citronella, Squinant

Ethiopia: Tej-sar

Hindi – Neemboo ghaas, Agni ghaas, Gandh heel, Gandh beel, Raj hans, Roop Basant, Kantoon sondhi, Sera, Verveine

Italian: Cimbopogone

Indonesian: Sereh

Kannada – Nimbehannu Hullu

Malayalam – Naaranga Pullu

Malaysia: Sakumau

 Mexico: Zacate limon

Persian – Kah maki, Galaf gokhir, Gorgiyah, Karta dushti, Muradasfaram

Portuguese: Capim-cidrao, Capim-santo

Roman – Toostas

Swedish: Citrongräss

Syrian – Sajas, Sajees

Tamil – Elumichai pul

Telugu – Nim makaya Gaddi

Thailand: Ta-khrai

 Turkish: Limon out 

Unani – Afridus, Yasqoos, Tofalas, Sanjunas 

Temperament (Mizaj)- ^2,7,10,12

Scholars have different opinion for its Mizaj (temperament) 

1. According to Ibn sina - Garm khushk 2  
2. According to Tameem hujazi - Garm Khushk 1 
3. Some have thought - Garm khushk  3  
4. Others- Garm 2 khushk 1, Garm tar 1 

Ibn Jarheeh, describes the Mizaj of different parts of the plant,

1. Flowers- garam 1, khushk 2 
2. Roots, leaves, branches – garm tar
3. Essential oil – 2 garam khushk

Part Used (Ajza-i-Mustamila) –^2,10,12

Flowers, buds, roots, leaves.

Actions (Afaa’l) - ^{2,6,7,8,9,10,11,12}

Astringent, Antiinflammatory, Demulcent, Laxitive, Expectorant, Deobstruent, Anti-haemorahagic, Digestive, cardio tonic, Liver tonic, Emmenagouge, Purgative, Analalgesic, Appetizer, Carminative, Anti-spasmodic.

Uses (Istema’lat)-  ^2,7,10

Phelgmetic emesis and nausea – 4.5 masha root powder + 4.5 masha siyah mirch powder Bell’s palsy and paralysis – leaf decoction as nutool, Ascites, Inflammation of spleen- along with turanjbeen, Renal and pulmonary disorders, in disorders of uterus as abzan,  vitiligo , hair growth, oral ulcers. In ancient Arab the solution of this powdered drug is used to wash hands and was known as Ghusul, due to its Antiseptic properties.

Adverse effect (Muzir) – ²

causes headache, should not be used by the people having hot temperament, for kidney

Corrective (Muslah) –²

for headache smelling of aas, rose, sandle wood and lotus

For kidney – honey

Substitute (Badal)-^2,7,10,12

Aaqarqarha

Dose (Miqdar Khuraq) – ²

1.75 g to 4.5 g

Phytochemical Constituents -^{1,13,14,15,16,17,}

Lemon grass is a good source of folic acid, magnesium, zinc, copper, iron, potassium, calcium, and manganese. It also contains vitamins A, C and^. E, niacin, and riboflavin, protein, antioxidants, and mineral nutrients, such as Nitrogen, Phosphorous, Potassium, Sulphur, Magnesium, Calcium, Zinc, Manganese, Iron, Copper and hence can be used as a nutritional supplement.

Table 1: Composition of Minerals in Cymbopogon citratus

Nutrients                 Composition

N                                0.74%

P                                0.07%

K                               2.12%

S                                 0.19%

Mg                            0.15%

Ca                              0.36%

Zn                          35.51 ppm

Mn                         155.82%

Fe                              126.73%

Cu                           56.64 ppm

 

Lemon grass contains on average 0.3% oil and citral is the main component of all. However different species of Lemon grass shows different composition of lemongrass oil.  Essential oil of the Cymbopogon species comprises of mono- and sesquiterpenoids, which may be mainly Geranial and Neral forms of citral, limonene, citronellal, β-myrcene, linalool, and geraniol.

It also contains Terpenoids, flavonoids - such as luteolin and apigenin glycosides and proanthocyanidins, phenols, tannins, alkaloids, cardiac glycosides & coumarins.¹⁸

Table 2: Composition of essential oil in Cymbopogon citratus ¹

Essential oil composition                    Percentage of                                                                                 components

Citral a 40.8

Citral b 32

Nerol                                                                              4.18

Geraniol                                                                        3.04

Citronellal                                                                    2.10

Terpinolene                                                                1.23

Geranyl acetate                                                          0.83

Myrecene                                                                      0.72

Terpinol                                                                        0.45

Methylheptenone                                                      0.2

Borneol                                                                          0.1 – 0.4

Linalyl acetate                                                            0.1

a Pinene 0.07

b Pinene 0.04

Limonene                                                                     traces

Linalool                                                                         traces

b-caryophyllene traces

                                                                                                               

Pharmacological Activity

Cymbopogon citratus is a pharmacologically important plant and has various phytochemicals and biologically active phytocompounds. This herb has Anti-inflammatory, Antioxidant, Anti-bacterial, Fungicides, Antiviral, Antispasmodic, Antipyretic, Diuretic, Anti-gout, Anti-Dandruff, Anti-Cancerous, Mosquito repellent, Anthelmintic activity. The detailed pharmacological properties are as follows.

1. Anti-inflammatory activity- – Many studies suggested that, the plant contains anti-inflammatory actions, effective in gingivitis, periodontitis, skin inflammation. It inhibits the production of IL-1b and IL-6 and pro-inflammatory cytokines such as TNF-α by contained flavonoids such as luteolin and apigenin glycosides and proanthocyanidins.^19,20
2. Antioxidant activity- Lemon grass essential oil may act as free radical scavenger, preventing oxidative damage of cellular components, and it also inhibits enzymes such as collagenase, elastase, and hyaluronidase. ^21,22
3. Antibacterial activity- It has been reported that low concentrations of its essential oil inhibit bacterial growth while a higher concentration irreversibly destruct bacterial cell. It can kill many Pathogenic bacteria e.g., Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus, as revealed in many studies.^{23,24,25,26,27,28,29}

 

 

 

 

 

4. Fungicidal activity- – Researches indicated that lemongrass essential oil holds promise in treating various skin conditions, including cutaneous candidiasis—a fungal infection caused by Candida albicans. The antifungal properties of the oil is from its active components, such as citral, geranial, and neral, which disrupt the fungal cell structure and surface morphology. These effects help in reducing infections and showcase lemongrass essential oil as a potential natural remedy for skin-related fungal issues. A study on melon seeds showed that lemongrass essential oil and grounded leaf powder of lemongrass can protect melon seeds from fungus.^30,31,32
5. Antiviral activity- A Research on measles virus injected into Vero Cells showed significant prevention in viral cell replication.^33,34
6. Antileishmanial activity- Santin et al., highlights the significant potential of citral, against the parasite Leishmania amazonensis, in combating leishmaniasis. The study is conducted in vitro, providing controlled conditions for observing the effects. Results indicate that both the essential oil and citral show notable activity against the parasite.³⁵
7. Antipyretic activity- Studies have shown that lemongrass contains bioactive compounds such as citral, flavonoids, and essential oils, which contribute to its antipyretic effects. Traditionally, lemongrass tea or extracts have been used in folk medicine to decrease fever and inflammation.³⁶
8. Diuretic activity- a study published in the journal of Renal Nutrition investigated the effects of lemongrass tea consumption on renal function in healthy individuals. The findings indicated that regular intake of lemongrass tea led to significant increase in urine output and urinary electrolyte excretion, confirming its diuretic activity.³⁷
9. Anti-diabetic activity –   An in vitro study was conducted by Mirghani, et al., showing that essential oil extracted from the its stalk increases β-glucosidase inhibition and rate of carbohydrate digestion, thus resulting in reduction of blood sugar level.³⁸Another study on Albino mice showing effective results of aqueous extract of C. citratus root and flower in reduction of fasting and postprandial blood sugar, induced by Dexamethasone. ³⁹
10. Anti-gout activity- An in vitro study was conducted by Mirghani, et al., on lemongrass showed that its essential oil increases xanthine oxidase inhibition, which decreases uric acid production and helps in prevention of gout. ³⁸
11. Anti-Dandruff activity- Citral contained by the plant is reported to show anti dandruff effect. This effect is due to Anti-fungal properties, specifically against dandruff-associated pathogens, which interacts with ergosterol present in fungus membrane and results in membrane instability causing mitochondrial abnormality and cell death.^40,41.42
12. Anti-Cancerous activity- The essential oil from lemongrass was investigated for their ability to induce apoptosis in human leukaemia HL-60 cells. Geraniol showed high enzyme (Glutathione-S-transferase) GST-inducing activity in the mucosa of the small and large intestines, which was about 2.5-fold greater than controls.^43,44,45
13. Mosquito repellent activity- investigations revealed that lemongrass oil provides approximately 30 minutes of safety time against mosquitoes, which is notably shorter compared to the protection offered by the widely used chemical repellent N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide (DEET). Despite its limited duration, lemongrass oil is considered a potential herbal alternative due to its natural composition and eco-friendly properties.⁴⁶
14.  Anthelmintic activity - Lemongrass demonstrated significant efficacy against worms on live Fasciola gigantica.⁴⁷
15. Hair growth promoter activity- a study conducted on male albino rats showed that Cymbopogon citratus possess hair growth activity in low concentration and has hasten the growth of hair follicles. There was a visible increase in the length of hair follicle.⁴⁸
16. Anti-anxiety activity- A study investigates the anxiolytic-like effects of Cymbopogon citratus (lemongrass) essential oil in mice, focusing on its interaction with the GABAergic system. The research employs behavioural tests like the light/dark box (LDB), marble-burying test (MBT), and forced-swimming test (FST), alongside neurochemical evaluations to understand the EO's mechanism of action, revealing that the anxiolytic effects are mediated by the GABAA receptor-benzodiazepine complex, supporting its traditional use in folk medicine.⁴⁹
17. Anticonvulsant- A study compared the anticonvulsant activities of essential oils (EOs) from Cymbopogon winterianus and Cymbopogon citratus in male Swiss mice, focusing on their effects on induced seizures and sedation. The findings highlight that both EOs exhibit significant anticonvulsant properties, particularly in the pentylenetetrazol model, with C. citratus showing superior efficacy in increasing latency to convulsions and death. The research suggested that the anticonvulsant effects of these EOs may be linked to GABAergic neurotransmission rather than radical-scavenging activity.⁵⁰
18. Analgesic - Cymbopogon citratus essential oil is effective at relieving pain. Studies using hot-plate tests, acetic acid-induced writhing tests, and formalin tests suggest that the oil's pain-relieving action occurs both in the central nervous system and in other parts of the body ⁵¹
19. Antiemetic - C. citratus was found to be significant as an anti-emetic drug at 500mg/kg dose.⁵²

Conclusion

Lemongrass essential oil (Cymbopogon citratus) emerges as a multifaceted natural product with immense therapeutic and industrial potential. Renowned for its antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, antifungal, and antioxidant properties, it bridges the gap between traditional remedies and contemporary medical applications. Its active compounds, including citral, geranial, and nerol, underpin its effectiveness in treating a spectrum of health conditions. Furthermore, its versatile applications in cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, food preservation, and agriculture underscore its utility across diverse industries.

With advancements in extraction technologies, the quality and yield of lemongrass oil have improved, paving the way for innovative uses. As ongoing research uncovers new benefits and applications, lemongrass essential oil continues to solidify its position as a valuable and sustainable resource in both traditional and modern domains.

Acknowledgment: Thankful to PG department of Ilmul Saidla, AUTC, Karol Bagh for providing an environment to work efficiently.

Conflict of Interest: Nill 

Author Contributions: All authors have equal contribution in the preparation of manuscript and compilation.

Source of Support: Nil

Funding: The authors declared that this study has received no financial support.

Informed Consent Statement: Not applicable. 

Data Availability Statement: The data supporting in this paper are available in the cited references. 

Ethical approval: Not applicable.

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