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Journal of Drug Delivery and Therapeutics

Open Access to Pharmaceutical and Medical Research

Copyright  © 2024 The  Author(s): This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the CC BY-NC 4.0 which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium for non-commercial use provided the original author and source are credited

Open Access   Full Text Article                                                                                                                                            Research Article

Qualitative Analysis of Bioactive Compounds from different Polypores from Kolhapur District

Dr. Anjali Rajendra Patil , Ms. Mrunalini Ajitkumar Vedpathak *, Mr. Yogesh Sadashiv Patil 

Department of Botany, Rajaram College, Kolhapur, Maharashtra, India, 416004

 

 

INTRODUCTION

The phylum Basdiomycota, or basidiomycetes, has a wide variety of terrestrial fungi known as polypores. These fungi, along with other Ascomycota, are important sources of compounds that have medicinal activity. Of the approximately 25,000 species of basidiomycetes, 5000 belong to the Aphyllophorales group, a polyphyletic group that includes the polypores. While many of these fungi are widely distributed around all inhabited continents, including Africa, many have circumboreal distributions in North America, Europe, and Asia; only a small number of the most common species, known for their distinctive fruiting bodies (basidiocarps), have been assessed for biological activity. These biologically active compounds have attracted a lot of interest lately due to their immunomodulatory properties, which have anticancer effects. These high molecular weight compounds, also known as immunopotentiators or biological response modifiers (BRM), inhibit the development of cancer, have direct anticancer effects, and prevent tumor proliferation. Certain protein-bound polysaccharides derived from polypores and other basidiomycetes have been commercialized in Japan as anticancer medications¹. Investigation of secondary metabolites from basidiomycetous fungus, with great commercial potential. The health of humans is either directly or indirectly enhanced through a number of industrial products made of fungal metabolites derived from basidiomycete sources. These fungi play a crucial role in the degradation of lignin, cellulose, and hemicellulose and are therefore important in the carbon cycle. Fungi are known to be a significant source of various biological and chemical entities that can have either beneficial or harmful effects. In addition, most filamentous fungi produce secondary metabolites that are valuable sources of compounds for various biotechnological and pharmaceutical industries. These metabolites include antibiotics, medicinal products, organic acids, food processing enzymes, and many others that are used in the feed and food industry. Moreover, white and brown-rot fungi that degrade lignocellulose and secrete polysaccharides exhibit a greater diversity of lignin degrading peroxidases, multicopper oxidases and glycoside hydrolases. These enzymes play a role in the slow breakdown of substrates high in lignin by acting in a sequential manner. For thousands of years, polypores has been utilized in traditional Chinese medicine and its use is growing in popularity globally. Their bioactivities are diverse, encompassing antiviral, anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer and immunostimulant qualities. The relevance of Basidiomycetes fungus for bioactivity and metabolite formation has not been explored, despite the fact that numerous research has concentrated on their secondary metabolites. Bioactive proteins are another essential category of functional components found in mushrooms, which have significant potential for pharmaceutical application. An estimated 75% of polypore fungi tested have strong antimicrobial activity, suggesting that they could be a good source for developing new antibiotics¹. These fungi synthesize a variety of compounds with cytotoxic, antineoplastic, and antiviral properties². It has been reported that Microporus xanthopus possesses anthelmintic, antimicrobial, anticancer, and antiangiogenic properties. The habitat and substrate in which the polypore mushroom grows are thought to be responsible for the increased quantities of these therapeutic qualities ³. Several antioxidant substances, such as phenolic compounds, β-glucans, ergosterol, ergothioneine, vitamin C, and tocopherols, have been found in Polyporales fungi. Fungi are consumed by rural people for their health advantages, but their antioxidant composition also draws interest from the culinary, cosmetic, and pharmaceutical industries. Two phenolic compounds- tyrosol and p-hydroxyphenyl acetamide, novel natural products were extracted from Coriolopsis rigida, which was discovered as an endophytic fungus. Medicinal mushroom has several essential biological active compounds that are beneficial for human health. The two primary bioactive constituents of Ganoderma lucidum, polysaccharides and triterpenoids, are primarily responsible for its anticancer and immunomodulatory properties, which are among its most appealing pharmacological features. Bioactive molecules derived from fungi can be categorized into two types: high molecular weight compounds, which include polysaccharides and proteins, and low molecular weight compounds, which include sterols, terpenoids, and phenols

Finding the biologically active compounds included in various polypores is the current scientific issue that this work seeks to resolve viz. Earliella scabrosa, Podoscypha petalodes and Polyporus grammocephalous using GC-MS analysis and FTIR. Specifically, the study aims to identify the different bioactive secondary metabolites, as well as their potential therapeutic properties. This information can provide insight into the bioactivity and metabolite production of these Polypore fungi, which can potentially lead to the development of new drugs.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

Study Area: Kolhapur district:

The district lies in the Krishna-Panchaganga basin and lies between 15° 43' and 17° 10' N. latitude, and 73° 40' and 74° 42' E. longitude. It is bounded on the north by Sangli district, on the west by Ratnagiri district. The area of the district is 3;188'4 sq. miles. and it is an irregular belt of Deccan plateau lying along east of Sahyadri crest. The district is blessed with hilly terrain which is the main natural feature that includes the main range of Sahyadri running north and south and large spurs stretch north-east and east from Sahyadri and valleys. The wet rugged hilly terrains provide luxuriant suitable forest. The climate of the district is tropical and receive south-west and north-east monsoon. June to September shows average temperatures between 21°C and 30°C and relative humidity levels between 57% and 70%. These kinds of circumstances offer ideal growing conditions to the macrofungi⁴

Collection of Specimen:

Earliella scabrosa, Podoscypha petalodes and Polyporus grammocephalous were selected for this study and collected from the natural habitats of Kolhapur District, Maharashtra, India, during the months of July- August 2023. Morphological and ecological characters were noted in the field. Microscopic observations of the fresh fruiting body were done with the help of cotton blue staining under Lawrence and Mayo N-300M research microscope. Fresh fruiting bodies were labelled properly and were allowed to dry. These were later used to determine the bioactive contents.

Preparation of Extract:

1gm of fresh fruiting bodies were crushed using 10ml of 70% Methanol. The extract was sonicated at 20^oC for 30 min. and centrifuged at 10,000 rpm for 10 min. Supernatant was subjected to GC-MS/MS and FTIR analysis. 

Sample analysis:

a. GC-MS/MS analysis:

GC-MS/MS analysis was performed on Shimadzu, Japan TQ 8050 plus HS 20. Helium was used as the carrier gas. For analysis following conditions were maintained; Column oven temperature: 50.0 °C, Injection temperature: 250.00 °C, Injection mode: Split, Flow control mode with linear velocity, Pressure: 54.4 kPa, Total flow:54.6 ml/min, Column flow: 1.01 mL/min, Linear velocity :36.5 cm/sec, Purge flow :3.0 mL/min, Split Ratio: 50.0. Initially, the oven temperature was set to 50°C and held for 2 minutes, followed by rate 5 for 180 °C held for 2 minutes, followed by rate 5 for 250o C held for 2 minutes and then rate 5 at 260 °C held for 2 minutes. For GC ion temperature was maintained at 200 °C, interference temperature at 270 ° C with a solvent cut time of 3.00 min and detector gain mode is relative to tuning. The result detector gain is about 1.17 kV and a threshold was 0. For MS, the start time was 3.00 min and the end time was 50 min. The acq. mode on Q3 Scan and Event Time was about 0.3 sec with scan speed 1666. The Start m/z 45.00 and end m/z 500.

b. Fourier Transformed Infrared Spectroscopy

FTIR, or Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrophotometer, is the most efficient tool for determining the various kinds of functional groups and chemical bonds found in phytochemicals. A prominent characteristic of the chemical bond is the wave length of the light absorbed. A compound's chemical bonds can be ascertained by analyzing its infrared absorption spectra. Comparative analysis of spectra was conducted by using the Essential FTIR software, which provides a clear understanding of similarities in the spectra, as shown in Fig 1, 2 and 3 indicate the spectra which were analyzed by the Alpha Bruker instrument. British Wiley library was used for FTIR data analysis. A 0.1gm/ml methanolic extract of dried natural fruiting bodies wassonicatedat20°Cfor 45minutes and centrifuged at 10,000 rpm for 5 minutes. The supernatant was subjected to FTIR analysis using ALPHA Bruker, Germany. FTIR analysis was performed on the extract of freshly collected fungus material sample in methanol. The Spectra were taken in the region 4000-400 cm^-1 for analysis of functional groups.                  

The FTIR spectroscopic analysis of methanolic extracts of polypore fungi viz. Earliella scabrosa, Podoscypha petalodes and Polyporus grammocephalous. Figures 4,5 and 6 shows graphical FTIR spectra of methanolic extracts of polypore fungi respectively. The FTIR spectroscopic analysis of methanolic extracts of polypore fungi showed different form of peaks revealed the presence of different functional groups of the bioactive compounds. (Table: 4,5 and 6).

RESULT AND DISCUSSION

The sample was analyzed and the peaks were compared to those of reference chemicals analyzed under the same circumstances. Compounds shows some bioactive and pharmacological properties. Secondary metabolite study from basidiomycetous fungi which has tremendous commercial potential. ² This study discovered that compounds from Earliella scabrosa, Podoscypha petalodes, and Polyporus grammocephalous contains medicinally and nutritionally significant substances. These Polypores can be used in effluent treatment, the pulp and paper industry, synthetic chemistry, bio-fuels, cosmetics, agro industry and textile industry producing essential products. Table 1, 2 & 3 provides a summary of the bioactive compounds found in Earliella scabrosa, Podoscypha petalodes and Polyporus grammocephalous.

Earliella scabrosa, Podoscyphapetalodes and Polyporus grammocephalous has been reported to exhibit antibacterial, anticancer, antiangiogenic and anthelmintic activities. The higher concentrations of these medicinal properties are believed to be a result of the environment and substrate in which the polypore mushroom grows ⁵. The proposed compounds of Earliella scabrosa, Podoscypha petalodes and Polyporus grammocephalous detected in negative mode and positive mode, along with their molecular masses, scores, chemical natures, formulas, and properties. These compounds were identified through Gas chromatography and mass spectrometry, which is a powerful analytical technique used to identify the chemical structure of a compound. The identified compounds have diverse chemical natures and functionalities, ranging from alkaloids, esters, phenols, and steroids to bile acids, macrolides, and sesquiterpenoids and shows diverse pharmacological activities, including antimalarial, antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral, anticancer, anti-inflammatory etc. (Table 1,2 & 3)

FTIR is an important method to identify the functional groups of chemical constituents and elucidate the compounds ³². FTIR allows infrared spectrum simultaneously providing speed and accuracy in measurements of whole range of biological specimens ³³. and has been used as a requisite method to identify medicines in pharmaceuticals companies of many countries ³³. The methanolic extract of polypore fungi Earliella scabrosa, Podoscypha petalodes and Polyporus grammocephalous were subjected to FTIR spectroscopic analysis under IR region in the range of 400-4000 cm^-1. 

FTIR analysis of the extracts of polypore fungi Earliella scabrosa, Podoscypha petalodes and Polyporus grammocephalous revealed that the presence of various chemical constituents. The Infra-Red of extracts of polypores showed absorption bands with the wave number (cm^-1) of prominent peaks. Several bands are pertained to functional groups represent chemical components or metabolic products in the polypore fungi. 

The spectra wavelength observed in the methanolic extracts of polypore fungi Earliella scabrosa, Podoscypha petalodes and Polyporus grammocephalous served as a characteristic medium to elucidate the inherent functional group and organic compounds. The FTIR spectral analysis conducted in this study revealed significant absorption bands at different wave numbers (cm^-1), which suggests the presence of chemical structures. Thus, the various functional groups of the chemical compounds found in the polypore fungus were identified by the absorption peaks obtained by FTIR spectroscopy. Biologically active chemicals can be extracted and filtered out of the extracts using the FTIR analysis, which revealed the presence of aromatics, alkyl halides, carboxylic acids, amines, amides, aliphatic amines, primary amines or amides, alkanes, and phenol compounds. With their high efficacy and demand for the treatment of a wide range of ailments, fungi have always been a reliable source of medicinal agents.

Earliella scabrosa: The functional groups were separated based on its peak ratio. The bands between 650-1000 cm^-1 assigned to =C-H bend represent the presence of aromatics, alkyl halides, carboxylic acids, amines and amides in the sample. In this study, the bands at 670.01cm^-1 and 891.51 cm^-1 assigned to =C-H bend which means aromatics, alkyl halides, carboxylic acids, amines and amides are present in methanolic extracts of E. scabrosa. The aliphatic amines are indicated by the C-N stretches between 1020 and 1250 cm^-1. So, the bands at 1045.11 1155.65, 1201.54, 1249.30 cm^-1 assigned to the C- N stretch which means aliphatic amines are present in E. scabrosa. The peak value at 1314.01 and 1372.28 cm^-1 assigned to the O-H bending confirms Alcohol and hydroxy compounds. The peak at 1643.10 cm^-1 assigned to the N-H bend confirms Amine and amino groups. The results of FTIR spectra analyses showed the presence of peak at wave number The peak at 2923.87 cm^-1 assigned to Methylene C-H asym./sym stretch confirms Saturated aliphatic (alkane/alkyl). The results of FTIR spectra analyses showed the presence of peak at wave number of 3382.54cm^-1 assigned to the O-H stretch indicates the Alcohol and hydroxy.   (Graph 4 and Table 4).

Podoscypha petalodes: The functional groups were separated based on its peak ratio. The bands between 650-1000 cm^-1 assigned to =C-H bend represent the presence of aromatics, alkyl halides, carboxylic acids, amines and amides. In present investigation, methanolic extracts of Podoscypha petalodes shows bands at 670.01cm^-1 assigned to =C-H bend which means aromatics, alkyl halides, carboxylic acids, amines and amides are present. The aliphatic amines are indicated by the C-N stretches between 1020 and 1250 cm^-1.  So, the bands at 1020.25, 1113.75 cm^-1 assigned to the C- N stretch which means aliphatic amines are present in P. petalodes. The peak value at 1413.52 cm^-1 assigned to the O-H bending vibration confirms carboxylic acid. The peak at 1448.36 cm^-1 assigned to the Methyl C-H asym./sym. bend confirms Saturated aliphatic (alkane/alkyl) group. The peak at 2830.99 cm^-1and 2942.63 cm^-1 assigned to C-H stretch confirms Alkanes. The results of FTIR spectra analyses showed the presence of peak at wave number of 3301.88 and 3341.54 cm^-1 assigned to the O-H stretch indicates the Alcohol or Phenol. (Graph 5 and Table 5).

Polyporus grammocephalous: The functional groups were separated based on its peak ratio. The bands between 650-1000 cm^-1 assigned to =C-H bend represent the presence of aromatics, alkyl halides, carboxylic acids, amines and amides. In present study, the bands at 691.08 cm^-1 assigned to =C-H bend which means aromatics, alkyl halides, carboxylic acids, amines and amides are present in methanolic extracts of P. grammocephalous. The aliphatic amines are indicated by the C-N stretches between 1020 and 1250 cm^-1.So, the bands at 1019.04 and 1112.67 cm^-1 assigned to the C- N stretch which means aliphatic amines are present in P. grammocephalous. The peak value at 1410.56 cm^-1 assigned to the O-H bending vibration confirms carboxylic acid. The peak at 1654.67 cm^-1 assigned to the N-H bend confirms primary amines or amides. The peak at 2832.08 cm^-1and 2942.87 cm^-1 assigned to C-H stretch confirms Alkanes. The results of FTIR spectra analyses showed the presence of peak at wave number of 3351.12 cm^-1 assigned to the O-H stretch indicates the Alcohol or Phenol.(Graph 6 and Table 6).

CONCLUSION:

This study has identified a range of compounds present in various polypores using Gas Chromatography - mass spectrometry and FT-IR. These compounds have diverse chemical natures and functionalities, and compounds have promising pharmacological activities with potential uses in medicine, agriculture, and other industries. These bioactive compounds highlight the potential for natural products to be developed into effective drugs for a range of conditions.

 

 

Graph 1: GC-MS/MS Chromatogram of Earliella scabrosa.

Table 1: Bioactive compounds of Earliella scabrosa.           

Sr. No.	Name	Formula	Mol.wt.	Properties
1	tert-Butyl S-(4,6-dimethylpyrimidin-2-yl)thiolcarbonate	C11H16N2O2S	240	_
2	Pyrazine, 2-methyl-3-(methylthio)-	C6H8N2S	140	Antibacterial and Anti-cancerous activity.6
3	n-Hexadecanoic acid	C16H32O2	256	Pesticide and nematicide.7
4	Pentadecanoic acid	C15H30O2	242	Antifungal and antibacterial.8
5	Octadecanoic acid	C18H36O2	284	Antitumor, Antifungal and Antibacterial.9
6	hexadecanoic acid, oxydi-2,1-ethanediyl ester	C36H70O5	582	Antioxidant activity.10
7	Heptaethylene glycol, TBDMS derivative	C20H44O8Si	440	Antibacterial and Antifungal activity.11
8	Octaethylene glycol, TBDMS derivative	C22H48O9Si	484	No activity reported
9	Hexaethylene glycol, TBDMS derivative	C18H40O7Si	396	Antimicrobial activity.12
10	Nonaethylene glycol, TBDMS derivative	C24H52O10Si	528	No activity reported
11	Undecaethylene glycol, TMS derivative	C25H54O12Si	574	Antimicrobial activity.13
12	2-[2-[2-[2-[2-[2-[2-[2-[2-[2-(2-Hydroxyethoxy)ethoxy]ethoxy]ethoxy]ethoxy]ethoxy]ethoxy]ethoxy]ethoxy]ethoxy]ethanol	C22H46O12	502	No activity reported
13	2-[2-[2-[2-[2-[2-[2-[2-(2-Methoxyethoxy)ethoxy]ethoxy]ethoxy]ethoxy]ethoxy]ethoxy]ethoxy]ethanol	C19H40O10	428	No activity reported
14	Ergosterol	C28H44O	396	Fluidity and integrity of the membrane and the proper function of membrane enzymes.14
15	Ergosta-5,8,22-trien-3-ol, (3.beta.,22E)-	C28H44O	396	Anti-tumor and anti-angiogenesis activity.15
16	Ergosta-4,7,22-trien-3.beta.-ol	C28H44O	396	Antioxidant and antiinflammatory activity.16

 

Graph 2: GC-MS/MS Chromatogram of Podoscypha petalodes.

Table 2: Bioactive compounds of Podoscypha petalodes.

Sr No	Name	Formula	Mol.wt	Properties
1	Hexadecanoic acid, methyl ester	C17H34O2	270	Larvicidal, pesticide7antifungal,8,17 Anticancer, 9 Antioxidant and Antibacterial activity.8,9
2	n-Hexadecanoic acid	C16H32O2	256	Pesticide and nematicidal activity.7
3	l-(+)-Ascorbic acid 2,6-dihexadecanoate	C38H68O8	652	antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anticancer activity.18
4	Pentadecanoic acid	C15H30O2	242	Antifungal, antibacterial8 and Antioxidant activity.9
5	9-Octadecenoic acid, methyl ester, (E)-	C19H36O2	296	Antifungal activity.19
6	11-Octadecenoic acid, methyl ester	C19H36O2	296	No activity reported
7	trans-13-Octadecenoic acid, methyl ester	C19H36O2	296	Acidifier, acidulant, arachidonic acid-inhibitor and inhibit production of uric acid.20
8	9-Octadecenoic acid (Z)-, methyl ester	C19H36O2	296	Antimicrobial and Nematicidal activity.17
9	Methyl stearate	C19H38O2	298	Antioxidant and antifungal activity.21
10	1-Hexadecanaminium, N,N,N-trimethyl-, octadecanoate	C37H77NO2	567	No activity reported
11	9-Octadecenoic acid, (E)-	C18H34O2	282	No activity reported
12	Oleic Acid	C18H34O2	282	Anticancer, Anemiagenic, Insectifuge, Antiandrogenic and Dermatitigenic activity.20
13	cis-Vaccenic acid	C18H34O2	282	antibacterial and hypolipidemic effects in rats.22
14	cis-13-Octadecenoic acid	C18H34O2		Anti-inflammatory, cancer preventive and hepatoprotective properties.23
15	Octadecanoic acid	C18H34O2	284	antitumor, Antifungal and Antibacterial activity.9
16	Octadecanoic acid, 2-(2-hydroxyethoxy)ethyl ester	C22H44O4	372	_
17	Docosanoic acid	C22H44O	340	anti-inflammatory activity.24

 

Graph 3:GC-MS/MS Chromatogram of Polyporus grammocephalous.

Table 3: Bioactive compounds of Polyporus grammocephalous.

Sr No	Name	Formula	Mol.wt	Properties
1	Hexadecanoic acid, methyl ester	C17H34O2	270	Larvicidal, pesticide7antifungal,8,17Anticancer, 9Antioxidant and Antibacterial activity.8,9
2	n-Hexadecanoic acid	C16H32O2	256	Pesticide and nematicidal activity.7
3	l-(+)-Ascorbic acid 2,6-dihexadecanoate	C38H68O8	652	Antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anticancer activity.18
4	Pentadecanoic acid	C15H30O2	242	Antifungal and antibacterial activity.8
5	Eicosanoic acid	C20H40O2	312	Antifungal activity.25
6	Methyl 10-trans,12-cis-octadecadienoate	C19H34O2	294	Antimicrobial activity.26
7	9,12-Octadecadienoic acid, methyl ester	C19H34O2	294	Antiinflammatory, Nematicide, Insectifuge, Antiacne, Hypocholesterolemic, Cancer preventive, Hepatoprotective, Antihistaminic, Antiarthritic and Anti-eczemic activity.27
8	Methyl 9-cis,11-trans-octadecadienoate	C19H34O2	294	Antibacterial and antifungal activity.28
9	2-Chloroethyl linoleate	C20H35ClO2	342	Antibacterial activity.29
10	Methyl stearate	C19H38O2	298	Antioxidant and antifungal activity.21
11	Linoelaidic acid	C18H32O2	280	Antibacterial activity.30
12	9,12-Octadecadienoic acid (Z,Z)-	C18H32O2	280	Anti-inflammatory, Hypocholesterolemic, Cancer preventive, Hepatoprotective, Nematicide, Insectifuge, Antihistaminic, Antieczemic, Antiacne, 5-Alpha reductase inhibitor, Antiandrogenic, Antiarthritic and Anticoronary activity.27
13	2-Chloroethyl linoleate	C20H35ClO2	342	No activity reported
14	9,12-Octadecadien-1-ol, (Z,Z)-	C18H34O	266	Antifungal activity.31

 

 

Graph. 4: FTIR Spectra of Earliella scabrosa

Table 4: FTIR spectral peak values and corresponding functional groups of the methanolic extract of polypore fungus Earliella scabrosa.

S. N.	Wavenumber(cm-1)	Functional group	Compounds
1	572.78	=C-H bend	Aromatics, Alkyl halides, Carboxylic acids, Amines and Amides.
2	891.51	=C-H bend	Aromatics, Alkyl halides, Carboxylic acids, Amines and Amides.
3	1045.11	C-N stretches	aliphatic amines
4	1155.65	C-N stretches	aliphatic amines
5	1201.54	C-N stretches	aliphatic amines
6	1249.30	C-N stretches	aliphatic amines
7	1314.01	O-H bend	Alcohol and hydroxy
8	1372.28	O-H bend	Alcohol and hydroxy
9	1643.10	N-H bend	Amine and amino
10	2923.87	Methylene C-H asym./sym stretch	Saturated aliphatic (alkane/alkyl)
11	3382.54	O-H stretches	Alcohol and hydroxy

 

Graph. 5: FTIR Spectra of Podoscypha petalodes.

Table 5: FTIR spectral peak values and corresponding functional groups of the methanolic extract of polypore fungus Podoscypha petalodes.

S.N.	Wave number (cm-1)	Functional group	Compounds
1	670.01	=C-H bend	Aromatics, Alkyl halides, Carboxylic acids, Amines and Amides.
2	1020.25	C-N stretches	aliphatic amines
3	1113.75	C-N stretches	aliphatic amines
4	1413.52	O-H bend	Carboxylic acid
5	1448.36	Methyl C-H asym./sym. bend	Saturated aliphatic (alkane/alkyl) group
6	2830.99	C-H stretch	Alkanes
7	2942.63	C-H stretch	Alkanes
8	3301.88	O-H stretch	Alcohol or Phenol
9	3341.54	O-H stretch	Alcohol or Phenol

 

Graph. 6: FTIR Spectra of Polyporus grammocephalus

 

Table 6: FTIR spectral peak values and corresponding functional groups of the methanolic extract of polypore fungus Polyporus grammocephalous.

 

 

 

 

 

Acknowledgments:

The authors are thankful to the Principal, Rajaram College, Kolhapur and Head of the Department of Botany for providing all facilities for research work. 

Conflicts of Interest:

None 

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