Available online on 15.06.2023 at http://jddtonline.info

Journal of Drug Delivery and Therapeutics

Open Access to Pharmaceutical and Medical Research

Copyright  © 2023 The   Author(s): This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the CC BY-NC 4.0 which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium for non-commercial use provided the original author and source are credited

Open Access  Full Text Article                                                                                                                                       Research Article 

Dental health education: Maintenance of dental health using flipchart media

Emini

Department of Dental Health, Health polytechnic Jakarta I, Jakarta, Indonesia

INTRODUCTION 

Dental and oral health is an inseparable part of overall body health. Dental and oral care as a whole starts with dental and oral hygiene for each individual. The 2018 basic health research results explain data from various indicators of community dental and oral health, it is known that 57.6%. DMF-T index (damaged, missing and filled teeth) in Indonesia, with 45.3% of the population experiencing dental caries and 14% of the population suffering from gingivitis. Both dental caries and gingivitis are caused by dental plaque or poor oral hygiene.^1–3

Dental and oral health maintenance is one of the efforts to improve health. One of the reasons a person ignores dental and oral health problems is the lack of knowledge about dental and oral hygiene. Dental and oral health knowledge should be given from an early age, because at an early age children begin to understand the importance of health and the prohibitions that must be avoided or habits that can affect the condition of their teeth. Provision of dental and oral health knowledge should be given to school-age children.^4–6

Good dental and oral hygiene can be achieved with good and correct knowledge and habits regarding the maintenance of dental and oral health. Knowledge is an aspect that forms a person's behavior. Lack of knowledge will shape wrong behavior towards maintaining oral health. Efforts to increase knowledge is with health counseling. Counseling is an activity to provide knowledge, information and various abilities in order to shape attitudes and behavior in life that should be. In essence, counseling is a non-formal activity in order to change society towards a better condition as aspired.^7–9

Dental and oral health education is an activity that aims to improve, set an example, to provide warnings about the importance of maintaining healthy teeth and mouth. This program can be said to be an important part of a comprehensive program. The Ministry of Health itself has a program to periodically provide counseling to the community, especially school children. Counseling with various targets is more emphasized on vulnerable groups of school children. The school environment is an extension of the family in laying the foundation for healthy living behaviors for school children. In addition, the total population of school children aged 6-12 years reaches 40% - 50% of the general community, so health education efforts to target school children are the first and foremost priority.^10–12

Media is an intermediary or introduction used by educators in conveying educational or teaching materials. Media can also generate interest and stimulation in learning. Where the more senses are used to receive something, the clearer the understanding or knowledge obtained. Capturing the knowledge provided through flipchart media utilizes more than one sense, namely the sense of sight and the sense of hearing (13% of the sense of hearing and 75% -87% of the sense of sight) (Bagaray et al., 2016). Another study by Puspitawati et al proved that flipchart media was effective in increasing dental health knowledge in elementary school students.^13–15

Based on an initial survey of primary school principals on Tidung Island using Whatsapp, it was found that since the Covid-19 pandemic, dental and oral health education had not been carried out, knowledge about maintaining dental and oral health in class V students at SDN on Tidung Island was still lacking. 

METHOD AND MATERIAL 

The research design used was a pre-experimental research with pretest-posttest one group design. The type of data used in this study is primary data, namely data taken directly by researchers from respondents in the form of the results of Knowledge of Dental and Oral Health Care Before and After Counseling with Flipchart Media.

The sampling technique with total sampling is a sampling technique when all members of the population are used as samples. The reason for taking total sampling is because the total population is less than 100 people, so the entire population is used as a research sample. The sample in this study was taken from the total population/total sampling of fifth grade elementary school students, namely SDN 01, SDN 02 and SDN 03, each class of 23 students on Tidung Island, South Thousand Islands, DKI Jakarta Province. In this study the number of samples used was 69 students of class V SDN on Tidung Island, South Thousand Islands who met the criteria. The criteria used as research samples are: Students who are registered in class V at SDN 01, SDN 02 and SDN 03 on Tidung Island; Willing to be a research respondent. The instruments used in data collection used at the time of data collection were pre-test and post-test questionnaires, totaling 10 questions. Data analysis used the descriptive analysis.

RESULT

This research was conducted after obtaining permission from the parents and principals of SDN 01, SDN 02, and SDN 03 Pulau Tidung to conduct the research. Data collection was carried out directly by the researchers themselves and assisted by homeroom teachers for class V SDN 01, SDN 02, and SDN 03 Pulau Tidung. Starting from class V SDN 03 at 08.00 until 09.00 WIB, class V SDN 02 at 09.30 until 10.30 WIB and class V SDN 01 at 11.00 until 12.00 WIB. The researcher explained the aims and objectives of the fifth grade students at SDN 01, SDN 02, and SDN 03 Pulau Tidung, each class consisting of 23 students. Data collection was carried out by distributing pre-test sheets first and given 5 minutes to fill out the pre-test questionnaire. After that, it was continued with counseling on maintenance of oral health using flipchart media after the counseling was finished, followed by filling out the post-test questionnaire and given 5 minutes. The results of the pre-test and post-test questionnaires were collected by the researcher.

Table 1. Frequency distribution of knowledge of dental and oral health maintenance before counseling using flipchart media

Table 1 shows that the results of measuring knowledge before being given dental and oral health maintenance counseling included in the good category as many as 32 students with a percentage of 46.4%, in the sufficient category there were 26 students with a percentage of 37.7%, and in the poor category there were 11 people with a percentage of 15.9%.

Table 2. Frequency distribution of knowledge of dental and oral health maintenance after counseling using flipchart media

Table 2 shows that the results of measuring knowledge after being given dental and oral health maintenance counseling included in the good category as many as 64 students with a percentage of 92.8%, in the sufficient category there were 5 students with a percentage of 7.2% and no students entered in less category.

DISCUSSION

Counseling is an activity of educating something to individuals or groups, providing knowledge, information and various abilities so that they can form attitudes and behave in life as they should. In essence, counseling is a non-formal activity in order to change society towards a better condition as aspired. Dental and oral health education is an activity that aims to increase, give an example, to provide warnings about the importance of maintaining healthy teeth and mouth.^9,10 Health promotion media is also known as a visual aid in approaching health promotion efforts. With the use of media, it can support success and facilitate the process of conveying information provided by extension workers. This teaching aid is structured based on the principle that the knowledge that exists in every human being is received or captured through the five senses. The educational process can gain experience or knowledge through various educational aids, but each tool has a different intensity in helping to overcome one's problems.^16–18

The results of measuring knowledge of dental and oral health maintenance before being given counseling using flipchart media were included in the good category at 46.4%, the sufficient category at 37.7%, and the less category at 15.9%. SDN on Tidung Island is an elementary school managed by the Tidung Island Health Center in the South Thousand Islands under the School Dental Health Program (UKGS). UKGS activities are carried out every 6 months including dental examinations and sometimes accompanied by other programs from the health center such as deworming and school children's posyandu. Because several programs were carried out at the same time, dental and oral health education was only carried out briefly. Basically, elementary school-age children already understand the importance of maintaining healthy teeth and mouth, but knowledge about how to maintain healthy teeth and mouth still needs to be improved.

From the study, the results of measuring knowledge of dental and oral health care after being given counseling using flipchart media were in the good category at 92.8%, the sufficient category was at 7.2% and no students were included in the poor category. According to Notoatmodjo knowledge is the result of human sensing or the result of knowing someone about an object through their five senses. Most of one's knowledge is obtained through the sense of hearing and the sense of sight. Knowledge is influenced by several factors such as motivation, available information, environment, social culture and economy of each individual. Based on this, the results of this study showed that there was a change in students' knowledge after being given dental and oral health counseling using flipchart media for fifth grade students at SDN on Tidung Island.⁹

From the description above, when compared with the results of research conducted by Pratiwi et al entitled the effect of dental and oral health counseling using flipcharts on the level of knowledge of brushing teeth for Parakan adolescent elementary school students in 2019. Based on the results after counseling (post- test) with flipchart media it was found that there was a change in knowledge which showed that the results in the good category were 85%, the sufficient category was 15% and the less category was 0%. Meanwhile, from the research, the results obtained after counseling (post-test) were in the good category at 92.8%, the sufficient category at 7.2% and the less category at 0%.¹⁹

It can be concluded that there is an increase in knowledge about maintaining oral and dental health because students are cooperative, then use counseling media which is quite effective, namely flipcharts, which can be presented in stages to provide a time lag to understand the contents of the material presented during counseling and do not use medical language so that the language used is easily understood by respondents. According to Bagaray et al flipcharts are an educational tool that is very simple and quite effective for use in conveying information including health messages such as DHE given. The flipchart media used in this study can increase target knowledge, because it is able to present health messages in a concise and practical manner accompanied by direct explanations from the carrier of the material. The explanation provided will clarify and make it easier to capture the contents of the DHE material provided. The use of flipchart media becomes more effective because it is applied to a target with a total of 24 participants (less than 30 people), so that it can adjust the visibility of the educational target. Presentation of information using flipchart media in this study used attractive pictures, as well as concise and clear sentences of educational objectives. In a study by Bagaray et al that the capture of knowledge imparted through flipchart media utilizes more than one sense, namely the sense of sight and the sense of hearing (13% of the sense of hearing and 75% -87% of the sense of sight). The more senses involved in providing information, the easier the message can be received and understood properly.¹⁴

CONCLUSION

Based on the results of the research that has been done, it can be concluded that dental health education using flipchart media increased knowledge of dental and oral health maintenance

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The authors thank to all participants and research assistants.

CONFLICT OF INTEREST

The authors declare that they have no conflict interests.

REFERENCES

1. Widiyastuti R, Purnama T, Latifah L. Effectiveness of Counseling with Chair Side Talk Ministry of Religion. Int Res J Pharm Med Sci. 2019; 2(6):15-7.

2. Kementerian Kesehatan RI. Laporan Nasional Riset Kesehatan Dasar 2018. Riskesdas. 2018; 614.

3. Ramdiani D, Yulita I, Sasongko BG, Purnama T. Required Treatment Index (RTI) Pada Pasien Dewasa Di Klinik Dokter Gigi Tjang Riyanto Cahyadi Kota Bogor. JDHT J Dent Hyg Ther. 2020; 1(2):55-60. https://doi.org/10.36082/jdht.v1i2.128

4. Purnama T, Fadjeri I, Widiyastuti R. Model Mentoring Teachers and Parents as an Efforts for Brushing Teeth Behavior in Preschool Children. Indian J Forensic Med Toxicol. 2020; 14(4):3511-6.

5. Yohanes I G, Pandelaki K, Mariati NW. Hubungan pengetahuan kebersihan gigi dan mulut dengan status kebersihan gigi dan mulut pada siswa SMA Negeri 9 Manado. e-GiGi. 2013; 1(2). https://doi.org/10.35790/eg.1.2.2013.2620

6. Gopdianto R, Rattu AJM, Mariati NW. Status kebersihan mulut dan perilaku menyikat gigi anak SD Negeri 1 Malalayang. e-GiGi. 2014; 3(1). https://doi.org/10.35790/eg.3.1.2015.6457

7. Ngatemi N, Purnama T. Counseling with Tooth Brushing Demonstration Method as an Effort to Improve Tooth Brushing Skills and the Status of Dental and Oral Hygiene in Early Childhood at School. Med Leg Updat. 2021; 21(1):684-7.

8. Marimbun BE, Mintjelungan CN, Pangemanan DHC. Hubungan tingkat pengetahuan tentang kesehatan gigi dan mulut dengan status karies gigi pada penyandang tunanetra. e-GiGi. 2016; 4(2). https://doi.org/10.35790/eg.4.2.2016.13924

9. Notoatmodjo. Promosi Kesehatan dan Perilaku Kesehatan, Edisi Revisi. Jakarta: Rineka Cipta; 2012.

10. Pudentiana Rr RE, Subandini SL. Pendidikan Kesehatan Gigi. Jakarta: EGC; 2019.

11. Tauchid SN, Nabila A, Purnama T. Dental Health Education: Chewing Gum Containing Xylitol in Junior High School Students. Asian J Pharm Res Dev. 2022; 10(5):15-8. https://doi.org/10.22270/ajprd.v10i5.1174

12. Wirata IN, gede Agung AA. Perbedaan Tingkat Pengetahuan Tentang Pemeliharaan Kesehatan Gigi dan Mulut Siswa SDN 2 Singapadu Kaler Sebelum Dan Sesudah Dilakukan Penyuluhan. J Kesehat Gigi (Dental Heal Journal). 2016; 4(2):72-7.

13. Gejir IN, Agung AAG, Ratih IADK, Mustika IW, Suanda IW, Widiari NN, et al. Media komunikasi dalam penyuluhan kesehatan. Penerbit Andi; 2017.

14. Bagaray FEK, Wowor VNS, Mintjelungan CN. Perbedaan efektivitas DHE dengan media booklet dan media flip chart terhadap peningkatan pengetahuan kesehatan gigi dan mulut siswa SDN 126 Manado. e-GiGi. 2016; 4(2). https://doi.org/10.35790/eg.4.2.2016.13487

15. Puspitawati Y, Ulliana U, Sulistiani S, Fadliyah NK, Nurwanti W. Dental Health Promotion Using Fliphchart Media on Knowledge of Elementary School Student. JDHT J Dent Hyg Ther. 2022; 3(1):21-5. https://doi.org/10.36082/jdht.v3i1.486

16. Suiraoka IP, Supariasa IDN. Media Pendidikan Kesehatan. Yogyakarta: Graha Ilmu; 2012.

17. Kasihani NN, Purnama T, Emini E, Barus A, Widiyastuti R. Dental health education with print media during the Covid-19 pandemic: is it still effective? Rawal Med J. 2022; 47(2):418.

18. Widiyastuti R, Awaliah M, Purnama T, Ngatemi N. Instagram Social Media as an Effort to Increase Dental Health Knowledge. Int J Multidiscip Res Anal. 2022; 05(12):3465-8. https://doi.org/10.47191/ijmra/v5-i12-22

19. Pratiwi E, Haryani W, Purwati DE. Pengaruh Penyuluhan Kesehatan Gigi dan Mulut Menggunakan Flip-chart Terhadap Tingkat Pengetahuan Menyikat Gigi Bagi Siswa Sekolah Dasar Remaja Parakan. J Oral Heal Care. 2019; 7(2):77-87. https://doi.org/10.31983/jkg.v7i2.6466