Copyright © 2011-2022 The Author(s): This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the CC BY-NC 4.0 which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium for non-commercial use provided the original author and source are credited

St. Soldier Institute of Pharmacy, Lidhran Campus behind NIT (R.E.C.), Jalandhar-Amritsar bypass NH-1 Jalandhar-144011, Punjab, India

Article Info:

_______________________________________________

Article History:

Received 14 May 2022

Reviewed 02 July 2022

Accepted 13 July 2022

Published 18 July 2022

_______________________________________________

Cite this article as:

Bala K, Melkani I, Singh AP, Singh AP, Kaur J, Holarrhena antidysenterica in Inflammatory Bowel Disease: a potential review, Journal of Drug Delivery and Therapeutics. 2022; 12(4):221-226

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.22270/jddt.v12i4.5458

_______________________________________________

*Address for Correspondence:

Kiran Bala, St. Soldier Institute of Pharmacy, Lidhran Campus behind NIT (R.E.C.), Jalandhar-Amritsar bypass NH-1 Jalandhar-144011, Punjab, India

Abstract

___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Holarrhena antidysenterica belongs to the Apocynaceae family and is generally known as kurchi in Hindi. It is a small deciduous tree found in arid woods throughout the world including India. H. Antidysenterica is commonly used in Indian traditional medicine to treat Inflammatory Bowel disease, dysentery, diarrhoea and worms in the intestines. Plant parts like bark are useful in antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory and analgesic treatments, amoebiasis, chronic bronchitis, boils, and ulcers. The Phytoconstituents found in the plant ergosterol, flavonoids, phenolic acids, resins, saponins, steroidal alkaloids, coumarins, tannins and triterpenoids. Anti-amnesic, anti-diabetic, antibacterial action, anti-inflammatory, anti-diarrhoeal, antioxidant/free radical activity , radical scavenging, diuretic, anti-amoebic, anthelmintic and anti-microbial effects are found as pharmacological properties of Holarrhena antidysenterica. H. antidysenterica bark contains alkaloids the most important of which is the steroidal alkaloid conessine which is the major therapeutic constituent. Conarrhimine, Conimine, Conamine, Conessidine, Isoconessimine, Dimethyl Conkurchine and Holarrhimine are among the various alkaloids studied. The bark also includes gum, resin, tannin, lupeol and the digitenol glycoside Holadysone in addition to alkaloids. Bark of Holarrhena antidysenterica is used to treat malaria, chest infections, asthma, bronchopneumonia, stomach disorders, dyspepsia, diarrhoea and dysentery.

Keywords: HA- Holarrhena antidysenterica, IBD- Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Collitus

Holarrhena antidysenterica (Family - Apocynaceae, Common Name: Kutaza, Bitter Oleander, Kurchi) is a large tree, 9-10 feet tall, abundant in sub Himalayan tract and mountainous areas. The seeds are linear or oblong concave with a long coma shape, light brown in color and showing epigeal germination. The Unani and Ayurvedic medicine system uses this excellent drug against many infectious diseases caused by helminthes, Staphylococcus aureus, Entamoeba histolytica, and Escherichia coli infections. The bark and seeds of HA used in diarrehoea, ashthma,piles , amoebic dysentery ¹ . H. antidysenterica produces gastrointestinal tract activation by activating histamine receptors and relaxes the gastrointestinal tract by blocking the Ca ++ channel, which provides a basic reason for its usefulness in gastrointestinal disorders such as constipation and diarrhea ². Alkaloids are the major elements in HA and are responsible for a variety of actions. Alkaloids are usually insoluble in water however the HA plant contains conessine an alkaloid that is soluble in water and has a variety of therapeutic effects. Other alkaloids that are found in nature and have a variety of pharmacological effects ³.

According to Charaka, the pods have stanyasodhana (a lactodepurant), the indrayava (seed) contains ama and asthapanopaga (includes enema) and the plant contains vamaka and arsoghna, which have symptoms of bleeding and anti-haemorrhoidal respectively. For no Ayurveda, a plant recommended for the treatment of obesity, asthma, bronchopneumonia, hepatosplenomegaly and rheumatism. H. antidysenterica is a major ingredient in a few Ayurvedic remedies arrangements such as Kutajghan Vati, Kutajarista and Kutaja churna, used to treat diarrhea, diarrhea, fever and bacterial infections. This plant is mentioned in Susruta Samhita as antiseptic, vermifuge, febrifuge, detoxicant⁴. In Indian Ayurvedic medicine H. antidysenterica is used to cure Atisara (diarrhoea and dysentery). The pods include stanyasodhana (a lactodepurant) the indrayava (seeds) contain ama and asthapanopaga (enema adjuncts) and the plant contains vamaka and arsoghna which have emetic and anti-haemorrhoidal qualities respectively according to Charaka. Susruta attributes diuretic properties of seeds and sukrasodhana to the plant in general (sperm-purifier). The herbs is characterized as antiseptic, vermifuge, febrifuge and detoxicant in the Susruta Samhita and is thought to cure malignant ulcers, leprosy, diarrhoea and other severe skin illnesses. The herb is used to treat obesity, asthma, bronchopneumonia, hepatosplenomegaly and rheumatism in modern Ayurveda⁴.The administration of an aqueous extract of H. antidysenterica seed to diabetic mice resulted in a considerable increase in antioxidant enzyme activity as well as a reduction in free radical levels. The results of the above stated biomarkers showed that extract of H. antidysenterica seed reduces oxidative stress in diabetic animals by inhibiting ROS formation and reducing high blood glucose levels ⁵.

Most of the active constituents are found in the stem, leaves, bark and seeds of the Holarrhena Antidysenterica. The major constituents are steroidal, alkaloidal, flavonoids, terpenoids, Tannins, resins, coumarins, saponins etc. ⁶

Around 25 alkaloids (1.5-3%) predominantly from the bark have been isolated from the plant. They are steroidal alkaloids having C21 group. Tewj's main alkaloid is conessine has a yield of up to 0.4 % and is a stenol with a structure similar to 7-ergosten-3-ol and Y-Stigmasterol. Conessine is a pharmacological drug that is used to treat dysentery and helminthic disorders. H. antidysenterica barks contain alkaloids mainly the steroidal alkaloid conessine which is the main therapeutic constituent ⁷. The alkaloid fraction has substantial antibacterial activity against S. aureus, S. epidermidis and S. faecalis with inhibition zones up to 18 mm in diameter including a 9 mm disc diameter and MIC with a range of 95 to 170 mg/ml. Alkaloids that are identified to be less effective against B. subtilis, E. coli and other bacteria having MIC values range from 420 to 600 mg/ml ⁸.

Size and Shape various sizes and thicknesses of little re-curved pieces. Various sizes and thicknesses of little re-curved pieces. The exterior surface rough buff to brownish. Wood often adheres to the inner bark. Taste is bitter and No odour. Smoothed Surface Transverse Wide Phelloderm having stone cells and wide phloem with medullary ray and tangentially organized stone cells are shown on the outer cork. The drug show short and granular fracture.

Periderm: It has a cork and readily elongated cells having yellowish color. Phellogen no color with two rectangular cells. Phelloderm is composed of 5-10 layers of thin-walled rectangular cells that are sometimes arranged readily. Rhomboidal crystals and a few starch grains can be found in the parenchymatous cells. Cortex They are wide with groups of lignified, pitted stone cells of varied shapes (rectangular to elongate) and sizes interleaved. Rhomboidal crystals can be found in both the cortical parenchyma surrounding the stone cells and the stone cells themselves. Cortical parenchyma contains starch granules. The cortex has one or two clusters of non-lignified pericyclic fibers. Secondary phloem is made up of phloem parenchyma, medullary rays and tangential rows of stone cells separated by medullary rays. A coating of parenchyma containing rhomboidal calcium oxalate crystals surrounds the stone cells in the secondary phloem. Medullary rays They are 1-3 seriate with thin walled radially elongated parenchymatous cells that are broad towards the outside. Starch granules can be found in the phloem parenchyma and medullary ray cells (In figure 3) ⁹.

On a culture of HEPr, the Antidiarrheol activity of HA root bark decoction was tested on three strains of Escherichia coli: EPEC-B170, ETECTX1 (078: H 12), and ETEC B 831-2. HA reduces the virulence of enterotoxigenic (ETEC) strains by inhibiting stable toxin synthesis and preventing its intestinal secretions. As a result, it can be stated that HA protects against a variety of phases of diarrehoea¹¹. At a dosage of 200 mg/ml, alcoholic and aqueous extracts of the HA stem bark were found to have antibacterial activity against 10 enteric pathogens in another investigation. S. aureus, Vibrio cholerae 01, Vibrio cholerae 0139, enteroinvasive E. coli, enteropathogenic E. coli, Salmonella typhimurium, Salmonella enteritidis, Shigella flexneri, Shigella boydii, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa were the 10 enteric pathogens employed in the investigation¹². In another study Data suggest that Holarrhena antidysenterica has spasmogenic and spasmolytic actions, which are mediated via histaminergic receptor activation and Ca++ antagonist pathways, respectively, however other processes cannot be ruled out ¹³. Plants Antidiarrheol activity is related to phytochemicals such as saponins, steroids, alkaloids, tannins and flavonoids. Alkaloids and flavonoids found in H. pubescens seeds extract are estimated to be associated for this activity. Extracts in aqueous and methanol of H. pubescens leaves were reported to be efficacious against Salmonella typhimurium a diarrheal pathogen, Vibrio cholerae, Vibrio alginolyticus and Salmonella typhi ¹⁴.

Swiss albino mice were used to test the anticonvulsant effect of an ethanolic extract of HA. The maximum electroshock seizure (MES) test, pentylenetetrazol (PTZ), and bicuculine (BC) tests were used to examine the anticonvulsant activity of ethanolic extract of HA seeds (250 and 500 mg/kg, p.o.) in mice. The duration of seizures generated by maximum electroshock was greatly reduced by an ethanolic extract of HA (MES). The mice were given ethanol extract in dosages of 250 and 500 mg/kg, which provided protection (17 and 50%, respectively). The same doses also protected mice from Pentylenetetrazol-induced tonic seizures and greatly delayed the start of Pentylenetetrazol-induced tonic seizures. Bicuculine-induced seizures were unaffected by the extract. PTZ-induced convulsions were decreased by an ethanolic extract of H. antidysenterica (EEHA) ⁶.

HA show their activity by saluritic effect. The HA inhibits the tubular reabsorption at the dose of 30-300 mg/kg¹⁵. These findings suggest that Holarrhena antidysenterica has antiurolithic activity which may be mediated through CaOx crystal aggregation inhibition, antioxidant and renal epithelial cell protection and may serve as a foundation for future research to determine its efficacy and safety for clinical use.

In doses of 100 and 200 mg/kg a Methanolic extract of H. antidysenterica inhibited paw edema in a dose-dependent manner. The acetic acid-induced writhing response was greatly decreased by the Methanolic leaf extract of H. antidysenterica (100 and 200 mg/kg) in a dose-dependent manner ¹⁰. The antioxidant and phytochemical activity of the water and ethanol extracts of the seeds were investigated using appropriate methods. The DPPH technique was used to determine the free radical scavenging activity. Total polyphenol, flavonoids, tannin, and ascorbic acid were among the phytochemical investigated. For all of the metrics, the ethanol extracts of the seeds yielded better results. Both the water and the ethanol extract contained low levels of ascorbic acid. Holarrhena antidysenterica seeds have significant antioxidant effects and can thus be utilized to treat diabetes Mellitus and a variety of other disorders. Many researches have also been conducted to demonstrate the plant's ability to treat such ailments ¹⁶. Methanolic leaf extracts were found to be scavenging superoxide ions and hydroxyl ions and reduced ability to convert Fe³to Fe².

The Methanolic extract of seeds of Holarrhena antidysenterica reduce the size of calcium oxalate crystals and converts them into calcium oxalate dehydrate from calcium oxalate monohydrate².

When examined for antimicrobial activity the seed and bark of Holarrhena antidysenterica showed varying degrees of antibacterial activity against an organism that has been tested. As a result it has been discovered to be beneficial against all microorganisms evaluated with inhibition zones ranging from 18 to 25 mm ⁶. The in-silico test could be a useful tool for discovering new anti-nociceptive and anti-inflammatory drugs. Because of the presence of bioactive chemicals in its seeds. The ethanolic seed extract of H. antidysenterica shows a great potential for central analgesic activity and moderate peripheral analgesic activity. The enzymes cyclooxygenase-1 and cyclooxygenase-2 were thus computationally evaluated against H antidysenterica ¹⁷.

In this study treatment with methanol, petroleum ether and an aqueous extract of Holarrhena antidysenterica (seed) had a beneficial effect on blood glucose levels, liver glycogen, serum lipids and body weight. This revealed the potential of Holarrhena antidysenterica seed as an anti-diabetic drug as well as a treatment for diabetic complications. The ethanolic extract of H. antidysenterica seed exhibits antihyperglycemic activity as it decreases serum glucose levels and improves glucose tolerance in diabetic albino rats. It inhibits weight loss in diabetic rats and restores normal biochemical markers such as serum cholesterol, triglycerides, aspartate transaminase, alanine transaminase, alkaline transferase, total protein, urea, creatinine, and uric acid ¹⁸.

When treating neurological issues like Alzheimer's disease, acetylcholinesterase inhibition is effective. Because alkaloids from several plants have been shown to suppress AChE a study examined the effects of alkaloids from H. antidysenterica comparable action. Conessine, Isoconessimine, conessimine, Conarrhimine and Conimine are five isolated alkaloids With an IC50 of 0, conessimine had the most significant effects. A concentration of 4 mM alkaloids can be the Drugs to treat neurological problems ¹⁹.

A study examined the anti-mutagenic activity of H. antidysenterica and found that the plant's methanolic bark extract inhibited sodium azide and methyl methane sulphonate-induced mutagenicity in Salmonella typhimurium strains ²⁰. The ability of 25 plants with anti-hypertensive activity to block the release of angiotensin which causes vasoconstriction and elevated blood pressure is examined. Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibition was found to be 24 percent in ethanolic seed extracts ⁴.

In Indian medicine it is commonly used to treat ailments such as diarrhoea, amoebic dysentery, liver disorders, irritable bowel syndrome and bleeding piles. The plant's flavor is astringent and bitter. It's used as a conventional method to treat various ailments ¹².

Ayurveda and traditional Chinese medicine both use H. antidysenterica. Its seeds are used to treat worms. Its bark has Antidiarrheol properties ²². It is used to treat anemia, jaundice, dysentery, stomach aches, diarrhoea, epilepsy and cholera in Ayurvedic medicine. It is frequently used to treat Asra (blood or blood-related ailments), Atisara (diarrhoea), Kustha (leprosy), Pravahika (amoebiasis) and Jwaratisara (secondary diarrhoea).

Bark: Its bark is widely used in Ayurvedic medicine for the treatment of piles, diarrhoea, leprosy, biliousness and spleen illnesses. Bark is used to cure heavy menstrual flow, piles and headaches. In Unani medicine its bark is used to treat malaria, chest infections, asthma, bronchopneumonia, stomach disorders, dyspepsia, diarrhoea and dysentery ²¹. Conessine a steroidal alkaloid derived from the bark of H. antidysenterica had significant anti-malarial efficacy and being minimally cytotoxic ²³. In vitro anti-malarial activity of H. antidysenterica was found with an IC50 value of 5.5 g/ml against chloroquine-resistant P. falciparum. Its bark is helpful to detoxify the blood.

Seeds: The seeds are used as an anthelmintic and astringent in Ayurvedic medicine to treat dysentery, biliousness, leprosy, tiredness, skin problems, bleeding piles, and hallucinations. Seeds are employed as a carminative, aphrodisiac, astringent and lithotriptic in Unani medicine ²⁴. They are also used to treat diuresis, chronic chest infections, asthma, malaria and vaginitis, diabetes, arthritis, hematuria, epilepsy, bronchitis, diarrhoea, dermatitis and jaundice in other regions of the world ²⁵. The ethanolic extract of H. antidysenterica seed exhibits antihyperglycemic activity as it decreases serum glucose levels and improves glucose tolerance in diabetic albino rats. It reduces weight loss in diabetic rats and restores normal biochemical markers such as serum cholesterol, triglycerides, aspartate transaminase, alanine transaminase, alkaline transferase, total protein, urea, creatinine and uric acid ¹⁸. H.antidysenterica has been used to treat a variety of ailments, including indigestion, diarrhoea, anti-oxidant and anti-diabetic activities. This plant has unknown chemical compounds that pharmacists can use to synthesize and formulate innovative medications for a variety of infections ⁶.

Leaf: The extract of leafs of H.antidysenterica inhibits alpha glucosidase activity which decrease carbohydrate absorption from intestinal system ¹². Also used in liver infections, chronic bronchitis.

Holarrhena antidysenterica is a promising medicinal plant with a wide variety of pharmacological activity that could be used in a few therapeutic applications due to its effectiveness and protection. H. antidysenterica has been used to treat a variety of ailments, including indigestion, diarrhoea, anti-oxidant and anti-diabetic activity. Unidentified chemical components in this plant are useful in the synthesis of various drugs. It's possible that this plant could be used to treat IBD patients with Collitus and Chrons disease. The active ingredient of H. antidysenterica conessine has biological characteristics. Holarrhimine, Conkurchine, Kurchicine, Holarrhenine, kurchine and Conkurchinine are some of the other important bioactive components. The seeds of this plant are used to treat worms. It contains Antidiarrheal effects in its bark. The alpha glucosidase activity of HA leaves is inhibited.

Acknowledgment: It’s our privilege to express profound sense of gratitude and cordial thanks to our respected chairman Mr. Anil Chopra, Vice Chairperson Ms. Sangeeta Chopra, St. Soldier Educational society, Jalandhar for providing the necessary facilities to complete this review work.

1. Sharma DK, Gupta VK, Kumar S, Joshi V, Mandal RSK, Bhanu Prakash AG, et al. Evaluation of antidiarrheal activity of ethanolic extract of Holarrhena antidysenterica seeds in rats. Vet World. 2015; 8(12):1392-5. https://doi.org/10.14202/vetworld.2015.1392-1395

2. Khan A, Khan SR, Gilani AH. Studies on the in vitro and in vivo antiurolithic activity of Holarrhena antidysenterica. Urol Res. 2012; 40(6):671-81. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00240-012-0483-1

3. Darji Vinay C, Deshpande Shrikalp S, Bariya Aditi H. Comparision between the effect of aqueous and methanolic extracts of holarrhena antidysenterica bark against experimentally induced inflammatory bowel disease. Int Res J Pharm [Internet]. 2013; 4(1):131-4.

4. Sinha S, Sharma A, Reddy PH, Rathi B, Prasad NVSRK, Vashishtha A. Evaluation of phytochemical and pharmacological aspects of Holarrhena antidysenterica (Wall.): A comprehensive review. J Pharm Res [Internet]. 2013; 6(4):488-92. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jopr.2013.04.004

6. Kadam VB, Wadikar MS, Ahire PP. Plant archives. Plant Arch [Internet]. 2008; 8(1):293-4. Available from: https://www.cabdirect.org/cabdirect/abstract/20083207560

7. Siriyong T, Chusri S, Srimanote P, Tipmanee V, Voravuthikunchai SP. Holarrhena antidysenterica Extract and Its Steroidal Alkaloid, Conessine, as Resistance-Modifying Agents Against Extensively Drug-Resistant Acinetobacter baumannii. Microb Drug Resist. 2016; 22(4):273-82. https://doi.org/10.1089/mdr.2015.0194

8. Chakraborty A, Brantner AH. Antibacterial steroid alkaloids from the stem bark of Holarrhena pubescens. J Ethnopharmacol. 1999; 68(1-3):339-44. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-8741(99)00119-1

9. Profile P. Holarrhena pubescens wall ex.don: a review on ethnobotanical, phytochemical and pharmacological profile. 2017; 5(2):71-7.

10. Ganapathy PS, Ramachandra YL, Rai SP. Anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities of Holarrhena antidysenterica Wall. leaf extract in experimental animal models. Int J Biomed Pharm Sci. 2010; 4(2):101-3.

12. Bello OA, Ayanda OI, Aworunse OS, Olukanmi BI. Pharmacognosy Reviews. 2018; 1(2):8-15.

13. Gilani AH, Khan A, Khan AU, Bashir S, Rehman NU, Mandukhail SUR. Pharmacological basis for the medicinal use of Holarrhena antidysenterica in gut motility disorders. Pharm Biol. 2010; 48(11):1240-6. https://doi.org/10.3109/13880201003727960

14. Hussain N, Trak TH, Chauhan D. Floristic diversity of Jammu and Kashmir, India, especially in context to skin care. Int J Adv Sci Technol. 2020; 29(11):2358-86.

15. Aslam Khan. An in vivo study on the diuretic activity of Holarrhena antidysenterica. African J Pharm Pharmacol. 2012; 6(7):454-8. https://doi.org/10.5897/AJPP11.395

16. Ray A. Evaluation of the antioxidant activities of the seeds of Holarrhena antidysenterica grown in West Bengal, India. Int J Curr Microbiol Appl Sci. 2014; 3(10):562-8.

17. Bhuiyan MMR, Bhuiya NMMA, Hasan MN, Nahar UJ. In vivo and in silico evaluation of antinociceptive activities of seed extract from the Holarrhena antidysenterica plant. Heliyon [Internet]. 2020; 6(5):e03962. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e03962

18. Keshri et al. Antidiabetic Efficacy of Ethanolic Extract of Holarrhena Antidysenterica Seeds in Streptozotocin - Induced Diabetic Rats and It'S Influence on Certain Biochemical Parameters. J Drug Deliv Ther. 2012; 2(4):159-62. https://doi.org/10.22270/jddt.v2i4.187

19. Yang ZD, Duan DZ, Xue WW, Yao XJ, Li S. Steroidal alkaloids from Holarrhena antidysenterica as acetylcholinesterase inhibitors and the investigation for structure-activity relationships. Life Sci [Internet]. 2012; 90(23-24):929-33. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lfs.2012.04.017

20. Aqil F, Zahin M, Ahmad I. Antimutagenic activity of methanolic extracts of four ayurvedic medicinal plants. Indian J Exp Biol. 2008; 46(9):668-72.

21. Zahara K, Panda SK, Swain SS, Luyten W. Metabolic diversity and therapeutic potential of holarrhena pubescens: An important ethnomedicinal plant. Biomolecules. 2020; 10(9):1-28.https://d oi.org/10.3390/biom10091341

22. Singh AK, Raghubanshi AS, Singh JS. Medical ethnobotany of the tribals of Sonaghati of Sonbhadra district, Uttar Pradesh, India. J Ethnopharmacol. 2002; 81(1):31-41. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-8741(02)00028-4

23. Dua VK, Verma G, Singh B, Rajan A, Bagai U, Agarwal DD, et al. Anti-malarial property of steroidal alkaloid conessine isolated from the bark of Holarrhena antidysenterica. Malar J. 2013; 12(1):1-6. https://doi.org/10.1186/1475-2875-12-194

24. Bhatia H, Pal Y, Manhas RK, Kumar K. Ethnomedicinal plants used by the villagers of district. J Ethnopharmacol [Internet]. 2014; 151(2):1005-18. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2013.12.017

Disease	Medicinal properties
Gastrointestinal disorders	Gastroenteritis, Colic problems, IBD, energetic against hyperacidity, Cholera, Diarrehoea, Dysentery, Constipation, food poisoning, Stomach disorders, flatulence
Diabetes	Treat complications of diabetes
Fever	Antipyretic, Pyrexia
Dermatological problem	Effective against cyst, dermatitis, leukoderma, acne, skin allergy, bruises, active against ringworms
Dental problems	Act as a analgesic
Throat and cod related diseases	Act as expectorant in throat and cold problems
Body pain	Act as a analgesic for body ache, knee ache, backache, Rheumatoid arthritis
Intestinal parasites	Inhibits growth of Tapeworm, Threadworm, Guinea worm other intestinal worms
Animal bites	Act as a antidote for snack bite, dog bite, other animal bite
Indigestion	Hyperphagia, stomachic
Brain disorders	Memory enhancer, ameliorate depression
Liver infection	Improves excessive excretion of bile, treat Jaundice
Respiratory disorders	Active against Bronchitis, Asthma
Urinary disorders	Treat urinary tract infection, cystitis, diuresis, urination problems treat

s.no.	Plant parts	Active constituents
1.	Stem bark	Conessine, Holarrifine (C₂₄H₃₈N₂O₂), Kurchamide, Kurcholessine, Trimethylconkurchine(C₂₄H₃₈N₂),(3),-NMethylholarrhimine (C₂₂H₃₈N₂O), (20),-N-Methylholarrhimine (C₂₂H₃₈N₂O), NNN'N′-Tetramethylholarrhimine (C₂₅H₄₄N₂O), Conessidine (C₂₁H₃₂N₂), Holarrhidine (C₂₁H₃₆N₂O), Kurchenine (C₂₁H₃₂N₂O₂ ), Holarrhessimine (C₂₂H₃₆N₂O), Holarrhine (C₂₀H₃₈N₂O₃), Conkurchinine (C₂₅H₃₆N₂), Kurchamine (C₂₂H₃₆N₂), 7α-Hydroxyconessine (C₂₄H₄₀N₂O), Kurchilidine (C₂₂H₃₁NO), Neoconessine (isomer of conessine) (C₂₄H₄₀N₂ ), Holadysenterine (C₂₃H₃₈N₂O₃ ), Kurchessine (C₂₅H₄₄N₂), Lettocine (C₁₇H₂₅NO₂), Kurchimine (C₂₂H₃₆N₂), Holarrhenine (C₂₄H₄₀N₂O), Holarrhimine/Kurchicine (C₂₁H₃₆N₂O), Holacine (C₂₆H₄₄N₂O₂), Holafrine(C₂₉H₄₆N₂O₂),Holadysone(C₂₁H₂₈O₄),Holacetine(C₂₁H₃₂N₂O₃),3α-Aminoconan-5-ene(C₂₂H₃₆N₂), Dihydroisoconessimine (C₂₃H₄₀N₂), Conamine (C₂₂H₃₆N₂), Conkurchine (C₂₀H₃₂N₂),Pubadysone (C₂₁H₂₆O₃), Puboestrene (C₂₀H₂₄O₃), Pubamide (C₂₁H₂₇NO₃ ),Holadiene (C₂₂H₃₁NO), Kurchinidine (C₂₁H₂₉NO₂), Kurchinine (C₁₉H₂₄O₃ ),Pubescine (C₂₂H₂₆N₂O₄ ), Norholadiene (C₂₁H₂₉NO), Pubescimine (C₂₄H₄₀N₂O), Holonamine, Regholarrhenine A (C₂₂H₃₁NO₂), Regholarrhenine B (C₂₁H₂₉NO₂), Regholarrhenine C (C₂₂H₃₄N₂), Regholarrhenine D (C₂₃H₃₈N₂O), Regholarrhenine E (C₂₅H₄₄N₂O₂), Regholarrhenine F (C₂₅H₄₄N₂O).
2.	Leaf	Holantosine-A (C₂₈H₄₇NO₆ ), Holantosine-B (C₂₈H₄₅NO₅ ), Holantosine-C (C₂₈H₄₇NO₆ ), Holantosine-D (C₂₈H₄₅NO₅ ), Holantosine-E (C₂₈H₄₇NO₆ ), Holantosine-F (C₂₈H₄₅NO₅ ), Holarosine A (C₃₀H₄₇NO₆ ), Holarosine B (C₃₀H₄₇NO₆ ), Holarricine (C₂₁H₃₂N₂O₃ ), Kurchiphyllamine, Kurchaline, Kurchiphylline (C₂₃H₄₇NO₂), Holarrifine (C₂₄H₃₈N₂O₂), Kurchamide, Kurcholessine, Trimethylconkurchine (C₂₄H₃₈N
3.	Seed	Conimine (C₂₂H₃₆N₂ ), Antidysentericine (C₂₃H₃₆N_2O).