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Journal of Drug Delivery and Therapeutics

Open Access to Pharmaceutical and Medical Research

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Open Access  Full Text Article                                                                                                                        Research Article 

Phytochemical analysis of different extracts of Pinda concanensis and Heracelum grande

Sucheta Bidve¹ and Sanjay Auti²*

¹ KRT arts, BH Commerce and AM Science College, Nashik-422003 (MS), India

² HPT Arts and RYK Science, College, Nashik-422005 (MS), India

INTRODUCTION

From ancient time plants being an integral part of life in many local communities for food, fodder, medicine and an important resource for health care. Multidisciplinary approach and biocompatibility of plant based pharmaceuticals have great importance in recent era ^1,2.  More than 80% population of the world depends on medicinal plant species for their daily health care routines. Now a days pharmaceutical industries focusing to formulate plant based medicines. Near about 14-28% of higher plants species having applications in medicinal science and reported with more than 74% of bioactive compounds as elaborated in ethanobotany ³.  Therefore it is essential to develop new and sensitive techniques to identify biologically active compounds and technique to isolate, purify and characterize compound. The proposed study has been focused on phytochemical profiling of different extracts of Pinda concanensis and Heracelum grande belongs to family Apiaceae.  

Family Apiaceae is one of the most important in flowering plants with more than 300 genera and 3000 species⁴. Apiaceae is important family of medicinal plants, as it consists of variety of biologically active compounds with diverse mode of actions.   The members of family Apiaceae shows presences of aromatic compounds, essential oils, fatty acids, organic acids, flavonoids, coumarins, terpenes, aliphatic compounds, polyenes, podophyllotoxins etc^5,6,7.   In traditional medicines family Apiaceae widespread and now a days several investigations explored their health benefits as antioxidants, antimicrobial, digestive, antiplasmodic, estrogenic, anti-inflammatory etc. 

Pinda concanensis and Heracelum grande are endemic to Northern Western Ghats of Maharashtra. Both plants are wild relative of economically important members of family like coriander.  The plant parts are consumed by tribal people as vegetables and seeds used in spices and used in folk medicines.  

Seeds of Pinda concanensis used as supplementary to enhance fragrances of spices and food material and root were eaten raw by trial people as source of energy. 

Ethnobotanically plant parts of Heracleum grande are used as antipyretic, analgesic, diaphoretic, antiseptic, carminative, digestive for rheumatic disease, lumbago, gastralgia, and injuries from falls, fractures, contusions and strains etc. The leaves of plant used as vegetable, seeds were used additionally in spices to enhance flavor while young stem and leaves were used for pickle preparation etc.

As both plants having characteristic aroma of family so that they can be used a potential candidate for phytochemical investigations and could be source of novel compounds which can  be used in pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries.

MATERIALS AND METHODS:

Collection of plant material:

Pinda concanensis (Dalzell) P.K.Mukh & Constance and Heracelum grande (Dalzell & A.Gibson) Mukhop was collected from Northen-western Ghats lays Nashik district, Maharashtra during August to October 2019 and 2020.

Pinda concanensis is Annual herb- grows upto 1-2 feet in high with Tuberous roots and Compound Leaves. Flowers small, white, fragrant flowers, in Umbel inflorescence.  

While Heracelum grande is tall perennial herb with glabrous stem with tuberous roots and trifoliate compound leaves. Flowers are Small, yellow, fragrant flowers, in umbel inflorescence, Plant material cleaned and dried in shade at room temperature. The dried material finely powdered and used for extraction.

Methods of Extraction:

1gm of powdered plant material of root, leaves and seeds were extracted with 10    ml of different solvents (Petroleum ether, chloroform and methanol). Plant material soaked in different solvents and sonicated by using ultrasonic bath at 33KHz at  40^oC for  40   min. and allowed to stand for at least 24 hrs ⁸. Then extracts were filtered, concentrated and used for phytochemical analysis. 

Phytochemical Screening: 

The commonly known phytochemical from plants are cardiac glycosides, terpenoids, steroids, tannin, flavonoids and alkaloids. The following qualitative tests were performed to explore phytochemical profile of both plants.

0.50ml of each extract was treated with 0.2 ml glacial acetic acid then 1 drop of 3.55% ferric chloride (FeCl₃) was added to the solution. This was layered with 1ml of concentrated H₂SO_4.  A reddish brown ring was occurred at the interface indicates the presence of cardiac glycosides.

0.5ml of plant extract was added to the test tube 2ml of chloroform was mixed to the solution. 3ml of concentrated H₂SO₄ was added carefully from the wall of the test tube, to from a lower layer. Occurrence of reddish-brown color at the interface indicated the presence of terpenoids.

0.5ml of plant extract was dissolved in 3 ml of chloroform. The solution was filtered, 2ml of concentrated H₂SO₄ was added to from a lower layer. A reddish- brown color ring at the interface the presence of steroid.

0.5ml of extract was taken in the test tube, and 5ml of distilled water was added to it. The solution was vigorously shaken and stable persistent froth was observed for the presence of saponin.

0.5ml of extract and 5ml of distilled water was taken in test tube then it was boiled then filtered. Few drops of concentrated H₂SO₄ and 1% FeCl₃ were added to the filtrate. Deep green, brownish green or blue black coloration was indicated the presence of tannin.

0.5ml of extract and 5ml of distilled water was added to test tube then it was filtered. 5ml of   diluted ammonia solution was added to the filtrate then concentrated H₂SO₄ was added. A yellow coloration indicated the presence of flavonoid. The yellow color disappeared on standing.

0.5ml of extract was dissolved in 2ml of methanol. Few drops of 1% HCL added to it. Then the mixture was heated, kept in steam and after cooling. Then the mixture was treated with few drops of Wagner’s reagent. The sample was observed for turbidity or precipitation.

Observation Table 1: Phytochemical screening of Pinda concanensis

Observation Table 2: Phytochemical screening of Heracelum grande

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION:  

In present study secondary metabolites such as cardiac glycosides, terpenoids, steroids, saponin, tannin flavonoid and alkaloids have screened in petroleum ether, chloroform and methanol extracts of root, leaves and seeds of Pinda concanensis and Heracleum grande.

Petroleum ether extracts in Pinda concanensis of roots and leafs reported with presence of terpenoids only but seed extracts showed presence of Glycosides, terpenoids, steroids and tannins.

While in H. grande roots and leaf extracts showed presence of glycosides, terpenoids, saponins and alkaloids and seeds extracts additionally showed presence of flavonoids also.

 As compare to Petroleum ether extracts, Chloroform extracts showed presence of more types of compounds. In case of Pinda concanensis root, leaf and seeds extracts reported with presence of terpenoids, steroids and tannins only seeds extracts with additional presence of glycosides.

H. grande chloroform extracts of roots showed presence of Glycosides, terpenoids, saponins, tannins and alkaloids. Leaf extracts showed presence Glycosides, steroids, flavonoids and alkaloids while chloroform seed extracts showed all phytochemicals except tannins.

In case of root and seed methanolic extracts of Pinda concanensis and methanolic seed extracts of H. grande showed presence of all tested phytochemicals viz. cardiac glycosides, terpenoids, steroids, saponin, tannin flavonoid and alkaloids.   While leaf methanolic extracts of both plants showed absence of tannins. In case of roots methanolic extracts of H. grande showed absence of terpenoids and saponins.

Terpenoids were reported in all extracts of Pinda concanensis and Cardiac glycosides overall reported in H. grande.

Above results depict that methanolic extracts were rich in all most all types of metabolites while petroleum ether extracts showed less variety of compounds.

CONCLUSION:

Phytochemical screenings of chemical constituents are important for discovery of novel drugs for pharmaceutical industries as well as for cosmetic industries also⁶. In present study it was reflected that, both plants having presence of wide range of secondary metabolites, which were proved good to understand importance of phytochemicals and there is scope for identification bioactive compounds.   

There were several reports on phytochemical screening of members of family Apiaceae¹. The phytochemical investigation reported presence of glycosides, terpenoids, tannins, flavonoids, saponins, steroids and alkaloids from both plants.  This phytochemical screening may be helpful in the investigation of novel bioactive compounds subsequently it may be helpful for development of new plant based pharmaceuticals which can be good alternative to synthetic medicines^9,10. These biologically active compounds can be potentially used for advancement in herbal pesticides, insecticides etc. for progress in organic farming.

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