C-Reactive Protein (CRP) Medium and Severe Symptoms Levels of COVID-19
Abstract
Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a disease caused by SARS-CoV-2 and has caused a global pandemic. Patients with COVID-19 can experience symptoms such as fever, dry cough, headache, and shortness of breath which can lead to pneumonia. Excessive inflammation is considered a leading cause of critical illness and death in COVID-19 patients. C-Reactive Protein is a sensitive indicator as an early marker of infection and inflammation. This study presents an overview of the difference in the average CRP levels between patients with moderate and severe confirmed COVID-19 symptoms at UKI Hospital for June-September 2021. The study design was cross-sectional with descriptive and analytical data presentation obtained from medical record documents at UKI Hospital. The average CRP level of COVID-19 patients with moderate symptoms is 63,705 mg/L, totaling 139 patients. The average CRP level of COVID-19 patients with severe symptoms is 132,050 mg/L, totaling 57 patients. The results obtained from the Mann-Whitney test between groups of patients with moderate and severe COVID-19 showed a significant difference between CRP levels with moderate and severe symptoms with p <0.05.
Keywords: COVID-19, CRP levels, SARS-CoV-2
Keywords:
COVID-19, CRP levels, SARS-CoV-2
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References
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[3] Dhama K, Khan S, Tiwari R, Sircar S, Bhat S, Malik YS, Singh KP, Chaicumpa W, Bonilla-Aldana DK, Rodriguez-Morales AJ. Coronavirus disease 2019-COVID-19. Clinical microbiology reviews. 2020 Jun 24; 33(4):e00028-20. https://doi.org/10.1128/CMR.00028-20
[4] Rauf A, Abu-Izneid T, Olatunde A, Ahmed Khalil A, Alhumaydhi FA, Tufail T, Shariati MA, Rebezov M, Almarhoon ZM, Mabkhot YN, Alsayari A. COVID-19 pandemic: epidemiology, etiology, conventional and non-conventional therapies. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020 Nov; 17(21):8155. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17218155
[5] Potempa LA, Rajab IM, Hart PC, Bordon J, Fernandez-Botran R. Insights into the use of C-reactive protein as a diagnostic index of disease severity in COVID-19 infections. The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene. 2020 Aug; 103(2):561. https://doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.20-0473
[6] Ali N. Elevated level of C‐reactive protein may be an early marker to predict risk for severity of COVID‐19. Journal of medical virology. 2020 Nov 1. https://doi.org/10.1002/jmv.26097
[7] Shang W, Dong J, Ren Y, Tian M, Li W, Hu J, Li Y. The value of clinical parameters in predicting the severity of COVID‐19. Journal of medical virology. 2020 Oct; 92(10):2188-92. https://doi.org/10.1002/jmv.26031
[8] Wang G, Wu C, Zhang Q, Wu F, Yu B, Lv J, Li Y, Li T, Zhang S, Wu C, Wu G. C-reactive protein level may predict the risk of COVID-19 aggravation. InOpen forum infectious diseases 2020 May (Vol. 7, No. 5, p. ofaa153). US: Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/ofid/ofaa153
[9] Young BE, Ong SW, Kalimuddin S, Low JG, Tan SY, Loh J, Ng OT, Marimuthu K, Ang LW, Mak TM, Lau SK. Epidemiologic features and clinical course of patients infected with SARS-CoV-2 in Singapore. Jama. 2020 Apr 21; 323(15):1488-94. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2020.3204
[10] Bedah S, Chairlan C, Sari IN. Respons C-Reactive Protein (CRP) dan Laju Endap Darah (LED) Sebagai Petanda Inflamasi Pada Pasien Covid-19. Anakes: Jurnal Ilmiah Analis Kesehatan. 2021 Sep 30; 7(2):157-64.
[11] Montecino-Rodriguez E, Berent-Maoz B, Dorshkind K. Causes, consequences, and reversal of immune system aging. The Journal of clinical investigation. 2013 Mar 1; 123(3):958-65. https://doi.org/10.1172/JCI64096
[12] Velissaris D, Pantzaris N, Koniari I, Koutsogiannis N, Karamouzos V, Kotroni I, Skroumpelou A, Ellul J. C-reactive protein and frailty in the elderly: a literature review. Journal of clinical medicine research. 2017 Jun; 9(6):461. https://doi.org/10.14740/jocmr2959w
[13] Wyczalkowska-Tomasik A, Czarkowska-Paczek B, Zielenkiewicz M, Paczek L. Inflammatory markers change with age, but do not fall beyond reported normal ranges. Archivum immunologiae et therapiae experimentalis. 2016 Jun; 64(3):249-54. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00005-015-0357-7
[14] Fried MW, Crawford JM, Mospan AR, Watkins SE, Munoz B, Zink RC, Elliott S, Burleson K, Landis C, Reddy KR, Brown Jr RS. Patient characteristics and outcomes of 11 721 patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) hospitalized across the United States. Clinical Infectious Diseases. 2021 May 15; 72(10):e558-65. https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciaa1268
[15] Hage FG. C-reactive protein and hypertension. Journal of human hypertension. 2014 Jul; 28(7):410-5. https://doi.org/10.1038/jhh.2013.111
[16] Mugabo Y, Li L, Renier G. The connection between C-reactive protein (CRP) and diabetic vasculopathy. Focus on preclinical findings. Current diabetes reviews. 2010 Jan 1; 6(1):27-34. https://doi.org/10.2174/157339910790442628
[17] Rauf A, Abu-Izneid T, Olatunde A, Ahmed Khalil A, Alhumaydhi FA, Tufail T, Shariati MA, Rebezov M, Almarhoon ZM, Mabkhot YN, Alsayari A. COVID-19 pandemic: epidemiology, etiology, conventional and non-conventional therapies. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020 Nov; 17(21):8155. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17218155
[18] Luo X, Zhou W, Yan X, Guo T, Wang B, Xia H, Ye L, Xiong J, Jiang Z, Liu Y, Zhang B. Prognostic value of C-reactive protein in patients with coronavirus 2019. Clinical Infectious Diseases. 2020 Oct 15; 71(16):2174-9. https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciaa641
[19] Chen T, Wu DI, Chen H, Yan W, Yang D, Chen G, Ma K, Xu D, Yu H, Wang H, Wang T. Clinical characteristics of 113 deceased patients with coronavirus disease 2019: retrospective study. bmj. 2020 Mar 26; 368. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.m1091
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Manalu E, Winanda A, Luhulima DEJ. C-Reactive Protein (CRP) Medium and Severe Symptoms Levels of COVID-19. JDDT [Internet]. 19Nov.2022 [cited 16Apr.2024];12(6):152-6. Available from: https://jddtonline.info/index.php/jddt/article/view/5687
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