Cannabinoid as Pain Modulation: The Review
Abstract
Cannabinoids are the most commonly recognized herbal plant, having much medicinal importance from ancient times and plays an important role in Indian culture. Now a day’s cannabinoids are used for many therapeutic purposes, and under clinical trial by various institutions. In the latest discovery within humans, it was found that we also have cannabinoids, receptors, and enzymes in our body, so it is termed as endocannabinoids, it consists of receptors CB1 and CB2, endocannabinoids and their enzyme. Most of the phyto-cannabinoids work in these receptors, which result in Ant inflammatory, analgesic, antioxidant, antiemetic, antifungal, antibiotic, AChE inhibitor. The most common effect shown is pain modulation, in this article we are getting into various methods by which phyto-cannabinoids modulate pain signals in our body and all the clinical trial which is ongoing or complicated the trial on cannabis.
Keywords: Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), CANNABINOIDS, Endocannabinoid system (ECS), Excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP).
Keywords:
Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), CANNABINOIDS, Endocannabinoid system, phytocannabinoids
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References
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24. Timpone JG, Wright DJ, Li N. The safety and pharmacokinetics of single-agent and combination therapy with megestrol acetate and dronabinol for the treatment of HIVwasting syndrome. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses. 1997; 13(4):p.305–15.
25. Engler B, Freiman I, Urbanski M, Szabo B. Effects of exogenous and endogenous cannabinoids on GABAergic neurotransmission between the caudate-putamen and the globus pallidus in the mouse. J Pharmacol Exp Ther [Internet]. 2006; 316(2):608–17. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1124/jpet.105.092718
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28. Veszki P, Verzár-Petri G, Mészáros S. Comparative phytochemical study on the cannabinoid composition of the geographical varieties of cannabis Sativa l. Under the same conditions. Acta Hortic [Internet]. 1980; 96:95–104. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.1980.96.49
29. Fournier G, Richez-Dumanois C, Duvezin J, Mathieu JP, Paris M. Identification of a new chemotype in Cannabis sativa: cannabigerol-dominant plants, biogenetic and agronomic prospects. Planta Med [Internet]. 1987; 53(3):277–80. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-2006-962705
30. Buckingham J. Dictionary of natural products. London: Chapman & Hall; 1992.p.142
31. The essential oils. Volume III. (the individual essential oils of the plant families Rutaceae and labiatae.) by ERNEST GUENTHER. D. van Nostrand company, inc., New York, 1949. Xvi+777 pp. Illustrated. 15×23.5cm. Price $10. J Am Pharm Assoc (Sci ) [Internet]. 1950; 39(4):243. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jps.3030390420
32. Basbaum AI, Julius D. Toward better pain control. Sci Am [Internet]. 2006; 294(6):60–7. Available from: https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/toward-better-pain-contro/
2. Wall ME, Sadler BM, Brine D. Metabolism, disposition, and kinetics of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol, in men and women. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 1983; 34(3):p.352–63.
3. Ohlsson A, Lindgren JE, Wahlen A, Agurell S, Hollister LE, Gillespie HK. Plasma delta-9 tetrahydrocannabinol concentrations and clinical effects after oral and intravenous administration and smoking. Clin Pharmacol Ther [Internet]. 1980; 28(3):409–16. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/clpt.1980.181
4. Watson SJ, Benson JA Jr, Joy JE. Marijuana and medicine: assessing the science base: a summary of the 1999 Institute of Medicine report. Arch Gen Psychiatry [Internet]. 2000; 57(6):547–52. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.57.6.54
5. W. Slikker, M. G. Paule, S. F. Ali, A. C. Scallet, J. R. Bailey. Behavioral, Neurochemical, and Neurohistological Effects of Chronic Marijuana Smoke Exposure in the Nonhuman Primate. CRC Press; 1992. P.56
6. India cannabis industry 2019 [Internet]. Apsaseed.org. [cited 2022 Apr 9]. Available from: https://web.apsaseed.org/news/cannabis-industry-asia-apsa-2019-country-highlights/india
7. Parrott AC, Hindmarch I. The Leeds Sleep Evaluation Questionnaire in psychopharmacological investigations - a review. Psychopharmacology (Berl) [Internet]. 1980; 71(2):173–9. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00434408
8. Shacham S. A shortened version of the Profile of Mood States. J Pers Assess [Internet]. 1983; 47(3):305–6. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1207/s15327752jpa4703_14
9. Maccarrone M, Finazzi-Agró A. The endocannabinoid system, anandamide and the regulation of mammalian cell apoptosis. Cell Death Differ [Internet]. 2003; 10(9):946–55. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/sj.cdd.4401284
10. Ware MA, Wang T, Shapiro S, Robinson A, Ducruet T, Huynh T, et al. Smoked cannabis for chronic neuropathic pain: a randomized controlled trial. CMAJ [Internet]. 2010; 182(14):E694-701. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1503/cmaj.091414
11. Hohmann, A. G., Martin, W. J., Tsou, K., & Walker, J. M. Inhibition of noxious stimulus-evoked activity of spinal cord dorsal horn neurons by the cannabinoid WIN 55,212-2. Life Sciences, 1995; 56(23–24):2111–2118. https://doi.org/10.1016/0024-3205(95)00196
12. Ellis, R. J., Toperoff, W., Vaida, F., van den Brande, G., Gonzales, J., Gouaux, B., Bentley, H., & Atkinson, J. H. Smoked medicinal cannabis for neuropathic pain in HIV: a randomized, crossover clinical trial. Neuropsychopharmacology: Official Publication of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology, 2009; 34(3):672–680. https://doi.org/10.1038/npp.2008.120
13. Martin WJ, Lai NK, Patrick SL, Tsou K, Walker JM. Ant nociceptive actions of cannabinoids following intraventricular administration in rats. Brain Res [Internet]. 1993;629(2):300–4. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0006-8993(93)91334-o
14. Huestis MA, Henningfield JE, Cone EJ. Blood cannabinoids: I.absorption of THC and formation of 11-OH-THC and THCCOOH during and after smoking marijuana. J Anal Toxicol. 1992;16(5):276–82.DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/jat/16.5.276
15. Perez-Reyes M, Guiseppi SD, Davis KH, Schindler VH, Edgar Cook C. Comparison of effects of marihuana cigarettes of three different potencies. Clin Pharmacol Ther [Internet]. 1982; 31(5):617–24. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/clpt.1982.86
16. Davis KH Jr, McDaniel IA Jr, Cadwell LW, Moody PL. Some smoking characteristics of marijuana cigarettes. In: The Cannabinoids: Chemical, Pharmacologic, and Therapeutic Aspects. Elsevier; 1984. p. 97–109.
17. Huestis MA, Henningfield JE, Cone EJ. Blood cannabinoids. I. Absorption of THC and formation of 11-OH-THC and THCCOOH during and after smoking marijuana. J Anal Toxicol. 1992 Sep-Oct; 16(5):276-82. doi: 10.1093/jat/16.5.276. PMID: 1338215.
18. Chiang CW, Barnett G, Brine D. Systemic absorption of delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol after ophthalmic administration to the rabbit. J Pharm Sci [Internet]. 1983; 72(2):136–8. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jps.2600720210
19. Leuschner JT, Harvey DJ, Bullingham RE, Paton WD. Pharmacokinetics of delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol in rabbits following single or multiple intravenous doses. Drug Metab Dispos. 1986 Mar-Apr; 14(2):230-8. PMID: 2870899.
20. Blackard C, Tennes K. Human placental transfer of cannabinoids. N Engl J Med [Internet]. 1984; 311(12):797. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJM198409203111213
21. Matsunaga T, Iwawaki Y, Watanabe K, Yamamoto I, Kageyama T, Yoshimura H. Metabolism of delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol by cytochrome P450 isozymes purified from hepatic microsomes of monkeys. Life Sci [Internet]. 1995; 56(23–24):2089–95. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0024-3205(95)00193-a
22. Chiang CN, Rapaka RS. Pharmacokinetics and disposition of cannabinoids. NIDA Res Monogr. 1987; 79:173–88. PMID: 2830536
23. Grotenhermen F. Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of cannabinoids. Clin Pharmacokinet [Internet]. 2003; 42(4):327–60. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/00003088-200342040-00003
24. Timpone JG, Wright DJ, Li N. The safety and pharmacokinetics of single-agent and combination therapy with megestrol acetate and dronabinol for the treatment of HIVwasting syndrome. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses. 1997; 13(4):p.305–15.
25. Engler B, Freiman I, Urbanski M, Szabo B. Effects of exogenous and endogenous cannabinoids on GABAergic neurotransmission between the caudate-putamen and the globus pallidus in the mouse. J Pharmacol Exp Ther [Internet]. 2006; 316(2):608–17. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1124/jpet.105.092718
26. Bisset NG, Wichtl M. Herbal drugs and phytopharmaceuticals: A handbook for practice on a scientific basis. Stuttgart, Boca Raton: CRC Press; 1994.p.337-339
27. Leonard BE. Therapeutic uses of cannabis. British medical association (BMA). Harwood academic publishers, UK. 1997. £11.99. ISBN 90‐5702‐318‐0. Hum Psychopharmacol [Internet]. 1998; 13(8):592–592. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1099-1077(1998120)13:8<592::aid-hup58>3.3.co;2-n
28. Veszki P, Verzár-Petri G, Mészáros S. Comparative phytochemical study on the cannabinoid composition of the geographical varieties of cannabis Sativa l. Under the same conditions. Acta Hortic [Internet]. 1980; 96:95–104. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.1980.96.49
29. Fournier G, Richez-Dumanois C, Duvezin J, Mathieu JP, Paris M. Identification of a new chemotype in Cannabis sativa: cannabigerol-dominant plants, biogenetic and agronomic prospects. Planta Med [Internet]. 1987; 53(3):277–80. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-2006-962705
30. Buckingham J. Dictionary of natural products. London: Chapman & Hall; 1992.p.142
31. The essential oils. Volume III. (the individual essential oils of the plant families Rutaceae and labiatae.) by ERNEST GUENTHER. D. van Nostrand company, inc., New York, 1949. Xvi+777 pp. Illustrated. 15×23.5cm. Price $10. J Am Pharm Assoc (Sci ) [Internet]. 1950; 39(4):243. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jps.3030390420
32. Basbaum AI, Julius D. Toward better pain control. Sci Am [Internet]. 2006; 294(6):60–7. Available from: https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/toward-better-pain-contro/
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Saikia D. Cannabinoid as Pain Modulation: The Review. JDDT [Internet]. 15Apr.2022 [cited 18Apr.2024];12(2-S):185-91. Available from: https://jddtonline.info/index.php/jddt/article/view/5428
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