COVID-19 Vaccine Race: An Overview and Update
Abstract
A sudden health crisis has shut down the entire world for almost a year due to a new virus called Covid-19 and thus the WHO has declared the COVID-19 as a pandemic disease. As vaccines stimulate the immune system to fight against future infections, thereby conferring immunity, so far, vaccine development in a race throughout the world. Therefore, disseminating the overview of the vaccine development at present with their critical situation for COVID-19 is the aim of this review. The world is looking eagerly for a potential vaccine candidate that can save every life. Here, we reported the overview of the possible types of vaccines against Covid-19 as well as a glimpse of vaccine race with different phases of clinical trial data, comparison of the rate of success of phase-III clinical trials and their safety, and drawbacks with the present status. We have studied literature from clinical trial data of respective vaccine candidates published in the journals and collected data from databases dedicated to corona vaccine and the vaccine company's website to enrich our review and aiming to focus on clinical trial data stages, how consequences it faces, and how to position it belongs towards a successful vaccine candidate.
Keywords: COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, COVID-19 vaccine, Clinical trial.
Keywords:
COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, COVID-19 vaccine, Clinical trial
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References
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45. Grode L, Ganoza CA, Brohm C, Weiner 3rd J, Eisele B, Kaufmann SH. Safety and immunogenicity of the recombinant BCG vaccine VPM1002 in a phase 1 open-label randomized clinical trial. Vaccine2013; 31:1340–1348. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2012.12.053
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2. Hu B, Ge X, Wang LF, Shi Z. Bat origin of human coronaviruses Coronaviruses: Emerging and re-emerging pathogens in humans and animals Susanna Lau Positive-strand RNA viruses. Virol J 2015; 12(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12985-015-0422-1
3. Fani M, Teimoori A, Ghafari S. Comparison of the COVID-2019 (SARS-CoV-2) pathogenesis with SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV infections. Future Virol 2020; 15(5): 317–323. https://doi.org/10.2217/fvl-2020-0050
4. Park SE. Epidemiology, virology, and clinical features of severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2; Coronavirus Disease-19). Clin Exp Pediatr. 2020; 63(4):119-124. https://doi.org/10.14776/piv.2020.27.e9
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9. Li G, He X, Zhang L, Ran Q, Wang J, Xiong A, Wu D, Chen F, Sun J, Chang C. Assessing ACE2 expression patterns in lung tissues in the pathogenesis of COVID-19. J Autoimmun. 2020; 112:102463. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaut.2020.102463
10. Mulligan MJ, Lyke KE, Kitchin N, Absalon J, Gurtman A, Lockhart S, Neuzil K, Raabe V, Bailey R, Swanson KA, Li P. Phase I/II study of COVID-19 RNA vaccine BNT162b1 in adults. Nature 2020; 586:589–593. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-020-2639-4
11. Wu SC. Progress and Concept for COVID-19 Vaccine Development. Biotechno j2020; 15: e2000147.
12. Wu A, Peng Y, Huang B, Ding X, Wang X, Niu P, Meng J, Zhu Z, Zhang Z, Wang J, Sheng J. Genome composition and divergence of the novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) originating in China. Cell host microbe 2020; 27(3): 325-328. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chom.2020.02.001
13. Rogstam A, Nyblom M, Christensen S, Sele C, Talibov VO, Lindvall T, Rasmussen AA, André I, Fisher Z, Knecht W, Kozielski F. Crystal Structure of Non-Structural Protein 10 from Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:7375. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21197375
14. Dutta NK, Mazumdar K, Gordy JT. The nucleocapsid protein of SARS–CoV-2: a target for vaccine development. J Virol 2020; 94. https://doi.org/10.1128/jvi.00647-20
15. Joshi T, Sharma P, Joshi T, Pundir H, Mathpal S, Chandra S. Structure-based screening of novel lichen compounds against SARS Coronavirus main protease (Mpro) as potentials inhibitors of COVID-19. Mol Divers 2020; 29:1-3. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11030-020-10118-x
16. Zhu W, Chen CZ, Gorshkov K, Xu M, Lo DC, Zheng W. RNA-dependent RNA polymerase as a target for COVID-19 drug discovery. SLAS DISCOV 2020; 25:1141-51. https://doi.org/10.1177/2472555220942123
17. Renardy M, Eisenberg M, Kirschner D. Predicting the second wave of COVID-19 in Washtenaw County, MI. J Theor Biol2020; 507:110461. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtbi.2020.110461
18. Nazareth J, Minhas JS, Jenkins DR, Sahota A, Khunti K, Haldar P, Pareek M. Early lessons from a second COVID-19 lockdown in Leicester, UK. J Clean Prod 2020; 18:396(10245):e4-5 .https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)31490-2
19. Wujtewicz M, Dylczyk-Sommer A, Aszkiełowicz A, Zdanowski S, Piwowarczyk S, Owczuk R. COVID-19–what should anaethesiologists and intensivists know about it? Anaesthesiol Intensive Ther 2020; 52:34-41.
20. Corey L, Mascola JR, Fauci AS, Collins FS. A strategic approach to COVID-19 vaccine R&D. Science, 2020; 368(6494):948–950. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abc5312
21. Gaebler C, Nussenzweig M C. All eyes on a hurdle race for a SARS-CoV-2 vaccine. Nature, 2020; 586(7830):501–502. https://doi.org/10.1038/d41586-020-02926-w
22. Speiser DE, Bachmann MF. Covid-19: Mechanisms of vaccination and immunity. Vaccines, 2020; 8:404 https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines8030404
23. GAVI. The COVID-19 vaccine race. 2020. https://www.gavi.org/vaccineswork/covid-19-vaccine-race
24. Nile SH, Kai G. Recent Clinical Trials on Natural Products and Traditional Chinese Medicine Combating the COVID-19. Indian J Microbiol 2020; 30:1-6. 10.1007/s12088-020-00919-x.
25. Singh K, Mehta S. The clinical development process for a novel preventive vaccine: An overview. J Postgrad Med 2016;62: 4–11. https://doi.org/10.4103/0022-3859.173187
26. Gralinski LE, Menachery VD. Return of the coronavirus: 2019-nCoV. Viruses, 2020; 12:135. https://doi.org/10.3390/v12020135
27. Beniac DR, Andonov A, Grudeski E, Booth TF. Architecture of the SARS coronavirus prefusion spike. Nat Struct Mol Biol, 2006; 13(8):751–752. https://doi.org/10.1038/nsmb1123
28. Chaudhry SN, Hazafa A, Mumtaz M, Kalsoom U, Abbas S, Kainaat A, Bilal S, Zafar N, Siddique A, Zafar A. New insights on possible vaccine development against SARS-CoV-2. Life Sciences, 2020; 260:118421 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lfs.2020.118421
29. Wang J, Peng Y, Xu H, Cui Z, Williams RO. The COVID-19 Vaccine Race: Challenges and Opportunities in Vaccine Formulation. AAPS PharmSciTech, 2020; 21:1-2. https://doi.org/10.1208/s12249-020-01744-7
30. Du L, Zhao G, Lin Y, Sui H, Chan C, Ma S, He Y, Jiang S, Wu C, Yuen KY, Jin DY. Intranasal Vaccination of Recombinant Adeno-Associated Virus Encoding Receptor-Binding Domain of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (SARS-CoV) Spike Protein Induces Strong Mucosal Immune Responses and Provides Long-Term Protection against SARS-CoV Infection. The Journal of Immunology, 2008; 180:948–956. https://doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.180.2.948
31. Novavax. Novavax to Present COVID-19 Vaccine Candidate Progress in World Vaccine Congress Webinar Series. 2020.
32. Jeyanathan M, Afkhami S, Smaill F, Miller MS, Lichty BD, Xing Z. Immunological considerations for COVID-19 vaccine strategies. Nat Rev Immunol 2020; 20:615-32 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41577-020-00434-6
33. Aicha Sow A. COVID-19 vaccine update: Pfizer may be the frontrunner, but Canada has hedged its bets. The Conversation. 2020.
34. Callaway E. The race for coronavirus vaccines: a graphical guide. Nature, 2020; 580:576–577. https://doi.org/10.1038/d41586-020-01221-y
35. Amanna IJ, Slifka MKSuccessful vaccines. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol2020; 428:1–30. https://doi.org/10.1007/82_2018_102
36. mRNA vaccines- a new era in vaccinology | Nature Reviews Drug Discovery. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.nature.com/articles/nrd.2017.243
37. Blackburn L. RNA vaccines: an introduction. 2018 PHG Foundation, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
38. Kong W, Ye J, Guan S,. Liu J, Pu J. Epidemic Status of Swine Influenza Virus in China,” Indian J Microbiol 2014; 54:3- 11, doi: 10.1007/s12088-013-0419-7
39. Smith TR, Patel A, Ramos S, Elwood D, Zhu X, Yan J, Gary EN, Walker SN, Schultheis K, Purwar M, Xu Z. Immunogenicity of a DNA vaccine candidate for COVID-19. Nature Communications 2020; 11: 1-3. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-16505-0
40. What are viral vector-based vaccines and how could they be used against COVID-19? (n.d.).
41. van Riel D, de Wit E. Next-generation vaccine platforms for COVID-19. Nature Materials, 2020; 19(8): 810–812. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41563-020-0746-0
42. Yang J, Wang W, Chen Z, Lu S, Yang F, Bi Z, Bao L, Mo F, Li X, Huang Y, Hong W. A vaccine targeting the RBD of the S protein of SARS-CoV-2 induces protective immunity. Nature, 2020; 586(7830): 572–577. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-020-2599-8
43. Fuenmayor J, Gòdia F, Cervera L.Production of virus-like particles for vaccines. New Biotechnology, 2017; 39: 174–180. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nbt.2017.07.010
44. Garg H, Mehmetoglu-Gurbuz T, Joshi A. Virus Like Particles (VLP) as multivalent vaccine candidate against Chikungunya, Japanese Encephalitis, Yellow Fever and Zika Virus. Scientific Reports, 2020; 10:1-3. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-61103-1
45. Grode L, Ganoza CA, Brohm C, Weiner 3rd J, Eisele B, Kaufmann SH. Safety and immunogenicity of the recombinant BCG vaccine VPM1002 in a phase 1 open-label randomized clinical trial. Vaccine2013; 31:1340–1348. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2012.12.053
46. Roestenberg M, Kamerling I, de Visser SJ. Controlled human infections as a tool to reduce uncertainty in clinical vaccine development. Frontiers in Medicine, 2018; 5:297. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmed.2018.00297
47. Canada Authorizes Use Of Pfizer COVID-19 Vaccine. (n.d.). https://www.npr.org/sections/coronavirus-live-updates/2020/12/09/944621350/canada-authorizes-use-of-pfizer-covid-19-vaccine
48. Anon-31. Scientists see downsides to top Covid-19 vaccines from Russia, China. 2020; ETHealthworld.
49. Fikiin K. The biggest challenge for COVID-19 vaccines is the cold supply chain. 2020; https://www.euractiv.com/section/coronavirus/opinion/the-biggest-challenge-for-covid-19-vaccines-is-the-cold-supply-chain/
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Chowdhury MR, Islam S, Matin MN. COVID-19 Vaccine Race: An Overview and Update. JDDT [Internet]. 15Mar.2021 [cited 20Apr.2021];11(2):171-7. Available from: http://jddtonline.info/index.php/jddt/article/view/4752
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