Available online on 15.12.2020 at http://jddtonline.info

Journal of Drug Delivery and Therapeutics

Open Access to Pharmaceutical and Medical Research

© 2011-20, publisher and licensee JDDT, This is an Open Access article which permits unrestricted non-commercial use(CC By-NC), provided the original work is properly cited

Open Access                                                                                              Review Article

Assessing the Role of Modern Excipients for Delivery of Gold Nanoparticles

Abdul Waheed1*, Nayela Ghazal2

Centre of Biochemistry, Drug Design and Cancer Research, University of Salford, England

Department of Quality Assurance, Assistant Professor, Global College of Pharmacy, (JNTU-Hyderabad), India

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Abstract

Using the drug delivery approach, we explain the role lipids and polymers perform in the delivery of gold nanoparticles. They were tested alongside drug and polymer compatibility using pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics. The collected data demonstrate the production of gold nanoparticles' stability and strong therapeutic effects. We illustrate some of the intriguing categories of targeting systems for the delivery of Au G Nanoparticles that are under development. Polymers containing reactive functional groups to combine targeting binding sites, cell receptors, or drugs are also coated with nanoparticles engineered for biomedical applications. The present review focuses on utilization of modern excipients, lipids, polymers in formulation of delivery systems that can efficiently delivery the gold nanoparticles. Gold nanoparticles have outranged in their use for treating wide health diseases with limited side effects. The next generation medical deliverables are majorly focused on gold nanoparticles.

Keywords: Gold nanoparticles, Lipids, Polymers, Delivery systems, Excipients, Diseases.

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Article Info: Received 12 Oct 2020;       Review Completed 17 Nov 2020;        Accepted 21 Nov 2020;      Available online 15 Dec 2020

Cite this article as:

Waheed A, Ghazal N, Assessing the Role of Modern Excipients for Delivery of Gold Nanoparticles, Journal of Drug Delivery and Therapeutics. 2020; 10(6-s):151-158      http://dx.doi.org/10.22270/jddt.v10i6-s.4585   

*Address for Correspondence:

Abdul Waheed, Centre of Biochemistry, Drug Design and Cancer Research, University of Salford, England

___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 


  1. Introduction:

Gold Nanoparticles are an important component of nanotechnology and nanomedicine that has an increased therapeutic application. The gold Nanoparticles are widely used in nanomedicine based on their size & shape. By fluctuating the material characteristics of the gold Nanoparticles, a different number of therapeutic uses of nanoparticles are enabled i.e. novel drug delivery, targeting, labeling, therapeutic uses, and diagnosis tools. Methotrexate (MTX) is a chemotherapy drug modernly used in the treatment of different types of cancers. MTX based gold nanoparticles are extensively in the field of oncology. Moreover, gold nanoparticles in the development of a wide range of innovative drug delivery systems due to their big surface: volume ratio. The transfer of drug active pharmaceutical ingredient agents to the cells by gold nanomaterials is a censorious procedure in pharmacological and medical treatment. Many professionals have used gold Nanoparticles to investigate cell organelle interaction to enhance the therapeutic effect of drug delivery. The demonstration of the surface pattern of ligands on gold Nanoparticles can control cell membrane perforation. A study showed that chitosan nanoparticle packed with methotrexate has suggested factorial design methodology is useful for drug delivery 1. Nanomaterials have many revolutionary applications in medicine due to their unique and novel physiochemical properties. For example, due to their relatively small size, combined with the fact that biological processes exist in nanoscale, nanomaterials can easily penetrate cells and interact with biological systems in ways that bulk materials cannot 2,3 There are numerous techniques such as lipid and polymer -based processes for the formulation of solid dispersion, complexing, crystallization, micronization, and nanonization, among which the solid dispersion technique is one of the commonly used methods to increase the solubility of poorly water-soluble drugs for clinical use. 4.

  1. Types of Gold Nanoparticles:

Gold nanoparticles can be produced as being more standard particles and with properly controlled size design shape. And morphology through a broad range of solution-phase approaches. Prominent cases involve nanotubes, nanocages, nano frames, nano boxes, nano Spears, nanoplates in such an opportunity to learn about different categories of biomedical applications such as tuning the photoluminescence (Figure1). The structures of nanocrystals may vary. Polymer-based nanocrystals can be used as a quality control tool in nanoformulation and their using the RP-HPLC method 5-7. Another research says that polymer-based nanocrystals for estimating piroxicam using the RP-HPLC method can be used as a nanoformulation quality control tool 8-12. Although gold nanoparticles are wine red solution and are claimed to be antioxidant, they are heavy and inert. In deciding the properties of these nanoparticles, inter-particle interactions and the alignment of networks of gold nanoparticles play a key role. Gold nanoparticles have diverse sizes ranging from 1 nm to 8 μm and various shapes such as circular, sub-octahedral, octahedral, decahedral, multiple twined icosahedral, multiple twined, irregular form, tetrahedral, nano triangles, nanoprisms, hexagonal platelets, and nanorods are also available as sown in the image-1 13-18.

Zein has potential uses in many applications of nanoparticles by forming proteins such as digestion of functional ingredients or active biodegradable packaging and enhancing stability. Research showed that zine-coated MgO nanowires are bioactive and can be effective antibacterial agents in dental products 19-24. Another research study found that zein with ZnO-coated nanoparticles has antimicrobial content that can be used as a dental aid to reinvent an antibacterial delivery method. Okra gum is a plant-based extract commonly used as a bioreducer, since nanoparticles can be resized, arranged, and formed and also used in the synthesis of gold nanoparticles, which is an excellent reducing agent. Research has shown that plant-based polymeric okra gum can be used successfully in the manufacture of mucoadhesive forms in the case of poorly soluble drugs 25-28.

 

Figure1: SEM images of different AuNP sizes and shapes used in biomedical. (A) 15 nm nanospheres using (B) 150 nm spheres (C) nanorods, (D) nanoshells, (E) cubic nanocages (F) nanocages.

  1. Advantages & Usage of Au Gold Nanoparticles:

Although the mechanism(s) involved is not fully known, nanoparticles can quickly penetrate cells via endocytosis, the nanoparticle influx occurs; the particles are incorporated and diffused across the cell membrane lipid bilayer. Also, even after binding to proteins such as antibodies, these nanoparticles were found to be able to penetrate the cells. For precise binding to cancer cells, nanoparticles conjugated with antibodies toward exclusive cancer cell surface receptors were used; functionalized nanoparticles were also used for direct entry into cells. Phthalocyanine-stabilized gold nanoparticles are a possible photodynamic therapy delivery tool 29-31. To provide functional nanoparticles that invade the biological membrane and enter the nucleus, gold nanoparticles with a size of 20 nm are being conjugated to diverse cell-binding peptides. And for detection and medical treatment of cancer, numerous nanoparticles are most often used as selective biomarkers and drug delivery agents. In the synthesis of gold nanoparticles, chitosan may be an advantage for biological applications, used as a reducing agent, act as a drug carrier for the development of DNA 32-35. Studies say that nanofibrous chitosan membrane regulate the release of the simvastatin-hydrophobic drug, and nanofibers made from natural or synthetic polymers developed by electrospinning have been effective for wound treatment 36-39. Another study shows the use of electrospinning methods and materials used for nanofibrous scaffolds, applications in gene therapy 40-43. Low molecular weight chitosan-based atorvastatin nanocrystals formulation can be a promising alternative to enhance the oral bioavailability of the large class of biopharmaceutical drugs. Chitosan-based micro-particles packed with Ellagic acid have improved cytotoxic and proapoptotic activity against colon cancer. Another research showed that simvastatin chitosan microparticles loaded with have improved proapoptotic activity and cytotoxicity against colon cancer cells 44-47. Nanoparticles packed with chitosan-coated in situ gel simvastatin are effective in the treatment of human squamous cell carcinoma in the tongue. Nanocrystal-based chitosan atorvastatin packed with poly (lactic-co-glycolic) acid (PLGA) has showed increased hypolipidemic effect and is known to be an ideal ISG delivery system 48-51. Alginate (a natural polysaccharide) is the most commonly known bio-material used in drug delivery and targeting, representing a modern approach to the synthesis of nanoparticles and microparticles. The study showed the use of an alginate-based drug delivery device in dentistry to treat multiple dental diseases. The study demonstrates recent advancements in drug distribution and drug targeting of alginate nanoparticles and its limitation as nano-carriers in drug delivery and uses in pharmaceutical nanomaterials. The study indicates that alginate-based hydrogel wound dressings are effective in wound healing therapy 52-56.

  1. Polymers used in the delivery of Au Gold nanoparticles:

Research analysis has shown that polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) as a polymer has proved to be protective and prophylaxis assistance to COVID-19 during the pandemic situation.  The research shows the possible use of PVP (Polyvinylpyrrolidone) based nano scaffolds in various biomedical implants, ophthalmic, and wound healing material, and more with a novel approach of PVP biomedical materials for 3D and 4D printing. Any of the uses of these Au nanoparticles include precise targeting and drug delivery, but the protective properties of endothelial extracellular matrices hamper particle uptake. We define a method of synthesis for ultra-small gold nanoparticles to enhance vascular distribution to solve this issue, with adjustable functional groups and polymer lengths for further changes 2.5 nm Au nanoparticles that are coated by tetrakis (hydroxymethyl)phosphonium chloride (THPC) are provided by the procedure. The substitution of THPC on the surface of the AuNP by hetero-functional polyethylene glycol (PEG) improves the hydrodynamic radius to 10.5 nm thereby having separate surface functional groups 57-62. Also, the spectrum of the size of these nanoparticles makes these just an excellent choice for glycocalyx testing while affecting natural vasculature operation, which can lead to enhanced delivery and therapeutics. Electrospinning technology has advanced in such a way that modified ultrafine nanofibers with controlled morphology and desired purpose can be used for synthetic or natural polymers.

  1. Lipids used in the delivering of gold nanoparticles:

Studies have shown that solid lipid nanoparticles with transdermal film loaded avanafil have been effective in oral management. Pro-liposomes are promising drug carriers for various drug delivery, providing major advances in finding a solution to the stability, bioavailability, solubility of poorly soluble drugs associated with liposomes. Research showed that prednisolone proliposomal gel has a potential for transdermal delivery could be useful in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. Also, the study demonstrated a novel method using RP-HPLC that could be useful in evaluating the quantitative and entrapment efficacy of prednisolone in the estimation of proliposome gel formulation. A study described the preparation of piroxicam proliposomal gel showed improved anti-inflammatory activity and efficacy in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. The study highlights the optimization of glimepiride (GMD) transdermal liposomal films using quality-based design (QbD) and process analytical technology (PAT) principles as a near-infrared analysis [30]. Self-nano-emulsifying drug delivery system (SNEDDS) is one of the lipid-based nano-carrier formulations that demonstrate a promising approach to overcoming oral bioavailability and low drug solubility. A research study indicates that SNEDDS could be useful as a possible drug carrier to facilitate the dissolution of atorvastatin 63-69. Miconazole nitrate self-nanoemulsion with hyaluronic acid-based oral gel showed improved antifungal activity and oral thrush therapy.  Notable in vitro experiments have shown that the inclusion of G nanoparticles in existing radiation therapy procedures gets better results for significant clinical intensity-modulated energies. Using its leaky blood vessels, intravenous administration Nanoparticles can collect inside the tumor, penetrate through tumor tissue, and ultimately enter the individual cancer cells 70. However, based on the specific tumor microenvironment, the GNP aggregation and radioactive accuracy of estimation may be different. Implementation of Gold nanoparticles into an NP scheme based on lipids' future initiatives in chemotherapy will encourage this. Natural lipids, generally phospholipids and cholesterol, are composed of lipid nanoparticles which can encapsulate particles in a hydrophilic or hydrophobic core. We used an LNP system that delivers smaller Golf nanoparticles (LNP-GNP) throughout this analysis as a Trojan horse 71. Metallic nanoparticles' lipid encapsulation is a great way to improve their internalization and biocompatibility, as lipid surface chemistry is comparable to cell membrane structural components. As a carrier for genes and drug delivery, lipid nanoparticles are also of interest. Finally, for potential combination therapeutics, lipid nanoparticles offer fresh ways to encapsulate all Gold nanoparticles and anticancer medicines in one vehicle 72-74.


 

 

Figure 2: Schematic representation of modern lipid-based NP platform in human breast cancer cells, the mixture of Gold nanoparticles and alignment of the cancer cells demographic influences the outcome in radiation therapy.

 


One of the pathways for growing the death of cells is seen in Figure 2, where the most free radicals may be generated by the existence of Gold nanoparticles, contributing to even more DNA damage. For cells treated with lipid based Gold nanoparticles, the surviving percentage was lower. To evaluate the radiation-induced damage. However, following treatment with radiation, there was no substantial change in DNA damage in cells treated with LNP-Gold nanoparticles. This is aligned with the clonogenic assay findings. The configuration of the particle acceleration was used for the radiation experiment. The tumor cell populations to further improve the nanoparticle uptake and maximize the therapeutic outcome 75.

Conclusion:

These novel nanocrystals polymer particles are effective in delivering to nanoscale regions within the body that are difficult to penetrate with minimal disruption of the body about the surrounding environment. The inclusion of the PEG makes it possible to improve biocompatibility and provides functional groups for heavy particle customization for various purposes. The smaller size comes with limitations compared to traditional nanoparticles, but if developed. Appropriately, in vascular targeting and drug delivery, the ultrasmall particle is a viable candidate for handling the hard-to-penetrate, intricate, and delicate glycocalyx. A threefold combination of synchronization of the cell cycle, delivery of Gold nanoparticles, and radiation treatment has the potential to significantly enhance breast cancer treatment outcome. Excellent potential in cell killing was provided by improved uptake and radiation sensitivity of the coordinated MDA-MB-231 triple-negative breast cell population. Synchronizing cells and attaching Lipid nanoparticles into tumor cells, for example, produced a 27 % growth compared to control (unsynchronized; no Gold nanoparticles; 2 Gy) in tumor cell death. Even a smaller increase in cell death with a single dose fraction will, as predicted in this report, lead to a substantial increase when multiple dosages are used throughout therapy.  Therefore, the design and creation of GNP delivery systems based on polymer & lipid-NP were driven by the aim of developing new materials and devices in future cancer nanomedicine with superior properties, functions, efficiencies, and protection. We assume that shortly, a mixture of cell cycle synchronization, Gold nanoparticles, radiation therapy, and anticancer medications will have additional synergistic benefits in improving the treatment of GNP-mediated cancer.

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