Scientific Baseline Information for the Potential Use of Hibiscus surattensis L against Malaria: Phytochemistry and Biological Studies
Abstract
Background and aim: Hibiscus surattensis L. is a medicinal plant widely used traditionally in Benin to treat malaria. This study was designed to investigate antiplasmodial activity, hemolytic power, acute toxicity, antioxidant activity and phytochemical content of H. surattensis.
Methodology: Bioassay-guided isolation approach was adopted and extracts and fractions collected were continuously tested in vitro against Chloroquine-sensitive and field isolate strains of Plasmodium falciparum by immune-dosage of Plasmodium lactate dehydrogenase. Hemolytic effect and acute toxicity of extracts were evaluated respectively on human erythrocytes and according to OECD guideline N°423. 2, 2-diphenyl-1- picrylhydrazyl) radical scavenging, Ferric reducing antioxidant power, superoxyde radical scavenging and hydrogen peroxide radical scavenging methods were used to investigate antioxidant activity.
Results and conclusion: The best antiplasmodial activity was obtained with ethanolic extract of H. surattensis L. against field isolate (IC50 = 5.03±0.31 µg/mL) and Chloroquine -sensitive (IC50 = 7.55±0.59 µg/mL) whereas aqueous extract exhibited moderate activity. Bioassay-guided fractionation of ethanolic extract shows progressive decrease of the antiplasmodial activity. Both extracts exhibited strong antioxidant activity, hemolytic power less than 1%. No mortality of rats was recorded with ethanolic extract at 2000 mg/kg body weight. Flavonoids, anthraquinones, coumarins, and triterpenes are present in both extracts with tannins in the ethanolic extract. In summary, the extracts of H. surattensis have interesting antiplasmodial and antioxidant properties probably resulting from a synergetic action of their secondary metabolites, without toxicity effect on rats and human erythrocytes. These findings strengthen the traditional use of H. surattensis as antimalarial plants.
Keywords: Hibiscus surattensis; antiplasmodial; antioxidant; toxicity; phytoconstituents.
Downloads
References
2. WHO. Benin: country profiles [Internet]. WHO. 2015 [cited 2017 Mar 18]. Available from: http://www.who.int/gho/countries/ben/country_profiles/en/
3. WHO. Guidelines for the treatment of malaria: Third Edition [Internet]. WHO Press, Geneva, Switzerland; 2015 [cited 2018 Jun 28]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK294440/
4. Hermans M, Akoègninou A, Maesen J van der. Medicinal plants used to treat malaria in Southern Benin. Econ Bot. 2004 Dec 1; 58(1):S239–52.
5. Yetein MH, Houessou LG, Lougbégnon TO, Teka O, Tente B. Ethnobotanical study of medicinal plants used for the treatment of malaria in plateau of Allada, Benin (West Africa). J Ethnopharmacol. 2013 Mar 7; 146(1):154–63.
6. Adia MM, Anywar G, Byamukama R, Kamatenesi-Mugisha M, Sekagya Y, Kakudidi EK, et al. Medicinal plants used in malaria treatment by Prometra herbalists in Uganda. J Ethnopharmacol. 2014 Aug 8; 155(1):580–8.
7. Trager W, Jensen JB. Human malaria parasites in continuous culture. Science. 1976 Aug 20; 193(4254):673–5.
8. Sarr SO, Perrotey S, Fall I, Ennahar S, Zhao M, Diop YM, et al. Icacina senegalensis (Icacinaceae), traditionally used for the treatment of malaria, inhibits in vitro Plasmodium falciparum growth without host cell toxicity. Malar J. 2011 Apr 11; 10:85.
9. OECD. Test No. 423: Acute Oral toxicity - Acute Toxic Class Method [Internet]. OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, Section 4. 2002 [cited 2018 Sep 5]. Available from: https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/fr/environment/test-no-423-acute-oral-toxicity-acute-toxic-class-method_9789264071001-en
10. Amoussa AMO, Sanni A, Lagnika L. Antioxidant activity and total phenolic, flavonoid and flavonol contents of the bark extracts of Acacia ataxacantha. J Pharmacogn Phytochem. 2015 Jul 1; 4(2):172–8.
11. Kumar RS, Rajkapoor B, Perumal P. Antioxidant activities of Indigofera cassioides Rottl. Ex. DC. using various in vitro assay models. Asian Pac J Trop Biomed. 2012 Apr; 2(4):256.
12. Ruch R, Cheng SJ, Klaunig J. Prevention of cytotoxicity and inhibition of intercellular communication by antioxidant catechins isolated from Chinese Green Tea. Carcinogenesis. 1989 Jul 1; 10:1003–8.
13. Wagner H, Bladt S. Plant Drug Analysis: A Thin Layer Chromatography Atlas. 2nd ed. Springer Berlin Heidelberg; 2001. 384 p.
14. Bero J, Frédérich M, Quetin-Leclercq J. Antimalarial compounds isolated from plants used in traditional medicine. J Pharm Pharmacol. 2009 Nov; 61(11):1401–33.
15. Ogouyèmi-Hounto A, Ndam NT, Kinde Gazard D, d’Almeida S, Koussihoude L, Ollo E, et al. Prevalence of the molecular marker of Plasmodium falciparum resistance to chloroquine and sulphadoxine/pyrimethamine in Benin seven years after the change of malaria treatment policy. Malar J. 2013; 12:147.
16. Ferreira JFS, Luthria DL, Sasaki T, Heyerick A. Flavonoids from Artemisia annua L. as antioxidants and their potential synergism with artemisinin against malaria and cancer. Mol Basel Switz. 2010 Apr 29; 15(5):3135–70.
17. Wheeler SR. Tea and tannins. Science. 1979 Apr 6; 204(4388):6–8.
18. Percário S, Moreira DR, Gomes BAQ, Ferreira MES, Gonçalves ACM, Laurindo PSOC, et al. Oxidative Stress in Malaria. Int J Mol Sci. 2012 Dec 3; 13(12):16346–72.
19. Nuchsongsin F, Chotivanich K, Charunwatthana P, Omodeo-Salè F, Fausta O-S, Taramelli D, et al. Effects of malaria heme products on red blood cell deformability. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2007 Oct; 77(4):617–22.
20. Bendary E, Francis RR, Ali HMG, Sarwat MI, Hady SE. Antioxidant and structure–activity relationships (SARs) of some phenolic and anilines compounds. Ann Agric Sci. 2013; 58(2):173–81.
21. Leopoldini M, Marino T, Russo N, Toscano M. Antioxidant Properties of Phenolic Compounds: H-Atom versus Electron Transfer Mechanism. J Phys Chem A. 2004 Jun 1; 108(22):4916–22.
22. Huang D, Ou B, Prior RL. The chemistry behind antioxidant capacity assays. J Agric Food Chem. 2005 Mar 23; 53(6):1841–56.
23. Jothy SL, Zakaria Z, Chen Y, Lau YL, Latha LY, Sasidharan S. Acute Oral Toxicity of Methanolic Seed Extract of Cassia fistula in Mice. Molecules. 2011 Jun 23; 16(6):5268–82.
24. Alarifi S, Al-Doaiss A, Alkahtani S, Al-Farraj SA, Al-Eissa MS, Al-Dahmash B, et al. Blood chemical changes and renal histological alterations induced by gentamicin in rats. Saudi J Biol Sci. 2012 Jan; 19(1):103–10.
25. Santos-Filho SD. Erythrocyte Membrane and Hemolysis: Effects of Natural Products. Int J Life Sci Technol. 2016; 9(3):28–35.
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:
- Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0). that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgment of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgment of its initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work (See The Effect of Open Access).
.