Effectiveness of Brisk Walking Exercise on Glycaemic Control and Cardio-Vascular Risk Factors in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes
Abstract
Objective: Our aim is to evaluate the effect of brisk walking exercise on anthropometric characteristics, blood parameters, physical performance and cardiovascular risk in Algerian type 2 diabetic patients.
Methods: A comparative interventional study was performed in Mascara (north-western Algeria) on patients with type 2 diabetes. All participants were subjected to a physical activity program that consisted of brisk walking sessions during seven months. Anthropometric characteristics, biochemical parameters, physical performance and cardiovascular risk indices were evaluated and compared between the two genders.
Results: Fifty-three (22 men and 31 women) type 2 diabetic patients with were involved in the study. The mean age of all participants was 50.86±11.07 years. No difference between the two genders was observed with respect to age, anthropometrics, systolic blood pressure, maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max) and all biochemical parameters and lipid ratios. A gradual decrease in most anthropometric, clinical, biochemical parameters, and blood pressure levels have been disclosed after seven-month (28 weeks) of follow-up of the brisk walking programme. Higher significant decreases (p<0.001) in fasting, post-effort and postprandial blood glycaemia were observed in both genders during all stages of our study. No significant differences were showed on lipid ratios; moreover, the majority of lipid ratios values were within the normal thresholds. The entirely recorded values of VO2max, body mass index (BMI) and heart rate were slightly higher in females comparing to males with both levels of glycated haemoglobin.
Conclusion: The practice of three brisk walking sessions per week at a rate of 30 minutes each has beneficial impact on anthropometric parameters, biochemical parameters, physical performance, glycaemic control and on the reduction of cardiovascular risk in type 2 diabetic patients of both genders.
Keywords: Brisk walking, Type 2 diabetes, Glycaemic control, Blood parameters, Cardiovascular risk
Keywords:
Brisk walking, Type 2 diabetes, Glycaemic control, Blood parameters, Cardiovascular risk
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References
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2. Ogurtsova K, da Rocha Fernandes JD, Huang Y, Linnenkamp U, Guariguata L, Cho NH, Cavan D, Shaw JE, Makaroff LE, "IDF Diabetes Atlas: Global estimates for the prevalence of diabetes for 2015 and 2040” Diabetes Res Clin Pract, 2017; 128:40-50. doi: 10.1016/j.diabres.2017.03.024.
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7. US Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Nutrition, Physical Activity and Obesity Data, Trends, and Maps Website. 2015. Available at: https://www.cdc.gov/nccdphp/dnpao/data-trends-maps/index.html.
8. Buresh R, Berg K, "Exercise for the management of type 2 diabetes mellitus: factors to consider with current guidelines" J Sports Med Phys Fitness, 2018; 58(4):510-524. doi:10.23736/S0022-4707.17.06969-9.
9. Colberg SR, Sigal RJ, Fernhall B, Regensteiner JG, Blissmer BJ, Rubin RR, Chasan-Taber L, Albright AL, Braun B; American College of Sports Medicine; American Diabetes Association, "Exercise and type 2 diabetes: the American College of Sports Medicine and the American Diabetes Association: joint position statement" Diabetes Care, 2010; 33(12):e147-e167. doi: 10.2337/dc10-9990.
10. Gusso S, Hofman P, Lalande S, Cutfield W, Robinson E, Baldi JC, "Impaired stroke volume and aerobic capacity in female adolescents with type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus" Diabetologia, 2008; 51(7):1317-1320. doi: 10.1007/s00125-008-1012-1.
11. Weinstock RS, Brooks G, Palmas W, Morin PC, Teresi JA, Eimicke JP, Silver S, Izquierdo R, Goland R, Shea S, "Lessened decline in physical activity and impairment of older adults with diabetes with telemedicine and pedometer use: results from the IDEATel study" Age Ageing, 2011; 40(1):98-105. doi: 10.1093/ageing/afq147.
12. Thomas N, Alder E, Leese GP, "Barriers to physical activity in patients with diabetes" Postgrad Med J, 2004; 80(943):287-291. doi:10.1136/pgmj.2003.010553.
13. Qiu S, Cai X, Schumann U, Velders M, Sun Z, Steinacker JM, "Impact of walking on glycemic control and other cardiovascular risk factors in type 2 diabetes: a meta-analysis" PLoS One, 2014; 9(10):e109767. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0109767.
14. Trivel D ; Leger L ; Calmels P, "Estimation de l’aptitude physique par questionnaire Fitness assessment by questionnaire" Science Sports, 2006 ; 21(3) :121-130. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scispo.2005.12.004.
15. BoussanaA, Hue O, Hayot M, Matécki S, Ramonatxo M, Le Gallais D, "Capacité de diffusion pulmonaire avant un triathlon et 24 heures après la compétitionPulmonary diffusing capacity before and 24 h after a triathlon" Science & Sports, 2000 ; 15(5):245-247.
16. Berger M, "Die Muskelarbeit in der Therapie des Diabetes mellitus [Muscular work in the therapy of diabetes mellitus]" Fortschr Med, 1976; 94(28):1553-1557.
17. Conn VS, Hafdahl AR, Mehr DR, LeMaster JW, Brown SA, Nielsen PJ, "Metabolic effects of interventions to increase exercise in adults with type 2 diabetes" Diabetologia, 2007; 50(5):913-921. doi: 10.1007/s00125-007-0625-0.
18. Burns N, Finucane FM, Hatunic M, Gilman M, Murphy M, Gasparro D, Mari A, Gastaldelli A, Nolan JJ, "Early-onset type 2 diabetes in obese white subjects is characterised by a marked defect in beta cell insulin secretion, severe insulin resistance and a lack of response to aerobic exercise training" Diabetologia, 2007; 50(7):1500-1508. doi: 10.1007/s00125-007-0655-7.
19. Praet SF, van Rooij ES, Wijtvliet A, Boonman-de Winter LJ, Enneking T, Kuipers H, Stehouwer CD, van Loon LJ, "Brisk walking compared with an individualised medical fitness programme for patients with type 2 diabetes: a randomised controlled trial" Diabetologia, 2008; 51(5):736-746. doi: 10.1007/s00125-008-0950-y.
20. Hamasaki H, "Daily physical activity and type 2 diabetes: A review" World J Diabetes, 2016; 7(12):243-251. doi:10.4239/wjd.v7.i12.243
21. Cancello R, Tordjman J, Poitou C, Guilhem G, Bouillot JL, Hugol D, Coussieu C, Basdevant A, Bar Hen A, Bedossa P, Guerre-Millo M, Clément K, "Increased infiltration of macrophages in omental adipose tissue is associated with marked hepatic lesions in morbid human obesity" Diabetes, 2006; 55(6):1554-1561. doi: 10.2337/db06-0133.
22. Chang E, Varghese M, Singer K, "Gender and Sex Differences in Adipose Tissue" Curr Diab Rep, 2018; 18(9):69. doi:10.1007/s11892-018-1031-3.
23. Aderibigbe MA, Obafemi TO, Olaleye MT, Akinmoladun AC, "Effects of gender, age and treatment duration on lipid profile and renal function indices in diabetic patients attending a teaching hospital in South-Western Nigeria" Afr Health Sci, 2018; 18(4):900-908. doi:10.4314/ahs.v18i4.8.
24. Poehlman ET, Toth MJ, Ades PA, Rosen CJ, "Menopause-associated changes in plasma lipids, insulin-like growth factor I and blood pressure: a longitudinal study" Eur J Clin Invest, 1997; 27:322-326.
25. Millán J, Pintó X, Muñoz A, Zúñiga M, Rubiés-Prat J, Pallardo LF, Masana L, Mangas A, Hernández-Mijares A, González-Santos P, Ascaso JF, Pedro-Botet J, "Lipoprotein ratios: Physiological significance and clinical usefulness in cardiovascular prevention" Vasc Health Risk Manag, 2009; 5:757-765.
26. Manninen V, Tenkanen L, Koskinen P, Huttunen JK, Mänttäri M, Heinonen OP, Frick MH, "Joint effects of serum triglyceride LDL-C cholesterol and HDL-C cholesterol concentrations on coronary heart disease risk in the Helsinki Heart Study. Implications for treatment" Circulation, 1992; 85(1):37-45.
27. Dobiasova M, Frohlich J, "The plasma parameter log (TG/HDL-C-C) as an atherogenic index: correlation with lipoprotein particle size and esterification rate in apo B- lipoprotein-depleted plasma. (FERHDL-C)" Clinical Biochemistry, 2001; 34(7):583-588.
28. Tan MH, Johns D, Glazer NB, "Pioglitazone reduces atherogenic index of plasma in patients with type 2 diabetes" Clinical Chemistry, 2004; 50(7):1184-1188.
29. Kirk A, Mutrie N, MacIntyre P, Fisher M, “Effects of a 12-month physical activity counselling intervention on glycaemic control and on the status of cardiovascular risk factors in people with Type 2 diabetes” Diabetologia, 2004; 47(5):821-832. doi: 10.1007/s00125-004-1396-5.
30. Loimaala A, Huikuri HV, Koobi T, Rinne M, Nenonen A, Vuori I, “Exercise training improves baroreflex sensitivity in type 2 diabetes”. Diabetes, 2003; 52:1837-1842.
31. Snowling NJ, Hopkins WG, “Effects of different modes of exercise training on glucose control and risk factors for complications in type 2 diabetic patients: a meta-analysis” Diabetes Care, 2006; 29:2518-2527.
32. Sigal RJ, Kenny GP, Wasserman DH, Castaneda-Sceppa C, White RD, “Physical activity/exercise and type 2 diabetes: a consensus statement from the American Diabetes Association” Diabetes Care, 2006; 29:1433-1438.
33. Pedersen BK, Saltin B, “Evidence for prescribing exercise as therapy in chronic disease” Scand J Med Sci Sports, 2006; 16(Suppl 1):3-63.
34. Aggarwala J, Sharma S, Saroochi, Jain A, Sarkar A, “Effects of aerobic exercise on blood glucose levels and lipid profile in Diabetes Mellitus type 2 subjects” Al Ameen J Med Sci, 2016; 9(1):65-69.
35. Yoo JS, Lee SJ, A meta-analysis of the effects of exercise programs on glucose and lipid metabolism and cardiac function in patients with type II diabetes mellitus [in Korean]” Taehan Kanho Hakhoe Chi, 2005; 35:546-554.
36. Kelley GA, Kelley KS, “Effects of aerobic exercise on lipids and lipoproteins in adults with type 2 diabetes: a meta-analysis of randomized-controlled trials” Public Health, 2007; 121(9):643-655. doi:10.1016/j.puhe.2007.02.014
37. Thomas D, Elliott EJ, Naughton GA, “Exercise for type 2 diabetes mellitus” Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 2006; (3), Art. No.: CD002968. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD002968.pub2.
38. Nojima H, Yoneda M, Watanabe H, Yamane K, Kitahara Y, Sekikawa K, Yamamoto H, Yokoyama A, Hattori N, Kohno N; Hiroshima University Health Promotion Study group, “Association between aerobic capacity and the improvement in glycemic control after the exercise training in type 2 diabetes” Diabetol Metab Syndr, 2017; 9:63. doi: 10.1186/s13098-017-0262-9.
39. Rohlfing CL, Wiedmeyer HM, Little RR, England JD, Tennill A, Goldstein DE, “Defining the relationship between plasma glucose and HbA1c: analysis of glucose profiles and HbA1c in the Diabetes Control and Complications trial” Diabetes Care, 2002; 25:275-278.
40. VinodMahato R, Gyawali P, Raut PP, Regmi P, Singh KP, Raj Pandeya D, Gyawali P, “Association between glycaemic control and serum lipid profile in type 2 diabetic patients: glycated haemoglobin as a dual biomarker” Biomed Res, 2011; 22: 375-380.
41. Dixit AK, Dey R, Suresh A, Chaudhuri S, Panda AK, Mitra A, Hazra J, “The prevalence of dyslipidemia in patients with diabetes mellitus of ayurveda Hospital” J Diabetes Metab Disord, 2014;13:58. doi: 10.1186/2251-6581-13-58.
42. Hussain A, Ali I, Ijaz M, Rahim A, “Correlation between hemoglobin A1c and serum lipid profile in Afghani patients with type 2 diabetes: hemoglobin A1c prognosticates dyslipidemia” Ther Adv Endocrinol Metab, 2017; 8(4):51-57. doi: 10.1177/2042018817692296.
43. Sibley SD, Thomas W, de Boer I, Brunzell JD, Steffes MW, “Gender and elevated albumin excretion in the Diabetes Control and Complications Trial/Epidemiology of Diabetes Interventions and Complications (DCCT/EDIC) cohort: role of central obesity” Am J Kidney Dis, 2006; 47(2):223-32. doi: 10.1053/j.ajkd.2005.10.021.
44. Balducci S, Zanuso S, Nicolucci A, De Feo P, Cavallo S, Cardelli P, Fallucca S, Alessi E, Fal¬lucca F, Pugliese G; Italian Diabetes Exercise Study (IDES) Investigators, “Effect of an inten¬sive exercise intervention strategy on modifi¬able cardiovascular risk factors in subjects with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a randomized controlled trial: the Italian diabetes and exer¬cise study (IDES)” Arch Intern Med, 2010; 170:1794-1803.
45. Sigal RJ, Kenny GP, Boule NG, Wells GA, Prud’homme D, Fortier M, Reid RD, Tulloch H, Coyle D, Phillips P, Jennings A, Jaffey J, “Ef¬fects of aerobic training, resistance training, or both on glycemic control in type 2 diabetes: a randomized trial” Ann Intern Med, 2007; 147:357-369.
46. Wang T, Liu Y, Zhong R, Xu D, Wang H, Fu BSC, "Benefit effects of aerobic exercise and resistance training on the management of type 2 diabetes" Int J Clin Exp Med, 2018; 11(10):10433-10445.
2. Ogurtsova K, da Rocha Fernandes JD, Huang Y, Linnenkamp U, Guariguata L, Cho NH, Cavan D, Shaw JE, Makaroff LE, "IDF Diabetes Atlas: Global estimates for the prevalence of diabetes for 2015 and 2040” Diabetes Res Clin Pract, 2017; 128:40-50. doi: 10.1016/j.diabres.2017.03.024.
3. Petrie JR, Guzik TJ, Touyz RM, "Diabetes, Hypertension, and Cardiovascular Disease: Clinical Insights and Vascular Mechanisms" Can J Cardiol, 2018; 34(5):575-584. doi:10.1016/j.cjca.2017.12.005.
4. Garber AJ, Abrahamson MJ, Barzilay JI, Blonde L, Bloomgarden ZT, Bush MA, Dagogo-Jack S, DeFronzo RA, Einhorn D, Fonseca VA, Garber JR, Garvey WT, Grunberger G, Handelsman Y, Hirsch IB, Jellinger PS, McGill JB, Mechanick JI, Rosenblit PD, Umpierrez GE, "Consensus statement by the american association of clinical endocrinologists and american college of endocrinology on the comprehensive type 2 diabetes management algorithm - 2018 executive summary" Endocr Pract, 2018; 24(1):91-120. doi: 10.4158/CS-2017-0153.
5. American Diabetes Association, "Cardiovascular disease and risk management: standards of medical care in diabetes-2018" Diabetes Care, 2018; 41(suppl 1):S86-S104. doi: 10.2337/dc18-S009.
6. Sherr D, Lipman RD, "The diabetes educator and the diabetes self-management education engagement" Diabetes Educ, 2015; 41(5):616-624.
7. US Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Nutrition, Physical Activity and Obesity Data, Trends, and Maps Website. 2015. Available at: https://www.cdc.gov/nccdphp/dnpao/data-trends-maps/index.html.
8. Buresh R, Berg K, "Exercise for the management of type 2 diabetes mellitus: factors to consider with current guidelines" J Sports Med Phys Fitness, 2018; 58(4):510-524. doi:10.23736/S0022-4707.17.06969-9.
9. Colberg SR, Sigal RJ, Fernhall B, Regensteiner JG, Blissmer BJ, Rubin RR, Chasan-Taber L, Albright AL, Braun B; American College of Sports Medicine; American Diabetes Association, "Exercise and type 2 diabetes: the American College of Sports Medicine and the American Diabetes Association: joint position statement" Diabetes Care, 2010; 33(12):e147-e167. doi: 10.2337/dc10-9990.
10. Gusso S, Hofman P, Lalande S, Cutfield W, Robinson E, Baldi JC, "Impaired stroke volume and aerobic capacity in female adolescents with type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus" Diabetologia, 2008; 51(7):1317-1320. doi: 10.1007/s00125-008-1012-1.
11. Weinstock RS, Brooks G, Palmas W, Morin PC, Teresi JA, Eimicke JP, Silver S, Izquierdo R, Goland R, Shea S, "Lessened decline in physical activity and impairment of older adults with diabetes with telemedicine and pedometer use: results from the IDEATel study" Age Ageing, 2011; 40(1):98-105. doi: 10.1093/ageing/afq147.
12. Thomas N, Alder E, Leese GP, "Barriers to physical activity in patients with diabetes" Postgrad Med J, 2004; 80(943):287-291. doi:10.1136/pgmj.2003.010553.
13. Qiu S, Cai X, Schumann U, Velders M, Sun Z, Steinacker JM, "Impact of walking on glycemic control and other cardiovascular risk factors in type 2 diabetes: a meta-analysis" PLoS One, 2014; 9(10):e109767. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0109767.
14. Trivel D ; Leger L ; Calmels P, "Estimation de l’aptitude physique par questionnaire Fitness assessment by questionnaire" Science Sports, 2006 ; 21(3) :121-130. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scispo.2005.12.004.
15. BoussanaA, Hue O, Hayot M, Matécki S, Ramonatxo M, Le Gallais D, "Capacité de diffusion pulmonaire avant un triathlon et 24 heures après la compétitionPulmonary diffusing capacity before and 24 h after a triathlon" Science & Sports, 2000 ; 15(5):245-247.
16. Berger M, "Die Muskelarbeit in der Therapie des Diabetes mellitus [Muscular work in the therapy of diabetes mellitus]" Fortschr Med, 1976; 94(28):1553-1557.
17. Conn VS, Hafdahl AR, Mehr DR, LeMaster JW, Brown SA, Nielsen PJ, "Metabolic effects of interventions to increase exercise in adults with type 2 diabetes" Diabetologia, 2007; 50(5):913-921. doi: 10.1007/s00125-007-0625-0.
18. Burns N, Finucane FM, Hatunic M, Gilman M, Murphy M, Gasparro D, Mari A, Gastaldelli A, Nolan JJ, "Early-onset type 2 diabetes in obese white subjects is characterised by a marked defect in beta cell insulin secretion, severe insulin resistance and a lack of response to aerobic exercise training" Diabetologia, 2007; 50(7):1500-1508. doi: 10.1007/s00125-007-0655-7.
19. Praet SF, van Rooij ES, Wijtvliet A, Boonman-de Winter LJ, Enneking T, Kuipers H, Stehouwer CD, van Loon LJ, "Brisk walking compared with an individualised medical fitness programme for patients with type 2 diabetes: a randomised controlled trial" Diabetologia, 2008; 51(5):736-746. doi: 10.1007/s00125-008-0950-y.
20. Hamasaki H, "Daily physical activity and type 2 diabetes: A review" World J Diabetes, 2016; 7(12):243-251. doi:10.4239/wjd.v7.i12.243
21. Cancello R, Tordjman J, Poitou C, Guilhem G, Bouillot JL, Hugol D, Coussieu C, Basdevant A, Bar Hen A, Bedossa P, Guerre-Millo M, Clément K, "Increased infiltration of macrophages in omental adipose tissue is associated with marked hepatic lesions in morbid human obesity" Diabetes, 2006; 55(6):1554-1561. doi: 10.2337/db06-0133.
22. Chang E, Varghese M, Singer K, "Gender and Sex Differences in Adipose Tissue" Curr Diab Rep, 2018; 18(9):69. doi:10.1007/s11892-018-1031-3.
23. Aderibigbe MA, Obafemi TO, Olaleye MT, Akinmoladun AC, "Effects of gender, age and treatment duration on lipid profile and renal function indices in diabetic patients attending a teaching hospital in South-Western Nigeria" Afr Health Sci, 2018; 18(4):900-908. doi:10.4314/ahs.v18i4.8.
24. Poehlman ET, Toth MJ, Ades PA, Rosen CJ, "Menopause-associated changes in plasma lipids, insulin-like growth factor I and blood pressure: a longitudinal study" Eur J Clin Invest, 1997; 27:322-326.
25. Millán J, Pintó X, Muñoz A, Zúñiga M, Rubiés-Prat J, Pallardo LF, Masana L, Mangas A, Hernández-Mijares A, González-Santos P, Ascaso JF, Pedro-Botet J, "Lipoprotein ratios: Physiological significance and clinical usefulness in cardiovascular prevention" Vasc Health Risk Manag, 2009; 5:757-765.
26. Manninen V, Tenkanen L, Koskinen P, Huttunen JK, Mänttäri M, Heinonen OP, Frick MH, "Joint effects of serum triglyceride LDL-C cholesterol and HDL-C cholesterol concentrations on coronary heart disease risk in the Helsinki Heart Study. Implications for treatment" Circulation, 1992; 85(1):37-45.
27. Dobiasova M, Frohlich J, "The plasma parameter log (TG/HDL-C-C) as an atherogenic index: correlation with lipoprotein particle size and esterification rate in apo B- lipoprotein-depleted plasma. (FERHDL-C)" Clinical Biochemistry, 2001; 34(7):583-588.
28. Tan MH, Johns D, Glazer NB, "Pioglitazone reduces atherogenic index of plasma in patients with type 2 diabetes" Clinical Chemistry, 2004; 50(7):1184-1188.
29. Kirk A, Mutrie N, MacIntyre P, Fisher M, “Effects of a 12-month physical activity counselling intervention on glycaemic control and on the status of cardiovascular risk factors in people with Type 2 diabetes” Diabetologia, 2004; 47(5):821-832. doi: 10.1007/s00125-004-1396-5.
30. Loimaala A, Huikuri HV, Koobi T, Rinne M, Nenonen A, Vuori I, “Exercise training improves baroreflex sensitivity in type 2 diabetes”. Diabetes, 2003; 52:1837-1842.
31. Snowling NJ, Hopkins WG, “Effects of different modes of exercise training on glucose control and risk factors for complications in type 2 diabetic patients: a meta-analysis” Diabetes Care, 2006; 29:2518-2527.
32. Sigal RJ, Kenny GP, Wasserman DH, Castaneda-Sceppa C, White RD, “Physical activity/exercise and type 2 diabetes: a consensus statement from the American Diabetes Association” Diabetes Care, 2006; 29:1433-1438.
33. Pedersen BK, Saltin B, “Evidence for prescribing exercise as therapy in chronic disease” Scand J Med Sci Sports, 2006; 16(Suppl 1):3-63.
34. Aggarwala J, Sharma S, Saroochi, Jain A, Sarkar A, “Effects of aerobic exercise on blood glucose levels and lipid profile in Diabetes Mellitus type 2 subjects” Al Ameen J Med Sci, 2016; 9(1):65-69.
35. Yoo JS, Lee SJ, A meta-analysis of the effects of exercise programs on glucose and lipid metabolism and cardiac function in patients with type II diabetes mellitus [in Korean]” Taehan Kanho Hakhoe Chi, 2005; 35:546-554.
36. Kelley GA, Kelley KS, “Effects of aerobic exercise on lipids and lipoproteins in adults with type 2 diabetes: a meta-analysis of randomized-controlled trials” Public Health, 2007; 121(9):643-655. doi:10.1016/j.puhe.2007.02.014
37. Thomas D, Elliott EJ, Naughton GA, “Exercise for type 2 diabetes mellitus” Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 2006; (3), Art. No.: CD002968. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD002968.pub2.
38. Nojima H, Yoneda M, Watanabe H, Yamane K, Kitahara Y, Sekikawa K, Yamamoto H, Yokoyama A, Hattori N, Kohno N; Hiroshima University Health Promotion Study group, “Association between aerobic capacity and the improvement in glycemic control after the exercise training in type 2 diabetes” Diabetol Metab Syndr, 2017; 9:63. doi: 10.1186/s13098-017-0262-9.
39. Rohlfing CL, Wiedmeyer HM, Little RR, England JD, Tennill A, Goldstein DE, “Defining the relationship between plasma glucose and HbA1c: analysis of glucose profiles and HbA1c in the Diabetes Control and Complications trial” Diabetes Care, 2002; 25:275-278.
40. VinodMahato R, Gyawali P, Raut PP, Regmi P, Singh KP, Raj Pandeya D, Gyawali P, “Association between glycaemic control and serum lipid profile in type 2 diabetic patients: glycated haemoglobin as a dual biomarker” Biomed Res, 2011; 22: 375-380.
41. Dixit AK, Dey R, Suresh A, Chaudhuri S, Panda AK, Mitra A, Hazra J, “The prevalence of dyslipidemia in patients with diabetes mellitus of ayurveda Hospital” J Diabetes Metab Disord, 2014;13:58. doi: 10.1186/2251-6581-13-58.
42. Hussain A, Ali I, Ijaz M, Rahim A, “Correlation between hemoglobin A1c and serum lipid profile in Afghani patients with type 2 diabetes: hemoglobin A1c prognosticates dyslipidemia” Ther Adv Endocrinol Metab, 2017; 8(4):51-57. doi: 10.1177/2042018817692296.
43. Sibley SD, Thomas W, de Boer I, Brunzell JD, Steffes MW, “Gender and elevated albumin excretion in the Diabetes Control and Complications Trial/Epidemiology of Diabetes Interventions and Complications (DCCT/EDIC) cohort: role of central obesity” Am J Kidney Dis, 2006; 47(2):223-32. doi: 10.1053/j.ajkd.2005.10.021.
44. Balducci S, Zanuso S, Nicolucci A, De Feo P, Cavallo S, Cardelli P, Fallucca S, Alessi E, Fal¬lucca F, Pugliese G; Italian Diabetes Exercise Study (IDES) Investigators, “Effect of an inten¬sive exercise intervention strategy on modifi¬able cardiovascular risk factors in subjects with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a randomized controlled trial: the Italian diabetes and exer¬cise study (IDES)” Arch Intern Med, 2010; 170:1794-1803.
45. Sigal RJ, Kenny GP, Boule NG, Wells GA, Prud’homme D, Fortier M, Reid RD, Tulloch H, Coyle D, Phillips P, Jennings A, Jaffey J, “Ef¬fects of aerobic training, resistance training, or both on glycemic control in type 2 diabetes: a randomized trial” Ann Intern Med, 2007; 147:357-369.
46. Wang T, Liu Y, Zhong R, Xu D, Wang H, Fu BSC, "Benefit effects of aerobic exercise and resistance training on the management of type 2 diabetes" Int J Clin Exp Med, 2018; 11(10):10433-10445.
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LAKHDAR D, DIAF M, KHALED MB. Effectiveness of Brisk Walking Exercise on Glycaemic Control and Cardio-Vascular Risk Factors in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes. JDDT [Internet]. 15Aug.2020 [cited 20May2024];10(4-s):53-2. Available from: https://jddtonline.info/index.php/jddt/article/view/4265
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