Unique Structures, Properties and Applications of Dendrimers
Abstract
Dendrimers are novel three dimensional, hyperbranched globular nano polymeric architectures. Attractive features like nanoscopic size, narrow polydispersity index and excellent control over molecular structure afford dendrimers with ideal drug delivery ability through encapsulating drugs in their interior or covalently conjugating drugs on their surfaces. The adaptable surface functionalization ability enables covalent conjugation of various targeting molecules onto the surface of dendrimers, thereby allowing for generation of various multifunctional nanodevices for targeted drug delivery applications. Drug delivery researchers are especially enthusiastic about possible utility of dendrimers as drug delivery tool. However, to get the maximum benefits of these novel class macromolecules, a research by collaboration is very much essential. Finally, it is one of the youngest and exciting fields of polymer researches where all branches of science can take part and hence, deserves more intensive attention.
Keywords: Dendrimers, Drug Delivery, Targeting, Dual Drug Loading, PAMAM
Downloads
Download data is not yet available.
References
[1] Aulenta F, Hayes W and Rannard S, Dendrimers: a new class of nanoscopic containers and delivery devices, European Polymer Journal, 2003; (39):1741–71.
[2] Cheng Y, Wang J and Rao T, Pharmaceutical applications of dendrimers: promising nanocarriers for drug delivery, Frontiers in Bioscience, 2008; (13):1447-71.
[3] Boas U and Heegaard PMH, Dendrimers in drug research, Chemical Society Reviews 2004; (33):43–63.
[4] Patri A, Myc A and Beals J, Synthesis and in vitro testing of J591 antibody-den¬drimer conjugates for targeted prostate cancer therapy, Bioconjugate Chemistry 2004; (15):1174-78.
[5] Zhu J and Shi X, Dendrimer based nanodevices for targeted drug delivery applications, Journal of Materials Chemistry, 2013; (1):4199-211.
[6] McCarthy TD, Karellas P and Henderson SA, Dendrimers as drugs: discovery and preclinical and clinical development of dendrimer-based microbicides for HIV and STI prevention, Molecular Pharmaceutics, 2005; (2):312-18.
[7] Svenson S: Dendrimers as versatile platform in drug delivery applications. European Journal of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics 2009; 71:445–62.
[8] Shakti KS, Lohiya GK and Limburkar PP: Dendrimer a versatile polymer in drug delivery. Asian Journal of Pharmaceutics 2009; 3:178-82.
[9] Aulenta F, Hayes W and Rannard S: Dendrimers: A new class of nanoscopic containers and delivery devices. European Polymer Journal 2003; 39:1741–71.
[10] Tomalia DA: Birth of a new macromolecular architecture: dendrimers as quantized building blocks for nanoscale synthetic polymer chemistry. Progress in Polymer Science 2005; 30:294-24.
[11] Esfand R and Tomalia DA: Poly(amidoamine) (PAMAM) dendrimers: from biomimicry to drug delivery and biomedical applications. Drug Discovery Today 2001; 6:427-36.
[12] Gupta U, Agashe HB , Asthana A and Jain NK: Dendrimers: novel polymeric nanoarchitectures for solubility enhancement. Biomacromolecules 2006; 7:649-58.
[13] Emanuele AD and Attwood D: Dendrimer-drug interactions. Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews 2005; 57:2147-62.
[14] Lee I, Athey BD, Wetzel AW: Structural Molecular Dynamics Studies on Polyamidoamine Dendrimers for a Therapeutic Application: Effects of pH and Generation. Macromolecules 2002; 35:4510-20.
[15] Devarakonda B, Otto D and Judefeind A: Effect of pH on the solubility and release of furosemide from polyamidoamine (PAMAM) den¬drimer complexes. Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology 2007; 345:142-53.
[16] Chai M, Niu Y and Youngs WJ: Structure and Conformation of DAB Dendrimers in Solution via Multidimensional NMR Techniques. Journal of the American Chemical Society 2001; 123:4670-78.
[17] Butler JE, Ni L, Nessler R: The physical and functional behaviour of capture antibodies adsorbed on polystyrene. Journal of Immunological Methods1992; 150:77-90.
[18] Ramzi A, Scherrenberg R and Joosten J: Structure−Property Relations in Dendritic Polyelectrolyte Solutions at Different Ionic Strength. Macromolecules 2002; 35:827.
[19] Topp A, Bauer BJ and Prosa TJ: Size Change of Dendrimers in Concentrated Solution. Macromolecules 1999; 32:8923-31.
[20] Caminade A, Laurent R and Majoral J: Characterization of dendrimers. Advance Drug Delivery Review 2005; 57:2130-146.
[21] Sebastian RM, Blais JC and Caminade AM: Synthesis and photochemical behavior of phosphorus dendrimers containing azobenzene units within the branches and/ or on the surface. Chemistry European Journal 2002; 8:2172-83.
[22] Kim C and Son S: Preparation of double-layered dendritic carbosilanes. Journal of Organometallic Chemistry 2000; 599:123–27.
[23] Chu B and Hsiao BS: Small-angle X-ray scattering of polymers. Chemical Reviews 2001; 101:1727-62.
[24] Zeng F, Zimmerman SC and Kolotuchin SV: Supramolecular polymer chemistry: design, synthesis, characterization, and kinetics, thermodynamics, and fidelity of formation of self-assembled dendrimers. Tetrahedron 2002; 58:825-43.
[25] Francese G, Dunand FA, Loosli C: Functionalization of PAMAM dendrimers with nitronyl nitroxide radicals as models for the outer-sphere relaxation in dendritic potential MRI contrast agents. Magnetic Resonance Chemistry 2003; 41:81– 83.
[26] Kallos GJ, Tomalia DA, Hedstrand DM: Molecular weight determination of a polyamidoamine starburst polymer by electrospray-ionization mass Spectrometry. Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry 1991; 5:383-86.
[27] Trahasch B, Stu B, Frey H: Dielectric relaxation in carbosilane dendrimers with perfluorinated end groups. Macromolecules 1999; 32:1962-66.
[28] Emanuele AD, Attwood D and Rmaileh RA: Dendrimers. Encyclopedia of Pharmaceutical Technology 2003; 3:1-21.
[29] Florence AT, Sakthivel T and Toth I: Oral uptake and translocation of a polylysine dendrimer with a lipid surface. Journal of Controlled Release 2000; 65:253-59.
[30] Pantzar N, Lundin S and Wester L: Bidirectional small-intestinal permeability in the rat to some common marker molecules in-vitro.Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology 1994; 29:703-9.
[31] Wiwattanapatapee R, Carreno-Gomez B, Malik N and Duncan R: PAMAM dendrimers as a potential oral drug delivery system: uptake by everted rat intestinal sacs in-vitro. Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology 1998; 50:99.
[32] Tripathi PK, Khopade AJ and Nagaich S: Dendrimer grafts for delivery of 5-fluorouracil. Pharmazie 2002; 57:261-64.
[33] Wang ZX, Itoh Y and Hosaka Y: Novel transdermal drug delivery system with polyhydroxyalkanoate and starburst polyamidoamine dendrimer. Journal of Bioscience and Bioengineering 2003; 95:541-43.
[34] Z.X. Wang, I.Yoshiaki, H.Yoshifumi, “Mechanism of enhancement effect of dendrimer on transdermal drug permeation through polyhydroxyalkanoate matrix”, Journal of Bioscience and Bioengineering, vol. 2003; 96:537–540.
[35] Cheng YY, Man N and Xu TW: Transdermal delivery of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs mediated by polyamidoamine (PAMAM) dendrimers. Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 2006; 96:595-602.
[36] Vandamme TF: Microemulsions as ocular drug delivery systems: Recent developments and future challenges. Progress in Retinal and Eye Research 2002; 21:15-34.
[37] Shimpi S, Chauhan B and Shimpi P: Cyclodextrins: Application in different routes of drug administration. Acta Pharmaceutica 2005; 55:139-56.
[38] Vandamme TF and Brobeck L: Poly (amidoamine) dendrimers as ophthalmic vehicles for ocular delivery of pilocarpine nitrate and tropicamide. J Control Release 2005; 102:23-38.
[39] Shaunak S, Thomas S and Gianasi E: Polyvalent dendrimer glucosamine conjugates prevent scar tissue formation. Nature Biotechnology 2004; 22:977-84.
[40] Duan X and SheardownH: Dendrimer crosslinked collagen as a corneal tissue engineering scaffold: Mechanical properties and corneal epithelial cell interactions. Biomaterials 2006; 27:4608-617.
[41] Yang W, Cheng Y and Xu T: Targeting cancer cells with biotin–dendrimer conjugates. European journal of medicinal chemistry 2009; 44:862-68.
[42] Zhuo RX, Du B and Lu ZR: In vitro release of 5-fluorouracil with cyclic core dendritic polymer. Journal of Controlled Release 1999; 57:249-57.
[43] Choi SK, Myc A and Silpe JE: Dendrimer-based multivalent vancomycin nanoplatform for targeting the drug-resistant bacterial surface. ACS Nano 2013; 7:214-28.
[44] Latallo K, Raczka JF and Quintana E: Intravascular and endobronchial DNA delivery to murine lung tissue using a novel, nonviral vector. Human Gene Therapy 2000; 11:385–1395.
[45] Barbara K and Maria B: Review- Dendrimers: properties and applications. Acta Biochimica Polonica 2001; 48:99-208.
[46] Sonke S and Tomalia DA: Dendrimers in biomedical applications reflections on the Field. Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews 2005; 57:2106-29.
[47] Hecht S and Frechet JMJ: Dendritic encapsulation of function applying natures site isolation principle from biomimetics to materials science. Angewandte Chemie International Edition 2001; 40:74-91.
[48] Thayumanavan S, Bharathi P and Sivanandan K: Towards dendrimers as biomimetic macromolecules. Comptes rendus Chimie 2003; 6:767-78.
[49] Barth RF , Adams D and Soloway AH: Boronated starburst Dendrimer monoclonal antibody immunoconjugates: evaluation as a potential delivery system for neutron capture therapy. Bioconjugate Chemistry 1994; 5:58.
[50] Gillies ER and Fréchet JMJ: Dendrimers and dendritic polymers in drug delivery. Drug Discovery Today 2005; 10:35-43.
[51] Tekade RK, Dutta T and Gajbhiye V: Exploring dendrimer towards dual drug delivery, pH responsive simultaneous drug-release kinetics. Journal of Microencapsulation 2009; 26:287-96.
[52] Kannan S, Dai H and Navath RS: Dendrimer-Based Postnatal Therapy for Neuroinflammation and Cerebral Palsy in a Rabbit Model. Science Translational Medicine 2012; 4:130.
[53] Sinan H and Battah: Synthesis and Biological Studies of 5-Aminolevulinic Acid-Containing Dendrimers for Photodynamic Therapy. American Chemical Society: 2009.
[54] Luna BN, Godínez LA and Rodríguez FJ:Applications of Dendrimers in Drug Delivery Agents, Diagnosis, Therapy, and Detection. Journal of Nanomaterials, Hindawi Publishing Corporation 2014:19.
[55] Krause W, Schlichter HN and Maier FK: Dendrimers in diagnostics. Topics in Current Chemistry 2000; 210:261-308.
[56] Wiener EC, Brechbiel MW and Brothers H: Dendrimer-based metal chelates: a new class of magnetic resonance imaging contrast agents. Magnetic Resonance in Medicine 1994; 31:1-8.
[57] Svenson S and Tomalia DA: Dendrimers in biomedical applications- reflections on the field. Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews 2012; 64:102-15.
[58] Koten GV, Robert AG and Lucia A: Diaminoarylnickel(II) Pincer Complexes: Mechanistic Considerations in the Kharasch Addition Reaction, Controlled Polymerization, and Dendrimeric Transition Metal Catalysts. Accounts of Chemical Research 1998; 31:423-31.
[59] Howell BA and Fan D: Poly (amidoamine) dendrimer-supported organoplatinum antitumour agents. Proceedings of the Royal SocietyA 2010; 466:1515-26.
[60] Klajnert B, Pikala S and Bryszewska M: Haemolytic activity of polyamidoamine dendrimers and the protective role of human serum albumin. Proceedings of the Royal Society A 2010; 466:1527-34.
[61] Chauhan AS, Jain NK and Diwan PV: Pre-clinical and behavioural toxicity profile of PAMAM dendrimers in mice. Proceedings of the Royal Society A 2010; 466:1535-50.
[2] Cheng Y, Wang J and Rao T, Pharmaceutical applications of dendrimers: promising nanocarriers for drug delivery, Frontiers in Bioscience, 2008; (13):1447-71.
[3] Boas U and Heegaard PMH, Dendrimers in drug research, Chemical Society Reviews 2004; (33):43–63.
[4] Patri A, Myc A and Beals J, Synthesis and in vitro testing of J591 antibody-den¬drimer conjugates for targeted prostate cancer therapy, Bioconjugate Chemistry 2004; (15):1174-78.
[5] Zhu J and Shi X, Dendrimer based nanodevices for targeted drug delivery applications, Journal of Materials Chemistry, 2013; (1):4199-211.
[6] McCarthy TD, Karellas P and Henderson SA, Dendrimers as drugs: discovery and preclinical and clinical development of dendrimer-based microbicides for HIV and STI prevention, Molecular Pharmaceutics, 2005; (2):312-18.
[7] Svenson S: Dendrimers as versatile platform in drug delivery applications. European Journal of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics 2009; 71:445–62.
[8] Shakti KS, Lohiya GK and Limburkar PP: Dendrimer a versatile polymer in drug delivery. Asian Journal of Pharmaceutics 2009; 3:178-82.
[9] Aulenta F, Hayes W and Rannard S: Dendrimers: A new class of nanoscopic containers and delivery devices. European Polymer Journal 2003; 39:1741–71.
[10] Tomalia DA: Birth of a new macromolecular architecture: dendrimers as quantized building blocks for nanoscale synthetic polymer chemistry. Progress in Polymer Science 2005; 30:294-24.
[11] Esfand R and Tomalia DA: Poly(amidoamine) (PAMAM) dendrimers: from biomimicry to drug delivery and biomedical applications. Drug Discovery Today 2001; 6:427-36.
[12] Gupta U, Agashe HB , Asthana A and Jain NK: Dendrimers: novel polymeric nanoarchitectures for solubility enhancement. Biomacromolecules 2006; 7:649-58.
[13] Emanuele AD and Attwood D: Dendrimer-drug interactions. Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews 2005; 57:2147-62.
[14] Lee I, Athey BD, Wetzel AW: Structural Molecular Dynamics Studies on Polyamidoamine Dendrimers for a Therapeutic Application: Effects of pH and Generation. Macromolecules 2002; 35:4510-20.
[15] Devarakonda B, Otto D and Judefeind A: Effect of pH on the solubility and release of furosemide from polyamidoamine (PAMAM) den¬drimer complexes. Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology 2007; 345:142-53.
[16] Chai M, Niu Y and Youngs WJ: Structure and Conformation of DAB Dendrimers in Solution via Multidimensional NMR Techniques. Journal of the American Chemical Society 2001; 123:4670-78.
[17] Butler JE, Ni L, Nessler R: The physical and functional behaviour of capture antibodies adsorbed on polystyrene. Journal of Immunological Methods1992; 150:77-90.
[18] Ramzi A, Scherrenberg R and Joosten J: Structure−Property Relations in Dendritic Polyelectrolyte Solutions at Different Ionic Strength. Macromolecules 2002; 35:827.
[19] Topp A, Bauer BJ and Prosa TJ: Size Change of Dendrimers in Concentrated Solution. Macromolecules 1999; 32:8923-31.
[20] Caminade A, Laurent R and Majoral J: Characterization of dendrimers. Advance Drug Delivery Review 2005; 57:2130-146.
[21] Sebastian RM, Blais JC and Caminade AM: Synthesis and photochemical behavior of phosphorus dendrimers containing azobenzene units within the branches and/ or on the surface. Chemistry European Journal 2002; 8:2172-83.
[22] Kim C and Son S: Preparation of double-layered dendritic carbosilanes. Journal of Organometallic Chemistry 2000; 599:123–27.
[23] Chu B and Hsiao BS: Small-angle X-ray scattering of polymers. Chemical Reviews 2001; 101:1727-62.
[24] Zeng F, Zimmerman SC and Kolotuchin SV: Supramolecular polymer chemistry: design, synthesis, characterization, and kinetics, thermodynamics, and fidelity of formation of self-assembled dendrimers. Tetrahedron 2002; 58:825-43.
[25] Francese G, Dunand FA, Loosli C: Functionalization of PAMAM dendrimers with nitronyl nitroxide radicals as models for the outer-sphere relaxation in dendritic potential MRI contrast agents. Magnetic Resonance Chemistry 2003; 41:81– 83.
[26] Kallos GJ, Tomalia DA, Hedstrand DM: Molecular weight determination of a polyamidoamine starburst polymer by electrospray-ionization mass Spectrometry. Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry 1991; 5:383-86.
[27] Trahasch B, Stu B, Frey H: Dielectric relaxation in carbosilane dendrimers with perfluorinated end groups. Macromolecules 1999; 32:1962-66.
[28] Emanuele AD, Attwood D and Rmaileh RA: Dendrimers. Encyclopedia of Pharmaceutical Technology 2003; 3:1-21.
[29] Florence AT, Sakthivel T and Toth I: Oral uptake and translocation of a polylysine dendrimer with a lipid surface. Journal of Controlled Release 2000; 65:253-59.
[30] Pantzar N, Lundin S and Wester L: Bidirectional small-intestinal permeability in the rat to some common marker molecules in-vitro.Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology 1994; 29:703-9.
[31] Wiwattanapatapee R, Carreno-Gomez B, Malik N and Duncan R: PAMAM dendrimers as a potential oral drug delivery system: uptake by everted rat intestinal sacs in-vitro. Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology 1998; 50:99.
[32] Tripathi PK, Khopade AJ and Nagaich S: Dendrimer grafts for delivery of 5-fluorouracil. Pharmazie 2002; 57:261-64.
[33] Wang ZX, Itoh Y and Hosaka Y: Novel transdermal drug delivery system with polyhydroxyalkanoate and starburst polyamidoamine dendrimer. Journal of Bioscience and Bioengineering 2003; 95:541-43.
[34] Z.X. Wang, I.Yoshiaki, H.Yoshifumi, “Mechanism of enhancement effect of dendrimer on transdermal drug permeation through polyhydroxyalkanoate matrix”, Journal of Bioscience and Bioengineering, vol. 2003; 96:537–540.
[35] Cheng YY, Man N and Xu TW: Transdermal delivery of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs mediated by polyamidoamine (PAMAM) dendrimers. Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 2006; 96:595-602.
[36] Vandamme TF: Microemulsions as ocular drug delivery systems: Recent developments and future challenges. Progress in Retinal and Eye Research 2002; 21:15-34.
[37] Shimpi S, Chauhan B and Shimpi P: Cyclodextrins: Application in different routes of drug administration. Acta Pharmaceutica 2005; 55:139-56.
[38] Vandamme TF and Brobeck L: Poly (amidoamine) dendrimers as ophthalmic vehicles for ocular delivery of pilocarpine nitrate and tropicamide. J Control Release 2005; 102:23-38.
[39] Shaunak S, Thomas S and Gianasi E: Polyvalent dendrimer glucosamine conjugates prevent scar tissue formation. Nature Biotechnology 2004; 22:977-84.
[40] Duan X and SheardownH: Dendrimer crosslinked collagen as a corneal tissue engineering scaffold: Mechanical properties and corneal epithelial cell interactions. Biomaterials 2006; 27:4608-617.
[41] Yang W, Cheng Y and Xu T: Targeting cancer cells with biotin–dendrimer conjugates. European journal of medicinal chemistry 2009; 44:862-68.
[42] Zhuo RX, Du B and Lu ZR: In vitro release of 5-fluorouracil with cyclic core dendritic polymer. Journal of Controlled Release 1999; 57:249-57.
[43] Choi SK, Myc A and Silpe JE: Dendrimer-based multivalent vancomycin nanoplatform for targeting the drug-resistant bacterial surface. ACS Nano 2013; 7:214-28.
[44] Latallo K, Raczka JF and Quintana E: Intravascular and endobronchial DNA delivery to murine lung tissue using a novel, nonviral vector. Human Gene Therapy 2000; 11:385–1395.
[45] Barbara K and Maria B: Review- Dendrimers: properties and applications. Acta Biochimica Polonica 2001; 48:99-208.
[46] Sonke S and Tomalia DA: Dendrimers in biomedical applications reflections on the Field. Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews 2005; 57:2106-29.
[47] Hecht S and Frechet JMJ: Dendritic encapsulation of function applying natures site isolation principle from biomimetics to materials science. Angewandte Chemie International Edition 2001; 40:74-91.
[48] Thayumanavan S, Bharathi P and Sivanandan K: Towards dendrimers as biomimetic macromolecules. Comptes rendus Chimie 2003; 6:767-78.
[49] Barth RF , Adams D and Soloway AH: Boronated starburst Dendrimer monoclonal antibody immunoconjugates: evaluation as a potential delivery system for neutron capture therapy. Bioconjugate Chemistry 1994; 5:58.
[50] Gillies ER and Fréchet JMJ: Dendrimers and dendritic polymers in drug delivery. Drug Discovery Today 2005; 10:35-43.
[51] Tekade RK, Dutta T and Gajbhiye V: Exploring dendrimer towards dual drug delivery, pH responsive simultaneous drug-release kinetics. Journal of Microencapsulation 2009; 26:287-96.
[52] Kannan S, Dai H and Navath RS: Dendrimer-Based Postnatal Therapy for Neuroinflammation and Cerebral Palsy in a Rabbit Model. Science Translational Medicine 2012; 4:130.
[53] Sinan H and Battah: Synthesis and Biological Studies of 5-Aminolevulinic Acid-Containing Dendrimers for Photodynamic Therapy. American Chemical Society: 2009.
[54] Luna BN, Godínez LA and Rodríguez FJ:Applications of Dendrimers in Drug Delivery Agents, Diagnosis, Therapy, and Detection. Journal of Nanomaterials, Hindawi Publishing Corporation 2014:19.
[55] Krause W, Schlichter HN and Maier FK: Dendrimers in diagnostics. Topics in Current Chemistry 2000; 210:261-308.
[56] Wiener EC, Brechbiel MW and Brothers H: Dendrimer-based metal chelates: a new class of magnetic resonance imaging contrast agents. Magnetic Resonance in Medicine 1994; 31:1-8.
[57] Svenson S and Tomalia DA: Dendrimers in biomedical applications- reflections on the field. Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews 2012; 64:102-15.
[58] Koten GV, Robert AG and Lucia A: Diaminoarylnickel(II) Pincer Complexes: Mechanistic Considerations in the Kharasch Addition Reaction, Controlled Polymerization, and Dendrimeric Transition Metal Catalysts. Accounts of Chemical Research 1998; 31:423-31.
[59] Howell BA and Fan D: Poly (amidoamine) dendrimer-supported organoplatinum antitumour agents. Proceedings of the Royal SocietyA 2010; 466:1515-26.
[60] Klajnert B, Pikala S and Bryszewska M: Haemolytic activity of polyamidoamine dendrimers and the protective role of human serum albumin. Proceedings of the Royal Society A 2010; 466:1527-34.
[61] Chauhan AS, Jain NK and Diwan PV: Pre-clinical and behavioural toxicity profile of PAMAM dendrimers in mice. Proceedings of the Royal Society A 2010; 466:1535-50.
Crossmark
Statistics
618 Views | 487 Downloads
How to Cite
1.
Gupta A, Dubey S, Mishra M. Unique Structures, Properties and Applications of Dendrimers. JDDT [Internet]. 15Dec.2018 [cited 19Apr.2024];8(6-s):328-39. Available from: https://jddtonline.info/index.php/jddt/article/view/2083
Section
Review
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:
- Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0). that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgment of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgment of its initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work (See The Effect of Open Access).
.