Wound healing promoting activity of Earthworm, Eutyphoeus gammiei (Beddard): in vitro studies on human skin keratinocyte cell line (HaCat).
Abstract
Earthworm, Eutyphoeus gammiei, homogenate (EGH) was screened for wound healing activity on human keratinocyte cell line, HaCat, by cell proliferation and migration assays. The maximum proliferation and migration of keratinocyte cells were observed at the dose of 25μg/ml. As cell proliferation and migration are key factors for wound healing, the study clearly suggests the potential role of earthworm species Eutyphoeus gammiei on wound healing.
Keywords: Eutyphoeus gammiei, Keratinocyte, MTT assay, scratch assay.
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References
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25. Lowry O.H., Rosebrough N. J., Farr A. L. and Randall R. J. Protein measurement with folin phenol reagent. The Journal of Biological Chemistry 1951; 193:265-275.
26. Fronza M., Heinzmann B., Hamburger M., Laufer S., Merfort I. Determination of thewound healing effect of Calendula extracts using the scratch assay with 3T3 fibroblasts. J Ethnopharmacol 2009; 126:463–467.
27. Sen C. K., Gordillo G. M., Roy S., Kirsner R., Lambert L., Hunt T. K. Human skin wounds: a major and snowballing threat to public health and the economy. Wound repair regeneration 2009; 17 (Suppl.):763-71.
28. Novl B., Vinod P. K., Freire P. and Kapuy O. Systems-level feedback in cell-cycle control. Biochemical Society Transactions 2010; 38(5):1242-1246.
29. Miguel S. M. S., Opperman L. A., Allen E. P., Zielinski J. and Svoboda K. K. H. Bioactive antioxidant mixtures promote proliferation and migration on human oral fibroblasts. Archives of Oral Biology 2011; 569 (8):812-822.
30. Chmielowiec J., Borowiak M., Morkel M., Stradal T., Munz B., Werner S., Wehland J. and Birchmeier W. c-Met is essential for wound healing in the skin. The Journal of Cell Biology 2007; 177(1):151-162.
2. Gupta L. C., Gupta K. and Gupta A., New concise medical dictionary, AITBS, 2008; 4th edition.
3. Gurtner G. C., Werner S., Barrandon Y., Longaker M. T. Wound repair and regeneration. 2008; 453 (Suppl.):314-321.
4. Martin P. Wound healing—aiming for perfect skin regeneration. Science. 1997; 276:75–81.
5. Ruszczak, Z. Efect of collagen matrices on dermal wound healing. Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews. 2003; 55 (12):1595–1611.
6. Expert Reviews in Molecular Medicine. The phases of coetaneous wound healing. Cambridge University Press. 2008; 5:1.
7. Mercandetti M., Cohen A. J. Wound Healing: Healing and Repair Emedicine.com. 2008.
8. Lorenz H. P. and Longaker M. T. Wounds: Biology, Pathology, and Management. Stanford University Medical Center . 2003.
9. de la Torre J., Sholar A. Wound healing: Chronic wounds Emedicine.com. 2006.
10. Stephenson J. The Oligochaeta, Oxford University Press, London. 1930.
11. Deng Z., Yin Y., Luo W., Kotian R. N., Gao S. S., Yi Z., Xiao W. F., Li W. P. and Li Y. S. The effect of earthworm extract on promoting skin wound healing. Bioscience Reports 2018; 38.
12. Mirjana M. P., Maja T., Vedran M., Grdis M.. Influences of earthworm extract G-90 on haematological and haemostatic parameters in Wistar rats. European Review for Medical and Pharmacological Sciences 2011; 15(1):71-78.
13. Shuliang S., Wang Y., Ji K., Liang H. and Ji A. Effect of earthworm active protein on fibroblast proliferation and its mechanism, Pharmaceutical Biology 2012; 54(4):732-739.
14. Chang Y.M.,1, Shih Y. T., Chen Y. S., Liu C. L., Fang W. K., Tsai C. H., Tsai F. J. And Huang C. Y. Schwann cell migration induced by earthworm extract via activation of PAs and MMP2/9 mediated through ERK1/2 and p38. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2011; 2011:395458.
15. Amarpal A., Singh R., Aithal H. P., Kinjavdekar P., Pawde A., Singh K. P. and M. Gugjoo. Evaluation of the healing potential of earthworm coelomic fluid in full thickness skin wounds in rabbits. Veterinarski Arhiv 2015; 85(2):189-200.
16. Cooper E. L., Balmuragun M., Parthasarathi K. and Ranganathan L. S. Earthworm paste (Lampito maurtill, Kinberg) alters inflammatory, oxidative, haematological and serum biochemical indices of inflamed rat. European Review for Medical and Pharmacological Sciences 2007; 2(2):77-99.
17. Chen C. T., Lin J. G., Lu T. W. Earthworm extracts facilitate pc12 cell differentiation and promote axonal sprouting in peripheral nerve injury. The American Journal of Chinese Medicine. 2010; 38(3):547-560.
18. Liu C. H., Lin Y. W., Tang N. Y. Effect of oral administration of Pheretima Aspergillum (Earthworm) in rats with cerebral infarction induced by middle-cerebral artery occlus. African Journal of Traditional Complementary and Alternative Medicines 2013; 10:66-82.
19. Noda N., Tsunefuka S., Tanaka R. and Miyahara K. Effect of an earthworm, Lumbricus rubellus, Chem Pharm. Bull. 1992; 40:2756.
20. Debnath M., Gosh R., Bhattacharjee D., and Sil S. K. Anti inflammatory effect of extract of earthworm- Eutyphoeus gammiei from Tripura, north eastern India. IJPBS 2018; 8(2):622-627.
21. Debnath M., Ray Choudhury P., and Sil S. K. Studies on NS5 18S RDNA based molecular phylogenetic analysis and antibacterial properties of Eutyphoeus gammiei, an earthworm species endemic to Northeast India. World Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical science 2016; 5(2):1357-1364.
22. Mosmann T. Rapid colorimetric assay for cellular growth and survival: application to proliferation and cytotoxicity assays. J of Immunological Methods. 1983; 65(1-2):55–63.
23. Krishnamoorthy J. R., Sumitira S., Ranjith M. S., Gokulshankar S., Ranganathan S., Mohanty B. K., Prabhakaran G. An in vitro study of wound healing of a polyherbal formulation as evidence by enhanced cell proliferation and cell migration. EDOJ. 2012; 8(1):1.
24. Ebeling S., Naumann K., Pollok S., Wardcki T., Merfort I., Brandner J. M. From a traditional medicinal plant to a rational drug: Understanding the clinically proven wound healing efficacy of Birch Bark Extract. Plos one 2014; 9(1):e86147.
25. Lowry O.H., Rosebrough N. J., Farr A. L. and Randall R. J. Protein measurement with folin phenol reagent. The Journal of Biological Chemistry 1951; 193:265-275.
26. Fronza M., Heinzmann B., Hamburger M., Laufer S., Merfort I. Determination of thewound healing effect of Calendula extracts using the scratch assay with 3T3 fibroblasts. J Ethnopharmacol 2009; 126:463–467.
27. Sen C. K., Gordillo G. M., Roy S., Kirsner R., Lambert L., Hunt T. K. Human skin wounds: a major and snowballing threat to public health and the economy. Wound repair regeneration 2009; 17 (Suppl.):763-71.
28. Novl B., Vinod P. K., Freire P. and Kapuy O. Systems-level feedback in cell-cycle control. Biochemical Society Transactions 2010; 38(5):1242-1246.
29. Miguel S. M. S., Opperman L. A., Allen E. P., Zielinski J. and Svoboda K. K. H. Bioactive antioxidant mixtures promote proliferation and migration on human oral fibroblasts. Archives of Oral Biology 2011; 569 (8):812-822.
30. Chmielowiec J., Borowiak M., Morkel M., Stradal T., Munz B., Werner S., Wehland J. and Birchmeier W. c-Met is essential for wound healing in the skin. The Journal of Cell Biology 2007; 177(1):151-162.
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Saha S, Bhattacharjee D, Saha A, De G, Saha P, Sil S. Wound healing promoting activity of Earthworm, Eutyphoeus gammiei (Beddard): in vitro studies on human skin keratinocyte cell line (HaCat). JDDT [Internet]. 15Nov.2018 [cited 17Jan.2021];8(6):155-8. Available from: http://jddtonline.info/index.php/jddt/article/view/2036
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