QUERCETIN NANOPARTICLES REPRESSED LIVER AND BRAIN TOXICITIES INDUCED BY TARTRAZINE IN RATS
Abstract
Tartrazine (TZ) is an azobenzene artificial yellow dye for foods, drugs, and cosmetics. Quercetin is member of the flavonoid family. The current study investigated the protective effect of quercetin nanoparticles (QNPs) against TZ. Male albino rats were divided into group1: control, group 2: TZ (50 mg/kg), group 3: QNPs (5 mg/kg), and group 4: QNPs+TZ. The results of the present study revealed that, the oral administration of TZ dye caused a significantly increased liver biomarkers. Also, a marked effect on lipid profile and blood parameters were shown. In addition TZ induced an elevation in the examined oxidative stress biomarkers and decrease in glutathione peroxidases and acetylcholine esterase. TZ diminished exploration and rearing in open field test as well as elevation in GABA content and apoptosis as well as changes in tissues by histopathological examination. In fact, the results showed good influence of QNPs in improving injuries associated with TZ administration.
Keywords: Tartrazine Dye, Quercetin Nanoparticles, Liver-Brain injuries.
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References
1- Toledo MCF. Aditivos Alimentares in Fundamentos deToxicología. Atheneu.Brasil. 1996; p. 405-39.
2- Toledo MCF. Regulamentação deUso de Corantes Naturais. Arch. Latinoam Nutr., 1999; 49(Supl 1)67-70.
3- Hirschbruch MD, Torres EAFS. Toxicologia de Alimentos: Uma Discussão. Hig.Alim ., 1998; 12(53):21-25.
4- Sandler RS. Diet and Cancer: Food Additives, Coffee and Alcohol. Nutr. Cancer, 1983; 4(4):273-9.
5- Volpi EL. Aditivos Alimentares. Aliment.Nutr., 1985; 6(23):40-44.
6- Hurtado RM. Reaccionesadversas a alimentos y susaditivos. Pediatr Dia., 1998; 14(3):128-31.
7- Sasaki YF, Kawaguchi S, Kamaya A, Ohshita M, Kabasawa K, Iwama K, Taniguchi K, Tsuda S. The comet assay with 8 mouse organs: results with 39 currently used food additives. Mutat. Res., 2002; 519:103-119.
8- Preussmann R. Toxicological aspects of food safety- Carcinogenicity and mutagenicity. Arch. Toxicol. Suppl, 1978; 1: 69-84.
9- Fergunson LR. Natural and man-made mutagens and carcinogens in the human diet. Mut. Res., 1999; 433(1-2):1-10.
10- Jones R, Ryan AJ, Wright SE. The Metabolism and Excretion Of Tartrazine. Food CosmetToxicol., 1964; 2:447.
11- Roxon JJ, Ryan AJ, Wright SE. Enzymatic reduction of tartrazine by Proteus vulgaris from rats. Food CosmetToxicol., 1967; 5:645.
12- Chung KT, Stevens SEJr, Cerniglia CE. The reduction of dyes by the intestinal microflora. Crit. Rev. Microbiol., 1992; 18(3):175-190.
13- Maekawa A, Matsuoka C, Onodera H, Tanigawa H, Furuta K, Kanno J, Jang JJ. LacK of Carcinogenecity of Tartrazine (FD & C YELLOW Nº 5) in the F344 Rat. Food Chem. Toxicol., 1987; 25(12):891-896.
14- Geller M. Aditivos: Alergia e Idiossincrasia .J. bras.Med., 1987; 53(2):56-60.
15- Marisol LMG, Modesto OS. Estudio de la frecuencia de urticaria y angiodemainducidosporaditivos de alimentos. Alerg.Imunol.Clin., 1989; XXXVI:1. Enero-febrero.
16- Devlin J, David TJ. Tartrazine in atopic eczema. Arch Des Child, 1992; 67:709-711.
17- Corder EH, Buckley CE. Aspirin, Salicylate and Tartrazine Induced Bronchonstriction. Safe doses and Case Definition in Epidemiological Studies. J. ClinEpidemiol, 1995; 48(10):1269-1275.
18- Wuthrich B. Adverse reactions to food additives. Ann. Allergy., 1993; 71(4):379-384.
19- Collins TFX, Black TN, Brown LH, Bulhack P. Study of the teratogenicpotencial of FD & C Yellow nº 5 when given by gavage to rats. Food Chem. Toxic., 1990; 28(12):821-827.
20- Reyes FG, Valim MF, Vercesi AE. Effect of organic synthetic food colours on mitocondrial respiration. Food AdditContam., 1996; 13(1):5-11.
21- Koutsogeorgopoulou L, Maravellas C, Methenitou G. Immunological Aspects of the Common Food colorants, Amaranth and Tartrazine. Vet. Hum. Toxicol., 1998; 40(1):1-4.
22- Walton K, Walker R, Van De Sandt JJM, Castell JV. The Application of In Vitro in the Derivation of the Acceptable Daily Intake of Food Additives. Food ChemToxicol. 1999; 37:1175-1197.
23- Uzun FG, Demir F, Kalender S, Bas H, Kalender Y. Protective effect of catechin and quercetin on chlorpyrifos-induced lung toxicity in male rats. Food and Chemical Toxicology 2010; 48:1714–1720.
24- ErdenInal M, Kahraman A. The protective effect of flavonol quercetin against ultraviolet induced oxidative stress in rats. Toxicology 2000; 154:21–29.
25- Galati G, Sabzevari O, Wilson JX, O’Brien P. J. Prooxidant activity and cellular effects ofphenoxyl radicals of dietary flavonoids and other polyphenolics. Toxicology 2002; 177:91–104.
26- Pedrielli P, Skibsted LH. Antioxidant synergy and regeneration effect of quercetin, (−)-epicatechin, and (+)-catechin on tocopherol in homogeneous solutions of peroxidating methyl linoleate. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 2002; 50:7138–7144.
27- Palle S, Neerati P. Quercetin nanoparticles attenuates scopolamine induced spatial memory deficits and pathological damages in rats. Bulletin of Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, 2017; 55(1):101-106.
28- Noyes AA, Whitney WR. The rate of solution of solid substances in their own solutions. J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1897; 19:930-934.
29- Eraslan G, Saygi S, Essiz D, Aksoy A, Gul H, Macit, E. Evaluation of aspect of some oxidative stress parameters using vitamin E, proanthocyanidin and N-acetylcysteine against exposure to cyfluthrin in mice. Pesticide and Biochemical Physiology 2007; 88:43–49.
30- Khan SM, Kour G. Subacute oral toxicity of chlorpyrifos and protective effect of green tea extract. Pesticide and Biochemical Physiology 2007; 89:118–123.
31- Durak D, Uzun FG, Kalender S, Ogutcu A, Uzunhisarcikli M, Kalender Y. Malathion-induced oxidative stress in human erythrocytes and the protective effect of vitamins C and E in vitro. Environmental Toxicology 2009; 24(3):235–242.
32- Sethi P, Jyoti A, Singh R, Hussain E, Sharma D. Aluminium-induced electrophysiological, biochemical and cognitive modifications in the hippocampus of aging rats. Neurotoxicology, 2008; 29(6):1069-1079.
33- Trinder P. Determination of blood glucose using an oxidase-peroxidase system with a non-carcinogenic chromogen. Journal of clinical pathology, 1969; 22(2):158-161.
34- Reitman S, Frankel S. A Colorimetric method for determination of serum glutamic oxaloacetate and glutamic pyrumictransminase. Am. J. Clin. Path.1957; 28:26-34.
35- Belfield A, Goldberg DM. Revised assay for serum phenyl phosphatase activity using 4-amino -antipyrine. Enzyme, 1971; (12):561.
36- Wieland H, Seidel D. A simple specific method for precipitation of low density lipoproteins. Journal of lipid Researsh, 1983; 24(7):904 -909.
37- Burstein MSHR, Scholnick HR, Morfin R. Rapid method for the isolation of lipoproteins from human serum by precipitation with polyanions. Lipid Research, 1970; (11):583-595.
38- Zollner N, Kirsch K. Determination of serum total lipids calorimetrically. Zeitschrift fur die gesamteexperimentelle Medizin. 1962; 135:545.
39- Vrablic AS, Albright CD, Craciunescu CN, Salanik RI, Zesel SH. Altered mitochondrial function and over generation of reactive oxygen species precede the induction of apoptosis by 1-O-octadecyl-2-methyl-racglycero-3-phosphocholine in p53-defective hepatocytes. Federation of Americon Societies for Experimental Biology journal, 2001; (15), 1739-1744.
40- Uchiyama M, Mihara M. Determination of malonaldehyde precursor in tissue by thiobarbituric acid test. Anal.Biochem., 1978; (86):271-278.
41- Brigelius-Flohe R.Tissue-specific functions of individual glutathione peroxidases. Free Radic Biol Med. 1999; 27:951–65.
42- Smerjac SM, Bizzozero OA. Cytoskeletal protein carbonylation and degradation in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Journal of neurochemistry, 2008; 105(3):763-772.
43- Bradley PP, Priebat DA, Christensen RD, Rothstein G. Measurement of cutaneous inflammation: estimation of neutrophil content with an enzyme marker. Journal of Investigative Dermatology. 1982; 78(3):206–209.
44- Ellman GL, Courtney KD, Andres V. Featherstone, RM, A new and rapid colormetric determination of acetylchlolinestraseactivity.Biochem.pharmacol. 1961; (7):88- 95.
45- Gorun V, Proinov I, Baltescu V, Balaban G, Barzu O. Modified Ellman procedure for assay of cholinesterase in crude enzymatic preparations. Anal.Biochem. 1978; (86):324-326.
46- Ciarlone AE. Further modification of a fluorometric method for analyzing brain amines. Microchemical journal, 1978; 23(1):9-12.
47- Rato L, e Silva FC, Costa A, Antunes C. Analysis of pancreas histological images for glucose intolerance identification using imagej-preliminary results. Paper presented at the 4th Eccomas Thematic Conference on Computational Vision and Medical Image Processing; 2013.
48- Amin KA, Al-Shehri, FS. Toxicological and safety assessment of tartrazine as a synthetic food additive on health biomarkers: A review. African Journal of Biotechnology, 2018; 17(6):139-149.
49- Gao Y, Li C, Shen J, Yin H, An X, Jin H. Effect of food azo dye tartrazine on learning and memory functions in mice and rats, and the possible mechanisms involved. Journal of food science, 2011; 76(6):T125-T129.
50- Baltaci BB, Uygur R, Caglar V, Aktas C, Aydin M, Ozen OA.Protective effects of quercetin against arsenic‐induced testicular damage in rats. Andrologia, 2016; 48(10):1202-1213.
51- Chatterjea MN, Rana Shinde. Textbook of Medical Biochemistry Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers. 2002; 601-613.
52- Sharma A, Goyal RP, Chakravarty G, Sharma S. Haemotoxic effects of chocolate brown. A commonly used blend of permitted food colour on Swiss albino mice. Asian J. Environ. Sci. 2005; 19:93-103.
53- Osman MA, Afifi A, Hussien RM, Kamilia BA, Salah SH. Long term biochemical and genotoxicity studies of four synthetic food and drug colourant in mice. Bull. Fac. Pharm. 1995; 33:12-13.
54- Przybylska M, Faber M, Zaborowski A, Swietoslawski J, Bryszewska M. Morphological changes of human RBC induced by cholesterol sulphate. Clin Biochem. 1998; 31(2):73–79.
55- Taib IS, Budin SB, Ain SMSN, Mohamed J, Louis SR, Das S, Hidayatulfathi O. Toxic effects of Litsea elliptica Blume essential oil on red blood cells of Sprague-Dawley rats. Journal of Zhejiang University Science B 2009; 10(11):813.
56- Al-Shinnawy MS, Elkattan NA. Assessment of the changes in some diagnostic parameters in male albino rats fed on an Azo Dye. Int. J. Eenv. Sci. Eng, 2013; 4:85-92.
57- Balani T, Agrawal S, Thaker AM. Hematological and biochemical changes due to short-term oral administration of imidacloprid. Toxicology International. 2011; 18(1):2–4.
58- Anjaneyulu M, Chopra K. Quercetin, an anti-oxidant bioflavonoid, attenuates diabetic nephropathy in rats. Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology and Physiology 2004; 31:244–248.
59- Aboel-Zahab H, El-Khyat Z, Sidhom G, Awadallah R, Abdel-Al W, Mahdy K. Physiological effects of some synthetic food colouring additives on rats. Boll Chim Farm 1997; 136(10):615-27.
60- Igarashi K, Ohmuma M. Effects of isorhamnetin, rhamnetin, and quercetin on the concentrations of cholesterol and lipoperoxide in the serum and liver and on the blood and liver antioxidative enzyme activities of rats. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem. 1995; 59:595–601.
61- Gnoni GV, Paglialonga, G, Siculella L. Quercetin inhibits fatty acid and triacylglycerol synthesis in rat-liver cells. Eur J Clin Invest. 2009; 39:761–768.
62- Verma VC, Kharwar RN, Strobel GA. Chemical and functional diversity of natural products from plant associated endophytic fungi. Nat ProdCommun. 2009; 4(11):1511-1532.
63- Aly AH, Debbab A, Kjer J, Proksch P. Fungal endophytes from higher plants: a prolific source of phytochemicals and other bioactive natural products. Fungal diversity, 2010; 41:1-16.
64- Dalle-Donne I, Rossi R, Giustarini D, Milzani A, Colombo R.Protein carbonyl groups as biomarkers of oxidative stress. Clinica chimica acta, 2003; 329(1-2):23-38.
65- Bawazir AE. Effects of Food Colour Allura Red (No. 129) on some neurotransmitter, Antioxidant Functions and Bioelement Contents of Kidney and Brain Tissues in male albino Rats. Life Science Journal, 2016; 13(12).
2- Toledo MCF. Regulamentação deUso de Corantes Naturais. Arch. Latinoam Nutr., 1999; 49(Supl 1)67-70.
3- Hirschbruch MD, Torres EAFS. Toxicologia de Alimentos: Uma Discussão. Hig.Alim ., 1998; 12(53):21-25.
4- Sandler RS. Diet and Cancer: Food Additives, Coffee and Alcohol. Nutr. Cancer, 1983; 4(4):273-9.
5- Volpi EL. Aditivos Alimentares. Aliment.Nutr., 1985; 6(23):40-44.
6- Hurtado RM. Reaccionesadversas a alimentos y susaditivos. Pediatr Dia., 1998; 14(3):128-31.
7- Sasaki YF, Kawaguchi S, Kamaya A, Ohshita M, Kabasawa K, Iwama K, Taniguchi K, Tsuda S. The comet assay with 8 mouse organs: results with 39 currently used food additives. Mutat. Res., 2002; 519:103-119.
8- Preussmann R. Toxicological aspects of food safety- Carcinogenicity and mutagenicity. Arch. Toxicol. Suppl, 1978; 1: 69-84.
9- Fergunson LR. Natural and man-made mutagens and carcinogens in the human diet. Mut. Res., 1999; 433(1-2):1-10.
10- Jones R, Ryan AJ, Wright SE. The Metabolism and Excretion Of Tartrazine. Food CosmetToxicol., 1964; 2:447.
11- Roxon JJ, Ryan AJ, Wright SE. Enzymatic reduction of tartrazine by Proteus vulgaris from rats. Food CosmetToxicol., 1967; 5:645.
12- Chung KT, Stevens SEJr, Cerniglia CE. The reduction of dyes by the intestinal microflora. Crit. Rev. Microbiol., 1992; 18(3):175-190.
13- Maekawa A, Matsuoka C, Onodera H, Tanigawa H, Furuta K, Kanno J, Jang JJ. LacK of Carcinogenecity of Tartrazine (FD & C YELLOW Nº 5) in the F344 Rat. Food Chem. Toxicol., 1987; 25(12):891-896.
14- Geller M. Aditivos: Alergia e Idiossincrasia .J. bras.Med., 1987; 53(2):56-60.
15- Marisol LMG, Modesto OS. Estudio de la frecuencia de urticaria y angiodemainducidosporaditivos de alimentos. Alerg.Imunol.Clin., 1989; XXXVI:1. Enero-febrero.
16- Devlin J, David TJ. Tartrazine in atopic eczema. Arch Des Child, 1992; 67:709-711.
17- Corder EH, Buckley CE. Aspirin, Salicylate and Tartrazine Induced Bronchonstriction. Safe doses and Case Definition in Epidemiological Studies. J. ClinEpidemiol, 1995; 48(10):1269-1275.
18- Wuthrich B. Adverse reactions to food additives. Ann. Allergy., 1993; 71(4):379-384.
19- Collins TFX, Black TN, Brown LH, Bulhack P. Study of the teratogenicpotencial of FD & C Yellow nº 5 when given by gavage to rats. Food Chem. Toxic., 1990; 28(12):821-827.
20- Reyes FG, Valim MF, Vercesi AE. Effect of organic synthetic food colours on mitocondrial respiration. Food AdditContam., 1996; 13(1):5-11.
21- Koutsogeorgopoulou L, Maravellas C, Methenitou G. Immunological Aspects of the Common Food colorants, Amaranth and Tartrazine. Vet. Hum. Toxicol., 1998; 40(1):1-4.
22- Walton K, Walker R, Van De Sandt JJM, Castell JV. The Application of In Vitro in the Derivation of the Acceptable Daily Intake of Food Additives. Food ChemToxicol. 1999; 37:1175-1197.
23- Uzun FG, Demir F, Kalender S, Bas H, Kalender Y. Protective effect of catechin and quercetin on chlorpyrifos-induced lung toxicity in male rats. Food and Chemical Toxicology 2010; 48:1714–1720.
24- ErdenInal M, Kahraman A. The protective effect of flavonol quercetin against ultraviolet induced oxidative stress in rats. Toxicology 2000; 154:21–29.
25- Galati G, Sabzevari O, Wilson JX, O’Brien P. J. Prooxidant activity and cellular effects ofphenoxyl radicals of dietary flavonoids and other polyphenolics. Toxicology 2002; 177:91–104.
26- Pedrielli P, Skibsted LH. Antioxidant synergy and regeneration effect of quercetin, (−)-epicatechin, and (+)-catechin on tocopherol in homogeneous solutions of peroxidating methyl linoleate. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 2002; 50:7138–7144.
27- Palle S, Neerati P. Quercetin nanoparticles attenuates scopolamine induced spatial memory deficits and pathological damages in rats. Bulletin of Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, 2017; 55(1):101-106.
28- Noyes AA, Whitney WR. The rate of solution of solid substances in their own solutions. J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1897; 19:930-934.
29- Eraslan G, Saygi S, Essiz D, Aksoy A, Gul H, Macit, E. Evaluation of aspect of some oxidative stress parameters using vitamin E, proanthocyanidin and N-acetylcysteine against exposure to cyfluthrin in mice. Pesticide and Biochemical Physiology 2007; 88:43–49.
30- Khan SM, Kour G. Subacute oral toxicity of chlorpyrifos and protective effect of green tea extract. Pesticide and Biochemical Physiology 2007; 89:118–123.
31- Durak D, Uzun FG, Kalender S, Ogutcu A, Uzunhisarcikli M, Kalender Y. Malathion-induced oxidative stress in human erythrocytes and the protective effect of vitamins C and E in vitro. Environmental Toxicology 2009; 24(3):235–242.
32- Sethi P, Jyoti A, Singh R, Hussain E, Sharma D. Aluminium-induced electrophysiological, biochemical and cognitive modifications in the hippocampus of aging rats. Neurotoxicology, 2008; 29(6):1069-1079.
33- Trinder P. Determination of blood glucose using an oxidase-peroxidase system with a non-carcinogenic chromogen. Journal of clinical pathology, 1969; 22(2):158-161.
34- Reitman S, Frankel S. A Colorimetric method for determination of serum glutamic oxaloacetate and glutamic pyrumictransminase. Am. J. Clin. Path.1957; 28:26-34.
35- Belfield A, Goldberg DM. Revised assay for serum phenyl phosphatase activity using 4-amino -antipyrine. Enzyme, 1971; (12):561.
36- Wieland H, Seidel D. A simple specific method for precipitation of low density lipoproteins. Journal of lipid Researsh, 1983; 24(7):904 -909.
37- Burstein MSHR, Scholnick HR, Morfin R. Rapid method for the isolation of lipoproteins from human serum by precipitation with polyanions. Lipid Research, 1970; (11):583-595.
38- Zollner N, Kirsch K. Determination of serum total lipids calorimetrically. Zeitschrift fur die gesamteexperimentelle Medizin. 1962; 135:545.
39- Vrablic AS, Albright CD, Craciunescu CN, Salanik RI, Zesel SH. Altered mitochondrial function and over generation of reactive oxygen species precede the induction of apoptosis by 1-O-octadecyl-2-methyl-racglycero-3-phosphocholine in p53-defective hepatocytes. Federation of Americon Societies for Experimental Biology journal, 2001; (15), 1739-1744.
40- Uchiyama M, Mihara M. Determination of malonaldehyde precursor in tissue by thiobarbituric acid test. Anal.Biochem., 1978; (86):271-278.
41- Brigelius-Flohe R.Tissue-specific functions of individual glutathione peroxidases. Free Radic Biol Med. 1999; 27:951–65.
42- Smerjac SM, Bizzozero OA. Cytoskeletal protein carbonylation and degradation in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Journal of neurochemistry, 2008; 105(3):763-772.
43- Bradley PP, Priebat DA, Christensen RD, Rothstein G. Measurement of cutaneous inflammation: estimation of neutrophil content with an enzyme marker. Journal of Investigative Dermatology. 1982; 78(3):206–209.
44- Ellman GL, Courtney KD, Andres V. Featherstone, RM, A new and rapid colormetric determination of acetylchlolinestraseactivity.Biochem.pharmacol. 1961; (7):88- 95.
45- Gorun V, Proinov I, Baltescu V, Balaban G, Barzu O. Modified Ellman procedure for assay of cholinesterase in crude enzymatic preparations. Anal.Biochem. 1978; (86):324-326.
46- Ciarlone AE. Further modification of a fluorometric method for analyzing brain amines. Microchemical journal, 1978; 23(1):9-12.
47- Rato L, e Silva FC, Costa A, Antunes C. Analysis of pancreas histological images for glucose intolerance identification using imagej-preliminary results. Paper presented at the 4th Eccomas Thematic Conference on Computational Vision and Medical Image Processing; 2013.
48- Amin KA, Al-Shehri, FS. Toxicological and safety assessment of tartrazine as a synthetic food additive on health biomarkers: A review. African Journal of Biotechnology, 2018; 17(6):139-149.
49- Gao Y, Li C, Shen J, Yin H, An X, Jin H. Effect of food azo dye tartrazine on learning and memory functions in mice and rats, and the possible mechanisms involved. Journal of food science, 2011; 76(6):T125-T129.
50- Baltaci BB, Uygur R, Caglar V, Aktas C, Aydin M, Ozen OA.Protective effects of quercetin against arsenic‐induced testicular damage in rats. Andrologia, 2016; 48(10):1202-1213.
51- Chatterjea MN, Rana Shinde. Textbook of Medical Biochemistry Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers. 2002; 601-613.
52- Sharma A, Goyal RP, Chakravarty G, Sharma S. Haemotoxic effects of chocolate brown. A commonly used blend of permitted food colour on Swiss albino mice. Asian J. Environ. Sci. 2005; 19:93-103.
53- Osman MA, Afifi A, Hussien RM, Kamilia BA, Salah SH. Long term biochemical and genotoxicity studies of four synthetic food and drug colourant in mice. Bull. Fac. Pharm. 1995; 33:12-13.
54- Przybylska M, Faber M, Zaborowski A, Swietoslawski J, Bryszewska M. Morphological changes of human RBC induced by cholesterol sulphate. Clin Biochem. 1998; 31(2):73–79.
55- Taib IS, Budin SB, Ain SMSN, Mohamed J, Louis SR, Das S, Hidayatulfathi O. Toxic effects of Litsea elliptica Blume essential oil on red blood cells of Sprague-Dawley rats. Journal of Zhejiang University Science B 2009; 10(11):813.
56- Al-Shinnawy MS, Elkattan NA. Assessment of the changes in some diagnostic parameters in male albino rats fed on an Azo Dye. Int. J. Eenv. Sci. Eng, 2013; 4:85-92.
57- Balani T, Agrawal S, Thaker AM. Hematological and biochemical changes due to short-term oral administration of imidacloprid. Toxicology International. 2011; 18(1):2–4.
58- Anjaneyulu M, Chopra K. Quercetin, an anti-oxidant bioflavonoid, attenuates diabetic nephropathy in rats. Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology and Physiology 2004; 31:244–248.
59- Aboel-Zahab H, El-Khyat Z, Sidhom G, Awadallah R, Abdel-Al W, Mahdy K. Physiological effects of some synthetic food colouring additives on rats. Boll Chim Farm 1997; 136(10):615-27.
60- Igarashi K, Ohmuma M. Effects of isorhamnetin, rhamnetin, and quercetin on the concentrations of cholesterol and lipoperoxide in the serum and liver and on the blood and liver antioxidative enzyme activities of rats. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem. 1995; 59:595–601.
61- Gnoni GV, Paglialonga, G, Siculella L. Quercetin inhibits fatty acid and triacylglycerol synthesis in rat-liver cells. Eur J Clin Invest. 2009; 39:761–768.
62- Verma VC, Kharwar RN, Strobel GA. Chemical and functional diversity of natural products from plant associated endophytic fungi. Nat ProdCommun. 2009; 4(11):1511-1532.
63- Aly AH, Debbab A, Kjer J, Proksch P. Fungal endophytes from higher plants: a prolific source of phytochemicals and other bioactive natural products. Fungal diversity, 2010; 41:1-16.
64- Dalle-Donne I, Rossi R, Giustarini D, Milzani A, Colombo R.Protein carbonyl groups as biomarkers of oxidative stress. Clinica chimica acta, 2003; 329(1-2):23-38.
65- Bawazir AE. Effects of Food Colour Allura Red (No. 129) on some neurotransmitter, Antioxidant Functions and Bioelement Contents of Kidney and Brain Tissues in male albino Rats. Life Science Journal, 2016; 13(12).
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Eman GM, Ibrahim MA- laila, Hassan AH, Ebtehal MF. QUERCETIN NANOPARTICLES REPRESSED LIVER AND BRAIN TOXICITIES INDUCED BY TARTRAZINE IN RATS. JDDT [Internet]. 10Sep.2018 [cited 13May2024];8(5):230-4. Available from: https://jddtonline.info/index.php/jddt/article/view/1865
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